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Niu P, Kreuzer M, Liesegang A, Kunz C, Schwarm A, Giller K. Effects of graded levels of dietary pomegranate peel on methane and nitrogen losses, and metabolic and health indicators in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8627-8641. [PMID: 37641245 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the effects of dietary inclusion of tannin-rich pomegranate peel (PP) on intake, methane and nitrogen (N) losses, and metabolic and health indicators in dairy cows. Four multiparous, late-lactating Brown Swiss dairy cows (796 kg body weight; 29 kg/d of energy corrected milk yield) were randomly allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized cyclic change-over design with 3 periods, each comprising 14 d of adaptation, 7 d of milk, urine, and feces collection, and 2 d of methane measurements. Treatments were formulated using PP that replaced on a dry matter (DM) basis 0% (control), 5%, and 10% of the basal mixed ration (BMR) consisting of corn and grass silage, alfalfa, and concentrate. Gaseous exchange of the cows was determined in open-circuit respiration chambers. Blood samples were collected on d 15 of each period. Individual feed intake as well as feces and urine excretion were quantified, and representative samples were collected for analyses of nutrients and phenol composition. Milk was analyzed for concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, milk urea N, and fatty acids. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in milk and plasma were determined. In serum, the concentrations of urea and bilirubin as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase were measured. The data were subjected to ANOVA with the Mixed procedure of SAS, with treatment and period as fixed and animal as random effects. The PP and BMR contained 218 and 3.5 g of total extractable tannins per kg DM, respectively, and thereof 203 and 3.3 g of hydrolyzable tannins. Total DM intake, energy corrected milk, and methane emission (total, yield, and intensity) were not affected by PP supplementation. The proportions of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in milk increased linearly as the amount of PP was increased in the diet. Milk urea N, blood urea N, and urinary N excretion decreased linearly with the increase in dietary PP content. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in milk and plasma were not affected by the inclusion of PP. The activity of ALT increased in a linear manner with the inclusion of PP. In conclusion, replacing up to 10% of BMR with PP improved milk fatty acid composition and alleviated metabolic and environmental N load. However, the elevated serum ALT activity indicates an onset of liver stress even at 5% PP, requiring the development of adaptation protocols for safe inclusion of PP in ruminant diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Niu
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - A Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Kunz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - A Schwarm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - K Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
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Hazelnut and its by-products: A comprehensive review of nutrition, phytochemical profile, extraction, bioactivities and applications. Food Chem 2023; 413:135576. [PMID: 36745946 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As output of hazelnut increases worldwide, so does the amount of by-products, leading to huge waste and environmental stress. This paper focuses on the varieties of hazelnut that have been studied more in the past two decades, and summarizes the research status of hazelnut and its by-products from the aspects of nutritional value, phytochemicals, extraction methods, biological functions and applications. Hazelnut and its by-products are rich in a variety of bioactive constituents, mainly polyphenols, which have antioxidant, antibacterial and prebiotic effects. Moreover, hazelnut shells, husks, and leaves contain taxanes such as paclitaxel, which can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. They are potentially good natural sources of paclitaxel compared to the slower growing yew. Therefore, it is essential to further integrate the extraction techniques and health-promoting properties of these nutrients and bioactive substances to expand their application and enhance their value.
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Evaluation and quantification of associations between commonly suggested milk biomarkers and the proportion of grassland-based feeds in the diets of dairy cows. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282515. [PMID: 36862746 PMCID: PMC9980782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is a first step approach towards the prediction of the proportion of grassland-based feeds (%GB) in dairy cow diets with the aid of three different groups of milk biomarkers. We aimed to evaluate and quantify the associations between biomarkers commonly suggested in the literature and %GB in individual cows as a hypothesis-generating stage for the prospective establishment of accurate %GB prediction models. Consumers and governments financially encourage sustainable, local milk production making grass-based feeding, in grassland-dominated regions, of major interest. Milk from grassland-fed cows differs from that of other feeding systems by inferential fatty acids (FA), β-carotene content and yellow color; however, these biomarkers have not been evaluated together for their association with %GB. Using approved methods of parametric regression analysis, gas chromatography (GC), mid-infrared spectra (MIR) and color spectroscopy, we aimed to develop a first step towards an easy-to-implement, cost-effective milk-based control to estimate %GB in dairy cow diets. The underlying database was generated with 24 cows each fed one of 24 different diets gradually increasing in grass silage and decreasing in corn silage. Our results indicate that GC-measured α-linolenic acid, total n-3 FA and the n-6:n-3 ratio, MIR-estimated PUFA and milk red-green color index a* are robust milk biomarkers for constructing accurate prediction models to determine %GB. Based on simplified regression analysis, diets containing 75% GB should contain ≥ 0.669 and 0.852 g α-linolenic acid and total n-3 FA per 100 g total FA, respectively, and an n-6:n-3 FA ratio of < 2.02 measured with GC; estimated with MIR, polyunsaturated FA should be ≥ 3.13 g/100 g total FA. β-carotene was not a good predictor for estimating %GB. Unexpectedly, the milk became greener with increasing %GB (negative a* values, ‒6.416 for 75% GB), suggesting the red-green color index, not yellow-blue, as a suitable biomarker.
