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Evci EC, Aslan S, Schäfer-Somi S, Ergene O, Sayıner S, Darbaz I, Seyrek-İntaş K, Wehrend A. Monitoring of canine pregnancy by considering Anti-Mullerian hormone, C-reactive protein, progesterone and complete blood count in pregnant and non-pregnant dogs. Theriogenology 2023; 195:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Progesterone Concentrations during Canine Pregnancy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123369. [PMID: 34944146 PMCID: PMC8697939 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For breeders and bitches alike, pregnancy is a challenging period. Insufficient serum progesterone concentrations have frequently been suggested to be responsible for pregnancy loss or early parturition, without any scientific evidence to support those claims. In this study, a large number of bitches was followed throughout pregnancy, and serum progesterone concentrations were determined to deduce which concentrations could be considered normal. Three blood samples were collected, one each during early, mid and late pregnancy. The results indicated that progesterone concentrations can be lower than previously described as adequate in the veterinary literature, with the bitch still exhibiting no signs of pregnancy distress and giving birth to healthy puppies at the expected time. Abstract Pregnancy and lactation are amongst the most challenging times of a bitch’s life. Most studies focusing on the endocrinological aspect of pregnancy consider only a small number of animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate progesterone (P4) concentrations in a large number of bitches during early, mid and late pregnancy. In total, 126 bitches of various breeds were recruited following a thorough clinical and gynecological examination during estrus. Blood samples were collected three times (T1–T3) during pregnancy or from non-pregnant dogs in diestrus, and P4 was measured via chemiluminescence. At T1 (11–19 days post-ovulation (dpo)), serum P4 concentrations were 30.23 ± 6.65 ng/mL and 28.45 ± 6.26 ng/mL, at T2 (23–32 dpo) they were 22.73 ± 6.27 ng/mL and 22.59 ± 5.77 ng/mL and at T3 (52–60 dpo) they were 6.68 ± 2.18 ng/mL and 3.17 ± 2.26 ng/mL, in pregnant (n = 98) and non-pregnant (n = 23) dogs respectively. The P4 concentrations differed significantly between pregnant and non-pregnant animals at the last examination (p ≤ 0.001). In the context of hypoluteoidism, the gathered data yielded interesting results. Overall, 28 out of 98 pregnant bitches showed a greater decline (>15 ng/mL) in P4 concentrations from early to mid-pregnancy, and 56 bitches showed P4 concentrations lower than deemed adequate (>20 ng/mL at T1 and T2, >5 ng/mL at T3) according to existing recommendations. Despite not being supplemented with P4, none of those animals suffered from abortion or preterm delivery. Considering that supplementation of P4 can entail considerable risks for the bitch and the puppies, more research on P4 concentration patterns, diagnosis of hypoluteoidism and treatment indications and options is indicated.
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Stornelli MC, Praderio RG, García MF, Nuñez Favre R, García Mitacek MC, de la Sota RL, Stornelli MA. Serum progesterone concentration, volume, and apoptosis of corpora lutea in early, middle and late diestrus in the bitch. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 221:106591. [PMID: 32947187 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study number, volume, apoptosis of corpora lutea (CL), and serum P4 concentrations in early, middle, and late diestrus of dogs. Thirty-six bitches were ovari-hysterectomized (OVX): Early Diestrus (Group [G]1; OVX 20 days after end of estrus [DEH]); Mid-diestrus (GII; OVX between 21 and 40 days after DEH), and Late-diestrus (GIII; OVX between 41 and 60 days after DEH). Before OVX a blood sample was collected to quantify P4. After OVX, the number of CL (NCL) was recorded, CL measured using both ultrasonography (US) and caliper (CAL), and the volume (mm3) was calculated. Based on abundances of caspase-3, apoptotic luteal cells were detected. Bitches in early-diestrus had greater P4 concentrations than bitches in mid- and late-diestrus (23.52 ± 3.78 and 10.86 ± 3.88 ng/mL; P < 0.05). The NCL, cumulative USCLV, and CALCLV were similar among diestrus stages (P > 0.30). Bitches with CL (≥5) had twice the serum P4 concentrations as bitches with CL1-2 and CL3-4 (22.71 ± 3.70 and 10.97 ± 4.06 ng/mL; P < 0.05). There were correlations between P4 concentrations with USCLV, CALCLV, and NCL (r = 0.64, r = 0.67, r = 0.44; P < 0.0001). When serum P4 concentrations were adjusted for stages of diestrus, however, there were only correlations during early diestrus. The percentage of apoptotic cells was greater in GIII compared with GI and GII (13.75 ± 2.26 % compared with 4.5 ± 0.68 % and 4.6 ± 1.5 %, respectively; P < 0.05). As days of diestrus increased, number of apoptotic cells increased, and serum P4 concentrations decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Stornelli
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Reproducción Animal (INIRA), Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, BA, Argentina
| | - Romina Giselle Praderio
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Reproducción Animal (INIRA), Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, BA, Argentina; CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - María F García
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Reproducción Animal (INIRA), Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, BA, Argentina; CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - Romina Nuñez Favre
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Reproducción Animal (INIRA), Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, BA, Argentina; CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - María Carla García Mitacek
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Reproducción Animal (INIRA), Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, BA, Argentina; CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Luzbel de la Sota
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Reproducción Animal (INIRA), Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, BA, Argentina; CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Stornelli
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Reproducción Animal (INIRA), Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, BA, Argentina.
