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Isola JVV, Ocañas SR, Hubbart CR, Ko S, Mondal SA, Hense JD, Carter HNC, Schneider A, Kovats S, Alberola-Ila J, Freeman WM, Stout MB. A single-cell atlas of the aging mouse ovary. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:145-162. [PMID: 38200272 PMCID: PMC10798902 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian aging leads to diminished fertility, dysregulated endocrine signaling and increased chronic disease burden. These effects begin to emerge long before follicular exhaustion. Female humans experience a sharp decline in fertility around 35 years of age, which corresponds to declines in oocyte quality. Despite a growing body of work, the field lacks a comprehensive cellular map of the transcriptomic changes in the aging mouse ovary to identify early drivers of ovarian decline. To fill this gap we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ovarian tissue from young (3-month-old) and reproductively aged (9-month-old) mice. Our analysis revealed a doubling of immune cells in the aged ovary, with lymphocyte proportions increasing the most, which was confirmed by flow cytometry. We also found an age-related downregulation of collagenase pathways in stromal fibroblasts, which corresponds to rises in ovarian fibrosis. Follicular cells displayed stress-response, immunogenic and fibrotic signaling pathway inductions with aging. This report provides critical insights into mechanisms responsible for ovarian aging phenotypes. The data can be explored interactively via a Shiny-based web application.
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Affiliation(s)
- José V V Isola
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarah R Ocañas
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Neuroscience Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Physiology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Chase R Hubbart
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sunghwan Ko
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Neuroscience Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Samim Ali Mondal
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jessica D Hense
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Nutrition College, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Hannah N C Carter
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - José Alberola-Ila
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael B Stout
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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2
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Isola JVV, Ocañas SR, Hubbart CR, Ko S, Mondal SA, Hense JD, Carter HNC, Schneider A, Kovats S, Alberola-Ila J, Freeman WM, Stout MB. A single-cell atlas of the aging murine ovary. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.29.538828. [PMID: 37162983 PMCID: PMC10168416 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.29.538828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian aging leads to diminished fertility, dysregulated endocrine signaling, and increased chronic disease burden. These effects begin to emerge long before follicular exhaustion. Around 35 years old, women experience a sharp decline in fertility, corresponding to declines in oocyte quality. Despite a growing body of work, the field lacks a comprehensive cellular map of the transcriptomic changes in the aging ovary to identify early drivers of ovarian decline. To fill this gap, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ovarian tissue from young (3-month-old) and reproductively aged (9-month-old) mice. Our analysis revealed a doubling of immune cells in the aged ovary, with lymphocyte proportions increasing the most, which was confirmed by flow cytometry. We also found an age-related downregulation of collagenase pathways in stromal fibroblasts, which corresponds to rises in ovarian fibrosis. Follicular cells displayed stress response, immunogenic, and fibrotic signaling pathway inductions with aging. This report raises provides critical insights into mechanisms responsible for ovarian aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José V. V. Isola
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarah R. Ocañas
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Chase R. Hubbart
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sunghwan Ko
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Samim Ali Mondal
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jessica D. Hense
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Nutrition College, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Hannah N. C. Carter
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Nutrition College, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - José Alberola-Ila
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M. Freeman
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael B. Stout
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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3
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Bianchi L, Casini S, Vantaggiato L, Di Noi A, Carleo A, Shaba E, Armini A, Bellucci F, Furii G, Bini L, Caliani I. A Novel Ex Vivo Approach Based on Proteomics and Biomarkers to Evaluate the Effects of Chrysene, MEHP, and PBDE-47 on Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074369. [PMID: 35410049 PMCID: PMC8998652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The principal aim of the present study was to develop and apply novel ex vivo tests as an alternative to cell cultures able to evaluate the possible effects of emerging and legacy contaminants in Caretta caretta. To this end, we performed ex vivo experiments on non-invasively collected whole-blood and skin-biopsy slices treated with chrysene, MEHP, or PBDE-47. Blood samples were tested by oxidative stress (TAS), immune system (respiratory burst, lysozyme, and complement system), and genotoxicity (ENA assay) biomarkers, and genotoxic and immune system effects were observed. Skin slices were analyzed by applying a 2D-PAGE/MS proteomic approach, and specific contaminant signatures were delineated on the skin proteomic profile. These reflect biochemical effects induced by each treatment and allowed to identify glutathione S-transferase P, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, mimecan, and protein S100-A6 as potential biomarkers of the health-threatening impact the texted toxicants have on C. caretta. Obtained results confirm the suitability of the ex vivo system and indicate the potential risk the loggerhead sea turtle is undergoing in the natural environment. In conclusion, this work proved the relevance that the applied ex vivo models may have in testing the toxicity of other compounds and mixtures and in biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Silvia Casini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.B.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lorenza Vantaggiato
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Agata Di Noi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P. Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Carleo
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Enxhi Shaba
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Alessandro Armini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bellucci
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Giovanni Furii
- Centro Recupero Tartarughe Marine Legambiente, Molo di Ponente, 71043 Manfredonia, Italy;
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.B.); (L.V.); (E.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Ilaria Caliani
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.B.); (I.C.)
