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Selle PH, Macelline SP, Toghyani M, Liu SY. The potential of glutamine supplementation in reduced-crude protein diets for chicken-meat production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:49-56. [PMID: 39022775 PMCID: PMC466976 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the potential of including glutamine, a so-called non-essential amino acid, in the formulation of reduced-crude protein (CP) diets for broiler chickens. There is a precedent for benefits when including glycine and serine in reduced-CP diets. Fundamentally this is due to decreases in non-essential amino acid concentrations in reduced-CP diets - an unavoidable consequence of reducing CP without amino acid supplementation. The situation for glutamine is complicated because analysed dietary concentrations are very rarely provided as standard assays do not differentiate between glutamine and glutamate and are reported on a combined basis as glutamic acid. The dietary requirement for glutamic acid is approximately 36.3 g/kg but it is increasingly unlikely that this requirement will be met as dietary CP levels are progressively reduced. Glutamine is an abundant and versatile amino acid and constitutes 50.5 mg/g of whole-body chicken protein and is the dominant free amino acid in systemic plasma where it has been shown to provide 22.6% (139.9 of 620.3 μg/mL) of the total in birds offered 215 g/kg CP, wheat-based diets. In addition to dietary intakes, glutamine biosynthesis is derived mainly from the condensation of glutamate and ammonia (NH3) catalysed by glutamine synthetase, a reaction that is pivotal to NH3 detoxification. Glutamate and NH3 are converted to glutamine by phosphate-dependent glutaminase in the reciprocal reaction; thus, glutamine and glutamate are interchangeable amino acids. However, the rate of glutamine biosynthesis may not be adequate in rapidly growing broiler chickens and exogenous and endogenous glutamine levels are probably insufficient in birds offered reduced-CP diets. The many functional roles of glutamine, including NH3 detoxification and maintenance of acid-base homeostasis, then become relevant. Twenty feeding studies were identified where dietary glutamine supplementation, usually 10 g/kg, was evaluated in birds kept under thermoneutral conditions. On balance, the outcomes were positive, but the average dietary CP was 213 g/kg across the twenty feeding studies, which indicates that CP and, in turn, glutamine concentrations would have been adequate. This suggests that glutamine inclusions in reduced-CP diets hold potential and consideration is given to how this may be best confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Toghyani M, Selle PH, Liu SY. Dietary crude protein reductions in wheat-based diets with two energy densities compromised performance of broiler chickens from 15 to 36 days post-hatch. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102932. [PMID: 37517362 PMCID: PMC10400805 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the impacts of 2 energy densities (13.0 and 12.5 MJ/kg ME) in wheat-based diets with 3 tiers of CP concentrations (210, 190, and 170 g/kg) on the performance of broiler chickens. The parameters assessed included growth performance (15-36 d posthatch), carcass traits, nutrient utilization, starch-protein digestive dynamics, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients, and the free amino acid and ammonia (NH3) concentrations in systemic plasma. Also, the feasibility of substituting soybean meal with canola meal in 190 g/kg CP diets was investigated. The dietary CP reduction from 210 to 170 g/kg significantly compromised weight gain by 12.4% (1,890 vs. 2158 g/bird) and FCR by 5.33% (1.501 vs. 1.425). The 0.5 MJ energy density reduction compromised FCR by 3.25% (1.525 vs. 1.477; P = 0.013) in birds offered 170 g/kg CP diets. Reducing dietary CP and energy densities interactively influenced (P = 0.027) apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (AMEn) (P = 0.022) such that reducing dietary CP increased these parameters but reducing dietary energy densities decreased AME and AMEn. The 150 g/kg canola meal inclusion with the elimination of soybean meal displayed some promise. Dietary CP reductions (and increased nonbound amino acid inclusions) linearly associated with increased plasma ammonia (NH3) concentrations (r = -0.607; P = 0.010) and plasma NH3 was linearly related to depressed weight gains (r = -0.565; P = 0.018). The association of dietary non-protein-bound amino acid (NPBAA) inclusions and elevated plasma NH3 concentrations have profound implications for the successful development of reduced-CP, wheat-based broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P Macelline
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia; Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V Chrystal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia; Complete Feed Solutions, Hornsby NSW 2071, Australia; Howick 2145, New Zealand
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia; Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sonia Y Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia; Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia.
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Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Inanan C, Toghyani M, Selle PH, Liu SY. The influence of dietary crude protein concentrations, grain types and arginine:lysine ratios on the performance of broiler chickens. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:259-268. [PMID: 37600840 PMCID: PMC10432908 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations, grain types and arginine:lysine ratios on performance parameters of broiler chickens. The 2 × 2 × 2 factorial array of dietary treatments harnessed two CP concentrations (210 and 170 g/kg), two feed grains (wheat and sorghum), and two arginine:lysine ratios (104 and 110). Each dietary treatment was offered to 7 replicates of 14 birds per floor pen, a total of 784 off-sex male, Ross 308 broilers, from 14 to 35 d post-hatch. The dietary CP reduction compromised weight gain by 10.0% (2078 versus 2310 g/bird) as a main effect and FCR by 7.51% (1.474 versus 1.371), subject to an interaction. In a three-way interaction (P = 0.008), expanded arginine:lysine ratios improved FCR by 2.30% in 170 g/kg CP, sorghum-based diets but compromised FCR by 2.12% in corresponding wheat-based diets. Sorghum was the more suitable feed grain in reduced-CP diets as sorghum generated significant advantages in weight gain of 7.59% (2154 versus 2002 g/kg) and FCR of 6.94% (1.421 versus 1.527) in birds offered 170 g/kg CP diets. Both dietary CP and feed grain generated significant and divergent impacts in apparent ileal digestibility coefficients for the majority of 16 assessed amino acids. Dietary CP reductions increased non-bound amino acid inclusions (NBAA) in wheat-based diets (48.96 versus 9.80 g/kg) to a greater extent than sorghum-based diets (35.3 versus 9.50 g/kg) and increasing dietary NBAA inclusions were linearly associated with compromised weight gain (r = -0.834; P < 0.001) and FCR (r = 0.862; P < 0.001). Increasing ratios of free arginine to lysine plasma concentrations were linearly (r = -0.466; P = 0.004) related to improvements in FCR. The implications of the observed outcomes are discussed and possible explanations are advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P. Macelline
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydne, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydne, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
- Complete Feed Solutions, Howick, 2145, New Zealand
| | - Chanon Inanan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydne, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydne, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydne, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
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Barekatain R, Chrystal PV, Nowland T, Moss AF, Howarth GS, Hao Van TT, Moore RJ. Negative consequences of reduced protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids for performance, intestinal barrier function, and caecal microbiota composition of broiler chickens. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Interactive effects of high temperature and crude protein levels on growth performance, nitrogen excretion, and fecal characteristics of broilers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:392. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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