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Chen F, Wang Y, He J, Chen L, Xue G, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Smith C, Zhang J, Chen J, Xie P. Molecular Mechanisms of Spawning Habits for the Adaptive Radiation of Endemic East Asian Cyprinid Fishes. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9827986. [PMID: 36204246 PMCID: PMC9513835 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9827986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread recognition of adaptive radiation as a driver of speciation, the mechanisms by which natural selection generates new species are incompletely understood. The evolutionary radiation of endemic East Asian cyprinids has been proposed as evolving through a change in spawning habits, involving a transition from semibuoyant eggs to adhesive eggs in response to crosslinked river-lake system formation. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that underpin this radiation, associated with egg hydration and adhesiveness. We demonstrated that semibuoyant eggs enhance hydration by increasing the degradation of yolk protein and accumulation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, while adhesive eggs improve adhesiveness and hardness of the egg envelope by producing an adhesive layer and a unique 4th layer to the egg envelope. Based on multiomics analyses and verification tests, we showed that during the process of adaptive radiation, adhesive eggs downregulated the "vitellogenin degradation pathway," "zinc metalloprotease pathway," and "ubiquitin-proteasome pathway" and the pathways of Ca2+ and Mg2+ active transport to reduce their hydration. At the same time, adhesive eggs upregulated the crosslinks of microfilament-associated proteins and adhesive-related proteins, the hardening-related proteins of the egg envelope, and the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan in the ovary to generate adhesiveness. These findings illustrate the novel molecular mechanisms associated with hydration and adhesiveness of freshwater fish eggs and identify critical molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptive radiation of endemic East Asian cyprinids. We propose that these key egg attributes may function as "magic traits" in this adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ge Xue
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanghui Peng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Carl Smith
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jia Zhang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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Pokhrel N, Genin O, Sela-Donenfeld D, Cinnamon Y. HREM, RNAseq and Cell Cycle Analyses Reveal the Role of the G2/M-Regulatory Protein, WEE1, on the Survivability of Chicken Embryos during Diapause. Biomedicines 2022; 10:779. [PMID: 35453529 PMCID: PMC9033001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian blastoderm can enter into diapause when kept at low temperatures and successfully resume development (SRD) when re-incubated in body temperature. These abilities, which are largely affected by the temperature and duration of the diapause, are poorly understood at the cellular and molecular level. To determine how temperature affects embryonic morphology during diapause, high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) analysis was utilized. While blastoderms diapausing at 12 °C for 28 days presented typical cytoarchitecture, similar to non-diapaused embryos, at 18 °C, much thicker blastoderms with higher cell number were observed. RNAseq was conducted to discover the genes underlying these phenotypes, revealing differentially expressed cell cycle regulatory genes. Among them, WEE1, a negative regulator of G2/M transition, was highly expressed at 12 °C compared to 18 °C. This finding suggested that cells at 12 °C are arrested at the G2/M phase, as supported by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU) assay and phospho-histone H3 (pH 3) immunostaining. Inhibition of WEE1 during diapause at 12 °C resulted in cell cycle progression beyond the G2/M and augmented tissue volume, resembling the morphology of 18 °C-diapaused embryos. These findings suggest that diapause at low temperatures leads to WEE1 upregulation, which arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, promoting the perseverance of embryonic cytoarchitecture and future SRD. In contrast, WEE1 is not upregulated during diapause at higher temperature, leading to continuous proliferation and maladaptive morphology associated with poor survivability. Combining HREM-based analysis with RNAseq and molecular manipulations, we present a novel mechanism that regulates the ability of diapaused avian embryos to maintain their cytoarchitecture via cell cycle arrest, which enables their SRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pokhrel
- Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (N.P.); (O.G.)
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (N.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (N.P.); (O.G.)
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Wang Y, Chen F, He J, Xue G, Chen J, Xie P. Cellular and molecular modification of egg envelope hardening in fertilization. Biochimie 2020; 181:134-144. [PMID: 33333173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization is an essential process that fundamentally impacts fitness. An egg changes dramatically after fertilization mediating the beginning of life, which mainly includes the transformation of the egg envelope via hardening, which is thought to be due to complex reactions involved in the conversion of cellular and molecular. This review highlights the mechanisms of egg envelope hardening in teleost fish. We conclude that the egg envelope hardening might be carried out in two steps. (a) A metalloprotease (alveolin) hydrolyzes the N-terminal proline-glutamine (Pro-Gln) region of zona pellucida (ZP) 1 and (b) triggers intermolecular cross-linking to ZP3 catalyzed by transglutaminase (TGase). The post-fertilization hardening of the egg envelope is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon across species. We discuss the biochemical function and interaction of some factors reported to be essential to egg envelope hardening in mammalian and nonmammalian species, including metalloprotease, TGase, peroxidase/ovoperoxidase, and other factors (carbohydrate moieties, zinc and Larp6 proteins), and the relevant data suggest that egg envelope hardening is crucial to block polyspermy in internal fertilization, in addition to protecting the developing embryo from mechanical shock and preventing bacterial infection in external fertilization. Increased knowledge of the processes of egg envelope hardening and fertilization is likely to make a remarkable contribution to reproduction and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ge Xue
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Institute of Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
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Murray DS, Bain MM, Adams CE. Adhesion mechanisms in European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus eggs: is this a survival mechanism for high-energy spawning grounds? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 83:1221-33. [PMID: 24580664 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the potential biochemical and mechanical structures that may contribute to egg adhesion in European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus. Experiments showed that eggs from a population of C. lavaretus from Loch Eck remained non-adhesive in a solution chemically similar to ovarian fluid but became adhesive seconds after contact with water. Examination of the ultrastructure of the chorion showed that the morphology changed significantly after contact with water, with nodule-like protuberances attached to connective filaments on the surface present in water-hardened but not non-water hardened eggs. Biochemical analysis showed the presence of Chain A, RNase ZF-3e proteins in the chorion of water-hardened but not non-water hardened eggs. Histochemical staining of the chorion of C. lavaretus eggs showed that the externa, but not the interna, stained positively for the presence of glycoproteins. From these results, it was concluded that C. lavaretus from Loch Eck possess both anatomical and biochemical adhesive mechanisms that have been undocumented in this species so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Murray
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Room 236D, Jarrett Building, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, U.K
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