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Cheng K, Niu J, Hu D, Zeng L, Zhao H, Wang J, Zhang X, Tang T, Yang M, Liu L, Zhang Y. Intestinal health of squab pigeons responded to parental dietary protein levels during breeding period. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103852. [PMID: 38861843 PMCID: PMC11215330 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on intestinal antioxidant status, tight junction proteins expression, and amino acids transporters levels in squabs. A total of 180 pairs of White King parent pigeons approximately 10 mo old were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 6 replications of 6 pairs of parental pigeons each, and were fed with 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18% CP diets for 46 d, respectively. Dietary increasing CP levels increased final body weight (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), serum urea nitrogen (linear, P<0.05) and triglyceride levels (quadratic, P < 0.05), and reduced kidney relative weight (quadratic, P < 0.05) in squabs. Final body weight of squabs in the 18% CP diet group was higher than that of the 14, 15, and 16% CP diet groups (P < 0.05) but was similar to that of the 17% CP diet group (P > 0.05). Increasing dietary CP levels reduced intestinal malondialdehyde contents (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) and jejunal total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity (linear, P < 0.05), and enhanced (linear and quadratic, P<0.05) ileal catalase and T-SOD activities in squabs, and these effects were more prominent in the 17% CP diet group. Graded CP levels up-regulated the mRNA expression of intestinal zonula occludens 1 (linear, P < 0.05), solute carrier family 7 members 9 (linear, P < 0.05) and claudin 1 (CLDN1, linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), ileal CLDN3 and solute carrier family 6 members 14 (linear, P < 0.05) but lowered jejunal solute carrier family 6 member 14 (quadratic, P<0.05) mRNA expression in squabs. The effects of dietary CP levels on intestinal tight junction proteins expression were more apparent when its supplemental levels were 18%. These results suggested that increasing parental dietary CP levels ranged from 14 to 18% during breeding period improved growth and intestinal function of squabs, with its recommended level being 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Niu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daizi Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfei Zeng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyue Zhao
- School of International Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyue Tang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - MingJun Yang
- Henan Tiancheng Pigeon Industry Co., Ltd, Wugang 462500, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiting Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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Zhou X, Liang J, Xiong X, Yin Y. Amino acids in piglet diarrhea: Effects, mechanisms and insights. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:267-274. [PMID: 38362520 PMCID: PMC10867606 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Piglet diarrhea is among one of the most serious health problems faced by the pig industry, resulting in significant economic losses. Diarrheal disease in piglets has a multifactorial etiology that is affected by physiology, environment, and management strategy. Diarrhea is the most apparent symptom of intestinal dysfunction. As a key class of essential nutrients in the piglet diet, amino acids confer a variety of beneficial effects on piglets in addition to being used as a substrate for protein synthesis, including maintaining appropriate intestinal integrity, permeability and epithelial renewal, and alleviating morphological damage and inflammatory and oxidative stress. Thus, provision of appropriate levels of amino acids could alleviate piglet diarrhea. Most amino acid effects are mediated by metabolites, gut microbes, and related signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of dietary amino acid effects on gut health and diarrhea incidence in piglets, and reveal the mechanisms involved. We also provide ideas for using amino acid blends and emphasize the importance of amino acid balance in the diet to prevent diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Pearce SC, Nisley MJ, Kerr BJ, Sparks C, Gabler NK. Effects of dietary protein level on intestinal function and inflammation in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae077. [PMID: 38504643 PMCID: PMC11015048 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
High crude protein (CP; 21% to 26%) diets fed during the first 21 to 28 d postweaning are viewed negatively because of a perceived increase in the incidence rates of diarrhea due to increased intestinal protein fermentation and/or augmented enteric pathogen burden. This is thought to antagonize nursery pig health and growth performance. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the impact of low vs. high dietary CP on 21-day postweaned pig intestinal function. Analyzed parameters included ex vivo intestinal barrier integrity (ileum and colon), ileal nutrient transport, tissue inflammation, and fecal DM. One hundred and twenty gilts and barrows (average body weight) were randomly assigned to one of two diets postweaning. Diets were fed for 21 d, in two phases. Phase 1 diets: low CP (17%) with a 1.4% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys (LCP), or high CP (24%) with a 1.4% SID Lysine (HCP). Phase 2: LCP (17%) and a 1.35% SID lysine, or HCP (24%) formulated to a 1.35% SID lysine. Pig growth rates, feed intakes, and fecal consistency did not differ (P > 0.05) due to dietary treatment. Six animals per treatment were euthanized for additional analyses. There were no differences in colonic epithelial barrier function as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran transport between treatments (P > 0.05). Interleukins (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2 IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12 were not different between treatments (P > 0.05). However, IL-8 and IL-18 were higher in HCP- vs. LCP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). There were no differences in fecal dry matter (DM; P > 0.05) between treatments. In the ileum, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for TER to be higher in HCP-fed pigs, suggesting a more robust barrier. Interestingly, glucose and glutamine transport were decreased in HCP- vs. LCP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). FITC-dextran transport was not different between treatments (P > 0.05). There were also no differences in ileal cytokine concentrations between diets (P > 0.05). Taken together, the data show that low CP does not negatively impact colonic barrier function, fecal DM, or inflammation. In contrast, ileal barrier function and nutrient transport were altered, suggesting a regional effect of diet on overall intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Pearce