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Zhu M, Zhang H, Yang H, Zhao Z, Blair HT, Liang H, Wu P, Yu Q. Targeting GNAQ in hypothalamic nerve cells to regulate seasonal estrus in sheep. Theriogenology 2022; 181:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chakravarthi VP, Ratri A, Masumi S, Borosha S, Ghosh S, Christenson LK, Roby KF, Wolfe MW, Rumi MAK. Granulosa cell genes that regulate ovarian follicle development beyond the antral stage: The role of estrogen receptor β. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111212. [PMID: 33676987 PMCID: PMC8916094 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Follicle development beyond the preantral stage is dependent on gonadotropins. FSH signaling is crucial for the advancement of preantral follicles to the antral stage, and LH signaling is essential for further maturation of preovulatory follicles. Estrogen is intricately tied to gonadotropin signaling during the advanced stages of folliculogenesis. We observed that Erβnull ovarian follicles fail to develop beyond the antral stage, even after exogenous gonadotropin stimulation. As ERβ is primarily expressed in the granulosa cells (GCs), we explored the gonadotropin-regulated GC genes that induce maturation of antral follicles. Synchronized follicle development was induced by administration of exogenous gonadotropins to wildtype 4-wk-old female rats. The GC transcriptome was analyzed via RNA-sequencing before and after gonadotropin stimulation. An Erβnull mutant model that fails to show follicle maturation was also included in order to identify the ERβ-regulated genes involved at this step. We observed that specific groups of genes were differentially expressed in response to PMSG or hCG administration in wildtype rats. While some of the PMSG or hCG-induced genes showed a similar expression pattern in Erβnull GCs, a subset of PMSG- or hCG-induced genes showed a differential expression pattern in Erβnull GCs. These latter ERβ-regulated genes included previously known FSH or LH target genes including Lhcgr, Cyp11a1, Cyp19a1, Pgr, Runx2, Egfr, Kiss1, and Ptgs2, which are involved in follicle development, oocyte maturation, and ovulation. We also identified novel ERβ-regulated genes including Jaml, Galnt6, Znf750, Dusp9, Wnt16, and Mageb16 that failed to respond to gonadotropin stimulation in Erβnull GCs. Our findings indicate that the gonadotropin-induced spatiotemporal pattern of gene expression is essential for ovarian follicle maturation beyond the antral stage. However, expression of a subset of those gonadotropin-induced genes is dependent on transcriptional regulation by ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anamika Ratri
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Saeed Masumi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shaon Borosha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Subhra Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lane K Christenson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas City, KS, USA; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Katherine F Roby
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas City, KS, USA; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michael W Wolfe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas City, KS, USA; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - M A Karim Rumi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Yang H, Lin S, Lei X, Yuan C, Yu Y, Zhao Z, Chen J. Nutritional status affects the microRNA profile of the hypothalamus of female sheep. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:946-957. [PMID: 29366447 DOI: 10.1071/rd17179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on the seasonal regulation of the oestrous cycle in sheep have focussed mainly on the responses to photoperiod. However, the brain systems that control reproductive activity also respond to nutritional inputs, although the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely understood. One possibility is that small, non-coding RNAs, such as micro-RNAs (miRNAs), have significant influence. In the present study, the amounts and characteristics of miRNAs in hypothalamus from oestrous and anestrous ewes, fed low- or high-nutrient diets, were compared using Illumina HiSeq