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Roos J, Aubanel C, Niewiadomska Z, Lannelongue L, Maenhoudt C, Fontbonne A. Triplex doppler ultrasonography to describe the uterine arteries during diestrus and progesterone profile in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches of different sizes. Theriogenology 2019; 141:153-160. [PMID: 31541785 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamics of uterine vascularization is modified throughout pregnancy to meet the increasing demand of the growing fetuses and triplex doppler ultrasonography is widely used in human medicine to study the uterine arteries and assess the fetal and placental conditions. The aim of our study was to confirm this observation in the bitch, to evaluate differences between bitches of different sizes and to study abnormal pregnancies. Forty-four bitches were monitored during the estrous period to determine ovulation and every 10 days from ovulation to 50 days post-ovulation: the resistivity (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indexes of the right uterine artery were measured as well as usual assessment of fetal development and follow up of the luteal function. Thirty-three out of forty-four bitches were pregnant, including 6 abnormal pregnancies (resorption of more than 10% of the embryos). We also divided them in four weight categories: 8 were small (<10 kg), 13 medium (10-25 kg), 13 large (>25-40 kg) and 10 were giant breeds (>40 kg). We observed that RI and PI decreased over time and were significantly lower for pregnant bitches compared to non-pregnant ones from 30 days post-ovulation. In contrast, RI and PI did not significantly vary with the size of the bitches and we could not determine a significant impact of abnormal pregnancies either. In conclusion, we found no significant difference related to the size of bitches in the RI and PI. The only significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant bitches was observed from 30 days post-ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roos
- CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - C Aubanel
- CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Z Niewiadomska
- CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - L Lannelongue
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C Maenhoudt
- CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - A Fontbonne
- CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Miranda S, Carolino N, Vilhena H, Payan-Carreira R, Pereira R. Early embryo development, number, quality, and location and the relationship with plasma progesterone in dogs. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:238-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hollinshead F, Hanlon D. Normal progesterone profiles during estrus in the bitch: A prospective analysis of 1420 estrous cycles. Theriogenology 2018; 125:37-42. [PMID: 30388469 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate timing of insemination in the bitch, through monitoring of serial serum progesterone concentrations, has historically been based on the detection of important physiological reproductive events which include the LH surge and ovulation 2-3 days later. Previous hormone profile studies during the estrus period in the bitch, in which determination of these physiological reproductive events has been defined, have been based on low numbers of bitches of similar breeds and body weights. Therefore, the aim of this large-scale prospective study was to define the normal serum progesterone profile during the estrus period in a large number of bitches of various breeds and body weights. In addition, we investigated if the rate of change in progesterone concentrations during the fertile period affected the reproductive performance of bitches after insemination with either fresh or frozen-thawed semen. A total of 1300 individual bitches, representing 84 different breeds, contributed 1420 estrous cycles and 4213 serum progesterone values over the 11-year (2007-2017) study period. The mean (±SD) progesterone concentration at estimated LH0 was 2.7 ± 0.6 ng/ml and at the time of estimated ovulation it was 4.8 ± 0.9 ng/ml and 7.2 ± 1.3 ng/ml (LH+2 and LH+3 respectively). There was no difference in the shape of progesterone profiles for bitches of different body weights. Furthermore, mean progesterone concentrations on each day between LH-6 and LH+7 were not different amongst bitches of different breeds and body weights and there was no effect of mean progesterone concentrations on any day on whelping rate or litter size. However, there was a significant effect of the rate of change in progesterone concentrations on litter size when frozen semen was used. The litter sizes of bitches inseminated with frozen semen with slow progesterone curves were significantly smaller compared to bitches with fast progesterone curves (3.9 ± 1.8 vs 5.6 ± 3.1 pups per litter respectively; P < 0.001). There was no effect of bitch age on the normal progesterone curve, or its rate of change. This is the first report of the normal progesterone profile during estrus in the bitch derived from a large number of serial progesterone measurements obtained from bitches of various breeds and body weights. Importantly, the predictability and reliability of this progesterone profile regardless of breed or body weight gives clinicians the confidence to accurately determine the optimal time for insemination, which is critical to reproductive success, especially when frozen semen is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fk Hollinshead
- GlenBred, Matamata Veterinary Services, 26 Tainui St, Matamata, 3400, New Zealand.
| | - Dw Hanlon
- GlenBred, Matamata Veterinary Services, 26 Tainui St, Matamata, 3400, New Zealand
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Barstow C, Wilborn RR, Johnson AK. Breeding Soundness Examination of the Bitch. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:547-566. [PMID: 29699831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A breeding soundness examination is a vital part of any breeding program. These examinations are not performed as frequently in the bitch as they are in the male dog. They allow clinicians to identify any problems at an early stage in a bitch's breeding career and to screen for any genetic abnormalities. A thorough physical examination and accurate history guide the choice of which diagnostics tests are most useful. Ultrasound, culture, cytology, and biopsies (surgical and nonsurgical techniques) are discussed. Knowing which stage of the cycle to perform these diagnostics yields the most information and increases the chance of a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Barstow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Robyn R Wilborn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Aime K Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Günzel-Apel A, Urhausen C, Wolf K, Einspanier A, Oei C, Piechotta M. Serum Progesterone in Pregnant Bitches Supplemented with Progestin Because of Expected or Suspected Luteal Insufficiency. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 6:55-60. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Günzel-Apel
- University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover; Germany
| | - C Urhausen
- University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover; Germany
| | - K Wolf
- University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover; Germany
| | - A Einspanier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig; Germany
| | - C Oei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - M Piechotta
- University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover; Germany
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Aglepristone (RU534) administration to non-pregnant bitches in the mid-luteal phase induces early luteal regression. Theriogenology 2010; 74:672-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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