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Brian J Kerr
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, USA
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Han YG, Lee GI, Do SH, Jang JC, Kim YY. The Effect of Reduced Crude Protein on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Meat Quality in Weaning to Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1938. [PMID: 37370448 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate optimal crude protein (CP) levels based on the National Research Council guidelines from 1998 and 2012 and their impacts on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of weaning to finishing pigs. Four diets were established in this experiment: high-protein (HP), medium-high-protein (MHP), medium-low-protein (MLP), and low-protein (LP). The HP diet followed the NRC (1998) guidelines, while the MHP diet reduced the CP content by 1%. The MLP diet had 1.5% lower CP content than the HP diet. The LP diet followed the NRC guideline of 2012, which suggests less protein than the NRC guideline of 1998. There were no significant differences in body weight, average daily feed intake, or nutrient digestibility. However, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs fed the LP diet at 7-10 weeks was lower than in the other treatments, whereas the ADG of the pigs fed the LP diet was higher compared with that of pigs fed the other diets, showing compensatory growth in finishing periods (p < 0.05). The blood urea nitrogen of pigs fed the LP diet showed the lowest value, whereas the highest value was found in pigs fed the HP diet, and the other two diets were similar to the HP diet or positioned between the HP and LP diets (p < 0.05). Water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force, and pH in the longissimus muscle were not influenced by varying dietary CP levels (p > 0.05), but the hunter values L and b were increased in pigs fed the LP diet (p < 0.05). Conclusively, a low-protein diet did not negatively affect growth performance, nutrient digestibility, or meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Geol Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Il Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 134, Uchi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Do
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jang
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Life Sciences, Gyeong Sang National University, 33 Dongjin-ro, Gyeonsangnam-do, Jinjusi 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Teigen L, Biruete A, Khoruts A. Impact of diet on hydrogen sulfide production: implications for gut health. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:55-58. [PMID: 36542535 PMCID: PMC10413438 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Excessive hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) production by the gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple intestinal diseases, including colon cancer and ulcerative colitis. Therefore, understanding of dietary drivers of H 2 S production has potential implications for nutritional strategies to optimize gut health and treat intestinal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies support a positive relationship between dietary protein intake and H 2 S production. However, protein rarely exists in isolation in the diet, and dietary fiber intake could reduce H 2 S production in humans and animals, even with ∼30% of calories derived from protein. SUMMARY These findings suggest that increased fiber intake may reduce H 2 S production irrespective of protein intake, enabling the ability to meet the metabolic demands of the illness while supporting gut health. Here we discuss two recent ulcerative colitis diet studies that illustrate this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Teigen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Annabel Biruete
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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An Encapsulated Organic Acid and Essential Oil Mixture Improves the Intestinal Health of Weaned Piglets by Altering Intestinal Inflammation and Antioxidative Capacity. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182426. [PMID: 36139286 PMCID: PMC9495186 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of an encapsulated organic acid and essential oil mixture (OAEO) on the growth performance, immuno-antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of weaned piglets. In total, 120 weaned piglets (23 days of age; 6.96 ± 0.08 kg) were randomly allotted to four treatments (six replicates/group; five piglets/replicate): the control group (CON) was fed the basal diet (BD), the antibiotic growth promoters group (AGP) received the BD with 20 mg/kg colistin sulphate and 10 mg/kg bacitracin zinc, and OAEO1 and OAEO2 were fed the BD with 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg OAEO, respectively. The trial lasted 21 days and then one piglet per replicate was selected for sample collection. OAEO increased the average daily gain, spleen index, serum interleukin (IL)-10, immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA levels; serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities; and jejunal villus height (VH), VH/crypt depth, goblet cell number, and amylase and trypsin activities (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced the diarrhea rate, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, malondialdehyde (MDA), and D-lactic acid contents and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity (p < 0.05). OAEO also increased the jejunal zonula occludens-1, occludin, claudin-1, mucin-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), GPX and IL-10 mRNA levels, GPX activity and IL-10 content (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced jejunal MDA, IL-1β and TNF-α contents and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and TNF-α mRNA levels (p < 0.05). In addition, AGP increased ADG, serum IgA level and GPX activity, jejunal trypsin activity and IL-10 content and mRNA level (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced the serum TNF-α content and DAO activity and jejunal NF-κB mRNA level (p < 0.05). Overall, OAEO as an alternative to AGP improved the growth performance, immuno-antioxidant status and gut health of weaned piglets partly via activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Liu Y, Azad MAK, Zhao X, Zhu Q, Kong X. Dietary Crude Protein Levels Alter Diarrhea Incidence, Immunity, and Intestinal