sequencing technology. In total, 398 miRNAs, including 261 novel miRNAs, were identified in ewes with an enhanced nutritional status (HEN), whereas 384 miRNAs, including 247 novel miRNAs, were identified in the ewes with a lesser nutritional status (HAN). There were eight conserved and 140 novel miRNAs expressed differentially between the two libraries. Based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, six miRNAs were assessed to verify the accuracy of the library database. Moreover, the correlation between the miRNA target and several upstream and downstream genes in the oestrus-related pathways were also verified in hypothalamus nerve cells. According to the results, nutritional status plays an important role in oestrous regulation in sheep, and the hypothalamic processes and pathways induced by nutritional signals (folic acid and tyrosine) are different from those induced by photoperiodic regulation of oestrus. We have expanded the repertoire of sheep miRNAs that could contribute to the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation of oestrous cycles in anestrous ewes in response to the influence of nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xiaoping Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Cong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yaosheng Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zongsheng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China
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Hernández-Montiel W, Collí-Dula RC, Ramón-Ugalde JP, Martínez-Núñez MA, Zamora-Bustillos R. RNA-seq Transcriptome Analysis in Ovarian Tissue of Pelibuey Breed to Explore the Regulation of Prolificacy. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E358. [PMID: 31083386 PMCID: PMC6562736 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pelibuey sheep (Ovis aries) is an indigenous breed distributed in the tropical regions of Mexico. The prolificacy of this sheep is on average from 1 to 1.5 lambs, being an important breeding characteristic that owners seek to increase with the purpose of economic improvements. New-generation RNA sequencing technology has been used to identify the genes that are expressed in the ovarian tissue of sheep that have two or more lambs per parturition, as well as to elucidate the metabolic pathways that are affected by the expression of these genes, with the purpose of better understanding the prolificacy in the sheep. In the present study, the transcriptional expression of multiparous and uniparous sheep was compared using RNA sequencing. Multiparous (M group) and uniparous (U group) sheep that had a genealogical record for three generations (M, n = 5 and U, n = 5) were selected. RNA was extracted from ovarian tissue and subsequently used to prepare the libraries that were sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq500 platform. A total of 31,575 genes were detected from the transcriptomic analysis of which 4908 were significantly expressed (p-value ≤ 0.001) in the ovary of sheep. Subsequently, a second filter was carried out to evaluate the false discovery rate (FDR) and select those genes with p-values ≤ 0.05 and values of expression ≥ 1 (log2), obtaining 354 differential expressed genes (DEG): 120 genes up-regulated and 234 genes down-regulated in the group M with respect to the group U. Through Gene Ontology (GO) and metabolic analysis, we obtained information on the function of differentially expressed genes, and its importance in the reproduction of multiparous sheep. This result suggest that genes identified in the present study participate in the development of the final stages of follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Hernández-Montiel
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Av. Tecnológico S/N, Conkal, Yucatán 97345, Mexico.
| | | | - Julio Porfirio Ramón-Ugalde
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Av. Tecnológico S/N, Conkal, Yucatán 97345, Mexico.
| | - Mario Alberto Martínez-Núñez
- UMDI-Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sierra Papacal-Chuburna Km 5, Mérida, Yucatán 97302, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Zamora-Bustillos
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Av. Tecnológico S/N, Conkal, Yucatán 97345, Mexico.