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Birkinshaw A, Sutter M, Reidy B, Kreuzer M, Terranova M. Effects of incremental increases in grass silage proportions from different harvest years on methane emissions, urinary nitrogen losses, and protein and energy utilisation in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:37-52. [PMID: 35247277 PMCID: PMC10078731 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows, methane and global warming have become publicly related terms. However, appropriate dairy cow management may in fact be part of the climate solution when viewed as part of the biogenic carbon cycle. Accordingly, governments and consumers are encouraging more sustainable, locally produced, climate friendly dairy production that often includes grassland-based feeding. However, this system is presumed to result in greater methane emissions compared to corn silage- or concentrate-based diets. An increase in urine nitrogen, associated with increased ammonia and nitrous oxide emission potential, questions the environmental usefulness of this strategy pertaining to global warming. This study is the first to compare the effects of incremental increases of grass silage proportion on enteric methane production as well as N and energy losses in dairy cows. Twenty-four mid- to end-lactation dairy cows were each fed one of 24 different diets, from two different harvest years, gradually increasing in grassland-based feeds (grass silage and hay) from about 500 to 1000 g/kg and concomitantly decreasing in corn silage. Each cow underwent a 7-day total collection period and was housed for 48 h in respiration chambers. Incremental data were subjected to an approved parametric regression analysis approach. The dietary increase in grassland-based feeds did not impair milk yield, N and energy utilisation. Simplified regression equations revealed that, contrary to current assumptions, there was a decline in methane production from 373 to 303 g/day when increasing grassland-based feeds from 500 to 1000 g/kg diet, and there was a trend for a decline in emission intensity from 20.6 to 17.6 g/kg of energy-corrected milk. However, urine nitrogen emissions clearly increased even when related to nitrogen intake; the latter from 260 to 364 g/kg when increasing grassland-based feeds from 500 to 1000 g/kg. Methane and urine nitrogen emissions were not affected by year of harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Birkinshaw
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sutter
- Swiss College of Agriculture, Berne University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Beat Reidy
- Swiss College of Agriculture, Berne University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lindau, Switzerland
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Alvarez C, Os Andersen T, Sømliøy Eikanger K, Wøyen Hamfjord I, Niu P, Weiby KV, Årvik L, Dörsch P, Hagen LH, Pope PB, Forberg DK, Kolsrud Hustoft H, Schwarm A, Kidane A. Methane inhibition by Asparagopsis taxiformis with rumen fluid collected from ventral and central location – a pilot study. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2022.2152196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Alvarez
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- TineSA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thea Os Andersen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Ida Wøyen Hamfjord
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Puchun Niu
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kim Viggo Weiby
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- TineSA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Årvik
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Peter Dörsch
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Live Heldal Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Phillip B. Pope
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Angela Schwarm
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Alemayehu Kidane
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Formato M, Cimmino G, Brahmi-Chendouh N, Piccolella S, Pacifico S. Polyphenols for Livestock Feed: Sustainable Perspectives for Animal Husbandry? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227752. [PMID: 36431852 PMCID: PMC9693569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in specialized metabolites for fortification strategies in feed and/or as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial alternative for the containment of disorders/pathologies that can also badly impact human nutrition. In this context, the improvement of the diet of ruminant species with polyphenols and the influence of these compounds on animal performance, biohydrogenation processes, methanogenesis, and quality and quantity of milk have been extensively investigated through in vitro and in vivo studies. Often conflicting results emerge from a review of the literature of recent years. However, the data suggest pursuing a deepening of the role of phenols and polyphenols in ruminant feeding, paying greater attention to the chemistry of the single compound or to that of the mixture of compounds more commonly used for investigative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Formato
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (S.F.)
| | - Giovanna Cimmino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Nabila Brahmi-Chendouh
- Laboratory of 3BS, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Simona Piccolella
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (S.F.)
