Distillers' dried grains with soluble in diets for Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles: Growth performance, feed utilization, economic viability, and phosphorus release

Economic Research on Ethanol Feed-Use Coproducts: A Review, Synthesis, and Path Forward

During the mid-2000s to the early 2010s, the domestic ethanol industry witnessed substantial growth, with ethanol coproducts emerging as vital elements for plant profitability and livestock feeding. Initially serving as supplementary revenue streams, coproducts from ethanol production have evolved into diverse value-added offerings, bolstering revenue streams, and sustaining profit margins. This study reviews existing economic research on ethanol coproducts, detailing methodologies, product focus, and research locations. Initially gathering 972 articles from 9 databases, 110 articles were synthesized. We find that most studies primarily examined the growth and future of the ethanol industry with a limited focus on specific coproducts. Feed-use distillers' grains, especially dried distillers' grains, were the most widely published while newer coproducts like pelletized, de-oiled, and high-protein distillers' grains were relatively understudied. Non-feed-use products were notably overlooked, highlighting the need for exploration beyond conventional applications. The evolving market landscape for ethanol co-products has surpassed published academic understanding of the economic tradeoffs necessitating further research into product dynamics, pricing, marketing, market structures, and regulatory frameworks. This highlights and underscores the importance of investigating value-added grains across diverse commodities and geographic contexts to inform strategic decision-making and policy formulation.

Resource Recycling Utilization of Distillers Grains for Preparing Cationic Quaternary Ammonium—Ammonium Material and Adsorption of Acid Yellow 11

Using distillers grains (DG) as raw material after pre-treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and modified with cationic etherification agent 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), cationic quaternary ammonium distillers grains adsorption material (CDG) was successfully prepared. The optimal adsorption conditions were an adsorption temperature of 25 °C, adsorption time of 180 min, amount of adsorbent at 8.5 g/L, initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L, and pH of dye solution 7.0. The structure of CDG was characterized by FTIR, EDS, SEM, BET, ultraviolet spectrum analysis, and analysis of the zeta potential, while the adsorption mechanism was studied by adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics. The results showed that CHPTAC modified the distillers grains successfully and induced the formation of CDG with a large number of pore structures and good adsorption effect. The highest adsorption yield was above 98%, while after eight rounds of adsorption–desorption experiments, the adsorption rate was 81.80%. The adsorption mechanism showed that the adsorption process of acid yellow 11 (AY11) by CDG conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, mainly with chemical and physical adsorption such as pore adsorption and electrostatic adsorption. Thermodynamics conforms to the Freundlich isothermal model, and the adsorption process is a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-increasing process.

Adsorption Characteristics and Molecular Simulation of Malachite Green onto Modified Distillers’ Grains

Adsorbent material was prepared using distillers’ grains (DG), which is a waste product of distilleries. The DG was pre-treated with NaOH and esterification-modified with CS2, which is a commonly used anionic modifier. The structure and morphology of the adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, XRD, EDS, SEM, BET, and zeta potential. The related mechanism of adsorption of malachite green (MG) onto modified distiller’s grains (MDG) was studied by adsorption experiments and molecular simulation techniques. The experimental results showed that CS2 successfully modified the DG fiber, and simultaneously yielded the MDG with a uniform pore distribution. MDG had a considerable adsorption capacity of 367.39 mg/g and a maximum removal rate of 96.51%. After eight adsorption–desorption cycle experiments, the adsorption removal rate of MDG to MG dye remained at 82.6%. The adsorption process could be fitted well by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.998) and Freundlich isotherm adsorption equation (the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.972). Moreover, the adsorption of MG dye by MDG is a spontaneous, endothermic, and increased entropy process. The results of molecular simulation showed that the mechanism of MG molecules onto MDG was mainly chemical adsorption. The adsorption performance of MG onto MDG was better and more stable than DG. Molecular simulation also provided a theoretical guidance of MDG adsorption–desorption for the research on recycling of DG resources.

Maize distillers dried grains with solubles alter dietary digestibility and improve intestine health of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of soyabean meal replacement by maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for pacu juveniles. Five diets were formulated with 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g of DDGS/kg diet replacing up to total dietary soyabean meal. In trial 1, the experimental diets were fed to five groups of fish to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC). In trial 2, four groups of fish were fed each experimental diet for 100 d to evaluate the effects of these diets on digestive enzyme activity, intestine oxidative stress and intestine morphology. The ADC of DM and energy was reduced with dietary DDGS inclusion, while the ADC of lipids was increased, and no differences were observed for the ADC of protein. Independent of dietary treatment, pH increased from anterior to the distal intestine with dietary DDGS inclusion. Digestive enzyme activities were higher on anterior than the distal intestine. Dietary DDGS decreased lipase, amylase, chymotrypsin and trypsin activities, while no differences were observed for total protease activity. Intestine glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was reduced in fish fed the DDGS diets, while catalase activity increased. Lipid peroxidation was lower in fish fed DDGS diets than the control. Intestine histomorphology improved with dietary DDGS inclusion. Overall, the negative effects of soyabean meal could be decreased by dietary replacement with maize DDGS which may have a prebiotic effect, improving intestine health.

A review on the use of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) in aquaculture feeds

Distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS) to replace fishmeal (FM) or other plant protein sources and its effects on an aquatic animal’s growth performance and health system is rarely discussed. In recent times FM use in aquafeed has been a problem for the aquaculture industry because of the depletion of fish resources in the ocean and the high cost of FM. For that reason, researchers are focusing on reducing the cost of aquafeed production by lowering the inclusion of FM in aquafeed. One of the low-cost alternative protein sources to replace FM is DDGS. The present review discusses the compilation of available literature review and other works on the use of DDGS to replace FM in aquafeed and how it improves the growth performance, immune health system, and disease resistance in an aquatic animal. It focuses on the production of DDGS, the nutritional composition of DDGS, the chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS, and the effects of the DDGS inclusion in aquafeed on the aquatic animal. Apart from improving the growth performance of the aquatic animal when included in aquafeed, it also helps improve the immune health system of the animal. It also helps boost the immune system of the aquatic animal to fight diseases and increase disease resistance when included in aquafeed. Furthermore, DDGS also contains some constituents like carotenoids that help improve the meat quality of the animal when included in aquafeed. The current review also discusses the management and use of technology to improve the aquaculture industry, educate farmers on reducing diseases during the culturing periods, and increase productivity and profit in a friendly environment.