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Iwata H. Age-associated changes in granulosa cells and follicular fluid in cows. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:339-345. [PMID: 28496019 PMCID: PMC5593084 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated decline in oocyte quality is common in mammals. Oocytes take a long time to reach their full-grown size in large animals, and maternal physical conditions profoundly affect follicle development. Aging affects the oocyte itself as well as the surrounding environment, such as granulosa cells and follicular fluid. This review discusses age-associated changes that occur in granulosa cells and follicular fluid in cows and suggests that age-associated decline in granulosa cells and follicular fluid hampers proper oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Iwata
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
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9
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Kang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu Q, Liu C, Fang M. Characteristics and Expression Profile of KRT71 Screened by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization cDNA Library in Curly Fleece Chinese Tan Sheep. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:552-564. [PMID: 28509589 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important commercial trait for sheep, curly fleece has a great economic impact on production costs and efficiency in sheep industry. To identify genes that are important for curly fleece formation in mammals, a suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was performed on the shoulder skin tissues exposed to two different growth stages of Chinese Tan sheep with different phenotypes (curly fleece and noncurling fleece). BLAST analysis identified 67 differentially expressed genes, of which 31 were expressed lower and 36 were expressed higher in lambs than in adult sheep. Differential expressions of seven randomly selected genes were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). KRT71 gene was selected for further study due to its high correlation with the curly hair phenotype in various mammal species. Semi-qPCR showed distinctively high expression of KRT71 in skin tissues. Moreover, qPCR result showed a significantly higher expression of KRT71 in curly fleece than noncurling Tan sheep. The luciferase assay and electrophoresis mobility shift assay showed that there were transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of KRT71 related to the differential expression of KRT71 at the two growth stages of Tan sheep. Online bioinformation tools predicted MFZ1 as a transcriptional factor that regulates the expression of KRT71. These studies on KRT71 gene revealed some mechanisms underlying the relationship between the KRT71 gene and the curly fleece phenotype of Tan sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Kang
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, People's Republic of China .,2 College of Agriculture, Ningxia University , Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Liu
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- 3 Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Qinqin Xu
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Liu
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Fang
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, People's Republic of China .,4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Iwata H. Age-associated events in bovine oocytes and possible countermeasures. Reprod Med Biol 2016; 15:155-164. [PMID: 29259432 PMCID: PMC5715852 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-015-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal aging profoundly affects oocyte quality. This has become common knowledge in industrialized countries and extensive studies addressing the causes and possible countermeasures against age-associated deterioration of oocytes suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a causal factor in infertility. However, almost all studies addressing age-associated events in oocytes have used mice as an animal model, and the reproductive life of mice is very short, making it difficult to study the gradual decline in fertility observed in humans. In the present review, age-associated changes in the quality and quantity of bovine oocytes and possible countermeasures related to mitochondrial quality control are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Iwata
- Tokyo University of AgricultureFunako 1737243‐034AtsugiKanagawaJapan
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11
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Modulation of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in vitro by Astragalus polysaccharides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106674. [PMID: 25157577 PMCID: PMC4144960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) can be used to treat general gastrointestinal disturbances including intestinal mucosal injury. However, the mechanism by which APS mediate this effect is unclear. In the present study, the effects of APS on proliferation, migration, and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were assessed using an in vitro wounding model and colorimetric thiazolyl blue (MTT) assays. The effect of APS on IEC-6 cell differentiation was observed using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope, and the expression of differentiation-specific markers of IEC-6 cells, such as cytokeratin 18 (CK18), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tight junction protein ZO-2, and sucrase-isomaltase (SI), was determined by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and real-time PCR. In addition, APS-induced signaling pathways in IEC-6 cells were characterized. Our results indicated that APS significantly enhance migration and proliferation of IEC-6 cells in vitro. APS-treated IEC-6 cells have numerous microvilli on their apical surface and also highly express CK18, ALP, ZO-2, and SI. Moreover, APS-treated IEC-6 cells, in which the activity and expression level of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) were significantly elevated, also exhibited an increase in cellular putrescine, whereas no significant increase in TGF-β levels was observed. These findings suggest that APS may enhance intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in vitro by stimulating ODC gene expression and activity and putrescine production, independent of TGF-β. Exogenous administration of APS may provide a new approach for modulating intestinal epithelial wound restitution in vivo.