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Birkinshaw A, Kreuzer M, Sutter M, Reidy B, Terranova M. Effects of early herbage cutting and vine leaves on methane emission, urine N losses, and the milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7416-7431. [PMID: 35931490 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methane mitigation in dairy cows is an essential part of combating global warming. Governments and consumers have become increasingly interested in herbage-based feeding, and premium prices are often paid for these types of dairy products. However, this feeding strategy is presumed to produce more methane per unit of feed or milk than corn silage- or concentrate-based diets due to higher fiber intakes. Immature herbage is preferred to maintain dairy cow performance, but the high content of N and digestible fiber may increase methane and urine N emissions compared with more mature herbage. Tannin-containing feeds, such as vine leaves (Vitis vinifera), may help to combat the emissions associated with feeding immature herbage. Our study aimed to evaluate differences between early-stage (ES; 21 d of regrowth) versus late-stage (LS; 42 d) herbage and the effects of vine leaves on methane and nitrogenous emissions and the milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows. Twenty-four mid- to late-lactating dairy cows were randomized to 4 dietary groups (n = 6) in a factorial study design. Each of the 4 diets contained 69% fresh mixed legume-grass herbage, 13% grass hay, and 5% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Two diets were based on immature fresh mixed legume-grass herbage and grass hay (ES), and 2 contained more mature fresh mixed legume-grass herbage and grass hay (LS). Of these, 1 contained 13% vine leaves (VL+) and the other an additional 13% hay (VL-). No significant differences were observed in DM intake or milk yield across the diets. Methane emission intensity was lowest with ES-VL+ diets compared with LS-VL- diets (-30%; 17.1 vs. 24.5 mg/kg of energy-corrected milk). Methane yield decreased by 17% and 20% when related to the intake of DM and digested organic matter for ES-VL+ compared with LS-VL- diets (16.9 vs. 20.3 g/kg of DM intake; 23.5 vs. 29.3 g/kg of digestible organic matter). Immature grass and vine leaf addition each caused about half of the respective declines. Cows consuming any of the ES diets and the LS-VL+ diet consumed and excreted (urinary N) significantly more N than those consuming LS diets. However, when related to N intake, no differences were recorded. Unexpectedly, vine leaves did not mitigate urine N excretion; however, they lowered the n-6:n-3 ratio and increased concentrations of vaccenic and rumenic acids in both ES and LS diets. Our results demonstrate that feeding immature herbage in combination with vine leaves reduces methane yield; however, the associated high urinary N losses need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Birkinshaw
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - M Sutter
- Swiss College of Agriculture, Berne University of Applied Sciences, Laenggasse 85, CH-3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - B Reidy
- Swiss College of Agriculture, Berne University of Applied Sciences, Laenggasse 85, CH-3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - M Terranova
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
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Li Y, Kreuzer M, Clayssen Q, Ebert MO, Ruscheweyh HJ, Sunagawa S, Kunz C, Attwood G, Amelchanka S, Terranova M. The rumen microbiome inhibits methane formation through dietary choline supplementation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21761. [PMID: 34741032 PMCID: PMC8571420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fermentation from ruminants is a primary source of anthropogenic methane emission. This study aims to add another approach for methane mitigation by manipulation of the rumen microbiome. Effects of choline supplementation on methane formation were quantified in vitro using the Rumen Simulation Technique. Supplementing 200 mM of choline chloride or choline bicarbonate reduced methane emissions by 97–100% after 15 days. Associated with the reduction of methane formation, metabolomics analysis revealed high post-treatment concentrations of ethanol, which likely served as a major hydrogen sink. Metagenome sequencing showed that the methanogen community was almost entirely lost, and choline-utilizing bacteria that can produce either lactate, ethanol or formate as hydrogen sinks were enriched. The taxa most strongly associated with methane mitigation were Megasphaera elsdenii and Denitrobacterium detoxificans, both capable of consuming lactate, which is an intermediate product and hydrogen sink. Accordingly, choline metabolism promoted the capability of bacteria to utilize alternative hydrogen sinks leading to a decline of hydrogen as a substrate for methane formation. However, fermentation of fibre and total organic matter could not be fully maintained with choline supplementation, while amino acid deamination and ethanolamine catabolism produced excessive ammonia, which would reduce feed efficiency and adversely affect live animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Clayssen
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Olivier Ebert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Kunz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Graeme Attwood
- AgResearch Ltd. Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sergej Amelchanka
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Terranova
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
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