Barrier Function of Huanjiang Mini-Pigs During Different Growth Stages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908753. [PMID: 35874746 PMCID: PMC9301461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanjiang mini-pig is an indigenous pig breed in China; however, the optimal dietary crude protein (CP) levels for this pig breed during different growth stages has not been standardized yet. This study investigated the effects of different CP levels on diarrhea incidence, immunity, and intestinal barrier function in pigs. A total of 360 Huanjiang mini-pigs were assigned to three independent trials and fed the following CP diets: 5−10 kg stage, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22%; 10−20 kg stage, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% and 20−30 kg stage, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18%. In the 5−10 kg stage, the 22%; diet increased the plasma IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations compared to the 14−20% diets and decreased IL-10 and TGF-β; however, these results were fluctuated in the later stages, including the decrease of IL-1β and IL-8 in the 20% group, TNF-α in the 18−20% groups, and the increase of IFN-γ in the 20% group at the 10−20 kg stage and the decrease of TNF-α in the 16% group at the 20−30 kg stage. The 20% diet increased the jejunal and ileal IL-10 concentration compared to the 14% diet at the 5−10 kg stage, as well as in the 16% diet compared to the 12% diet at the 10−20 kg stage. In addition, ileal IL-10 concentration was increased in the 16% diet compared to the 10, 12, and 18% diets at the 20−30 kg stage. Furthermore, the 18% diet at the 5−10 kg stage and the 16% diet at the 10−20 kg stage decreased jejunal IL-6 expression, whereas the 20% diet increased the TNF-α and IFN-γ at the 5−10 kg stage. The 20% diet increased the Claudin, Occludin, ZO-1, ZO-2, Mucin-1, and Mucin-20 expressions at the 5−10 kg stage, as well as TLR-2, TLR-4, and NF-κB in the 22 and 20% diets at the 5−10 and 10−20 kg stages, respectively. Collectively, these findings suggest optimal dietary CP levels of 16, 14, and 12% for Huanjiang mini-pigs during the 5−10, 10−20, and 20−30 kg growth stages, respectively; and provide the guiding significance of dietary CP levels for Huanjiang mini-pigs during different growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xichen Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangfeng Kong,
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Li Z, Ding L, Zhu W, Hang S. Effects of the increased protein level in small intestine on the colonic microbiota, inflammation and barrier function in growing pigs. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35794527 PMCID: PMC9258065 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increased level of the dietary protein alters the colonic microbial community and metabolic profile of pigs, but it remains unclear whether this leads to colonic inflammation and impairs barrier function in growing pigs. Results Sixteen pigs (35.2 ± 0.3 kg) were infused with sterile saline (control) or soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) (70 g/day) through a duodenal fistula twice daily during a 15-day experimental period. The SPH treatment did not affect their average daily feed intake and daily weight gain (P > 0.05), but reduced colon index and length (P < 0.05). Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed that species richness was increased following SPH intervention (P < 0.05). Furthermore, SPH reduced the abundance of butyrate- and propionate-producing bacteria—such as Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Lachnospiraceae_uncultured, Coprococcus 3, Lachnospiraceae UCG-002, and Anaerovibrio—and increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria and protein-fermenting bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Dialister, Veillonella, Prevotella, Candidatus Saccharimonas, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-006, Prevotellaceae_uncultured, and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 (P < 0.05). In addition, a lower content of total short-chain fatty acids, propionate, and butyrate and a higher concentration of cadaverine, putrescine, total biogenic amines, ammonia, and isovalerate were observed following SPH infusion (P < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that SPH increased the concentration of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in the colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). Interestingly, SPH intervention increased the expression of occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, and claudin-1 in colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that different genera were significantly related to the production of metabolites and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion An increased soy protein level in the small intestine altered the colonic microbial composition and metabolic profile, which resulted in the secretion of colonic proinflammatory cytokines and the increased expression of tight junction proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02498-x.
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Niu X, Ding Y, Chen S, Gooneratne R, Ju X. Effect of Immune Stress on Growth Performance and Immune Functions of Livestock: Mechanisms and Prevention. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070909. [PMID: 35405897 PMCID: PMC8996973 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune stress is an important stressor in domestic animals that leads to decreased feed intake, slow growth, and reduced disease resistance of pigs and poultry. Especially in high-density animal feeding conditions, the risk factor of immune stress is extremely high, as they are easily harmed by pathogens, and frequent vaccinations are required to enhance the immunity function of the animals. This review mainly describes the causes, mechanisms of immune stress and its prevention and treatment measures. This provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of safe and efficient prevention and control measures for immune stress in animals. Abstract Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related to TLR4-related inflammatory signal pathway activation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, cell apoptosis, and intestinal microbial disorders. This paper reviews the occurrence of immune stress in livestock, its impact on immune function and growth performance, and strategies for immune stress prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Niu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Yuexia Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Shengwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
- Correspondence:
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