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Liu D, Li J, Cao L, Wang S, Han H, Wu Y, Tao J. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in two immunologically distinct strains of Eimeria maxima using suppression subtractive hybridization and dot-blot hybridization. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:259. [PMID: 24894832 PMCID: PMC4049472 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that different Eimeria maxima strains exhibit significant antigenic variation. However, the genetic basis of these phenotypes remains unclear. Methods Total RNA and mRNA were isolated from unsporulated oocysts of E. maxima strains SH and NT, which were found to have significant differences in immunogenicity in our previous research. Two subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and specific genes were further analyzed by dot-blot hybridization and qRT-PCR analysis. Results A total of 561 clones were selected from both cDNA libraries and the length of the inserted fragments was 0.25–1.0 kb. Dot-blot hybridization revealed a total of 86 differentially expressed clones (63 from strain SH and 23 from strain NT). Nucleotide sequencing analysis of these clones revealed ten specific contigs (six from strain SH and four from strain NT). Further analysis found that six contigs from strain SH and three from strain NT shared significant identities with previously reported proteins, and one contig was presumed to be novel. The specific differentially expressed genes were finally verified by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses. Conclusions The data presented here suggest that specific genes identified between the two strains may be important molecules in the immunogenicity of E. maxima that may present potential new drug targets or vaccine candidates for coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianping Tao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Lab of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Age-associated changes in bovine oocytes and granulosa cell complexes collected from early antral follicles. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:1079-88. [PMID: 24830789 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the age-associated changes in oocytes and granulosa cells derived from early antral follicles (EAFs). METHOD Gene expression analysis of granulosa cells of the EAFs using a genome analyzer (Illumina) and in vitro culture of oocyte-granulosa cell complexes (OGCs) of EAFs (400-700 μm in diameter) collected from ovaries of aged (>120 months) and young (<50 months) cows. RESULTS Gene expression profiles in granulosa cells of EAFs of aged cows, which included changes in genes that encode chaperone proteins and antioxidants. In vivo development of EAFs, as determined by oocyte diameter of EAFs and AFs (3-6 mm in diameter), appeared to be impaired in aged cows and the OGCs of aged cows contained low GSH compared to younger counterparts. When the OGCs were cultured in a medium containing low estradiol (E2, 0.1 μg/mL), the ratio of antrum formation was higher for OGCs from aged animals than that from young animals, while higher abnormal fertilization rate and lower total cell number of the blastocysts were observed in the OGCs of aged cows compared with those of young cows. On the contrary, when the OGCs were cultured in a medium containing 10 μg/mL E2, the ratio of antrum formation and fertilization outcome was comparable between the two age groups, whereas the total cell number of the blastocysts was still low in the aged group. CONCLUSION Aging affects the gene expression profiles of the granulosa cells, and impairs in vitro developmental ability of OGCs collected from EAFs.
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Ren HJ, Cui J, Yang W, Liu RD, Wang ZQ. Identification of differentially expressed genes of Trichinella spiralis larvae after exposure to host intestine milieu. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67570. [PMID: 23840742 PMCID: PMC3695927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known for many years that T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML) can not invade intestinal epithelial cells unless they are exposed to the intestinal milieu and activated into intestinal infective larvae (IIL), which genes in IIL are involved in the process of invasion is still unknown. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes between IIL and ML. SSH library was constructed using cDNA generated from IIL as the ‘tester’. About 110 positive clones were randomly selected from the library and sequenced, of which 33 T. spiralis genes were identified. Thirty encoded proteins were annotated according to Gene Ontology Annotation in terms of molecular function, biological process, and cellular localization. Out of 30 annotated proteins, 16 proteins (53.3%) had binding activity and 12 proteins (40.0%) had catalytic activity. The results of real-time PCR showed that the expression of nine genes (Ts7, Ndr family protein; Ts8, serine/threonine-protein kinase polo; Ts11, proteasome subunit beta type-7; Ts17, nudix hydrolase; Ts19, ovochymase-1; Ts22, fibronectin type III domain protein; Ts23, muscle cell intermediate filament protein OV71; Ts26, neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT and Ts33, FACT complex subunit SPT16) from 33 T. spiralis genes in IIL were up-regulated compared with that of ML. The present study provide a group of the potential invasion-related candidate genes and will be helpful for further studies of mechanisms by which T. spiralis infective larvae recognize and invade the intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JC); (ZQW)
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JC); (ZQW)
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Liu HY, Yang MM, Cui YH, Ma T, Liu XQ, Bai L, Xiao WP, Zhao HB, Peng JY, Hu XB, Cao BY. Transcriptional activity of an ovarian-specific promoter from rat in dairy goat granulosa cells. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:127-35. [PMID: 23408398 DOI: 10.4238/2013.january.24.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian-specific promoter 1 (OSP-1) is a retrovirus-like element isolated from the complementary DNA library of rat that has been thought to be specifically expressed in ovary. To exploit this promoter in dairy goat ovary granulosa cells (GCs), OSP-1 from rat was used to construct the reporter vector pOSP-1-EGFP, in which egfp coding for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was used as a reporter to examine the activity of OSP-1 in GCs. EGFP was successfully expressed in dairy goat GCs transfected with pOSP-1-EGFP. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the tissue-specific transcription of EGFP messenger RNA in dairy goat GCs transfected with pOSP-1-EGFP. We concluded that OSP-1 promoter from rat can specifically drive foreign gene expression in dairy goat GCs. Thus, we obtained a tissue-specific regulation element and provided a potential tool for the research of regulation and development of the ovary in dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Chojnowski JL, Braun EL. An unbiased approach to identify genes involved in development in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:308. [PMID: 22793670 PMCID: PMC3434017 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many reptiles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). The initial cue in TSD is incubation temperature, unlike genotypic sex determination (GSD) where it is determined by the presence of specific alleles (or genetic loci). We used patterns of gene expression to identify candidates for genes with a role in TSD and other developmental processes without making a priori assumptions about the identity of these genes (ortholog-based approach). We identified genes with sexually dimorphic mRNA accumulation during the temperature sensitive period of development in the Red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta), a turtle with TSD. Genes with differential mRNA accumulation in response to estrogen (estradiol-17β; E(2)) exposure and developmental stages were also identified. RESULTS Sequencing 767 clones from three suppression-subtractive hybridization libraries yielded a total of 581 unique sequences. Screening a macroarray with a subset of those sequences revealed a total of 26 genes that exhibited differential mRNA accumulation: 16 female biased and 10 male biased. Additional analyses revealed that C16ORF62 (an unknown gene) and MALAT1 (a long noncoding RNA) exhibited increased mRNA accumulation at the male producing temperature relative to the female producing temperature during embryonic sexual development. Finally, we identified four genes (C16ORF62, CCT3, MMP2, and NFIB) that exhibited a stage effect and five genes (C16ORF62, CCT3, MMP2, NFIB and NOTCH2) showed a response to E(2) exposure. CONCLUSIONS Here we report a survey of genes identified using patterns of mRNA accumulation during embryonic development in a turtle with TSD. Many previous studies have focused on examining the turtle orthologs of genes involved in mammalian development. Although valuable, the limitations of this approach are exemplified by our identification of two genes (MALAT1 and C16ORF62) that are sexually dimorphic during embryonic development. MALAT1 is a noncoding RNA that has not been implicated in sexual differentiation in other vertebrates and C16ORF62 has an unknown function. Our results revealed genes that are candidates for having roles in turtle embryonic development, including TSD, and highlight the need to expand our search parameters beyond protein-coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena L Chojnowski
- Genetics Department, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Dr., Coverdell Center Rm270, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
| | - Edward L Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
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Chen L, Liu K, Zhao Z, Blair HT, Zhang P, Li D, Ma RZ. Identification of Sheep Ovary Genes Potentially Associated with Off-season Reproduction. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhu LH, Meng H, Duan XJ, Xu GQ, Zhang J, Gong DQ. Gene expression profile in the liver tissue of geese after overfeeding. Poult Sci 2011; 90:107-17. [PMID: 21177450 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Geese form a fatty liver after feeding on a carbohydrate-rich diet, possibly as an evolutionary adaptation to accumulate reserves for migration. To gain insight into the gene-regulation processes of hepatic steatosis in geese, we examined the profile of transcriptional expression in goose fatty liver and control liver by suppression subtractive hybridization and measured the levels of serum biochemical variables. We found 107 genes whose expression was different between the treatment and control groups. The main functions of these genes are metabolic processes, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. Twenty-four genes were classified using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Twelve genes that related to metabolic and cellular processes were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. A specific positive effect of feeding was observed on the expression of genes involved mainly in unsaturated fatty acids and triglyceride synthesis, and a negative effect was observed on genes involved in β-oxidation, cholesterol metabolism, and glycolysis. The results could serve as an important reference for the development of goose breeding for fatty liver production and human liver disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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Xu J, Wang D, Zhang C, Song J, Liang T, Jin W, Kim YC, Wang SM, Hou G. Alternatively Expressed Genes Identified in the CD4+ T Cells of Allograft Rejection Mice. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:333-50. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x552844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allograft rejection is a leading cause for the failure of allotransplantation. CD4+ T cells play critical roles in this process. The identification of genes that alternatively expressed in CD4+ T cells during allograft rejection will provide critical information for studying the mechanism of allograft rejection, finding specific gene markers for monitoring, predicting allograft rejection, and opening new ways to regulate and prevent allograft rejection. Here, we established allograft and isograft transplantation models by adoptively transferring wild-type BALB/c mouse CD4+ T cells into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with a C57BL/6 or BALB/c mouse skin graft. Using the whole transcriptome sequencing-based serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technology, we identified 97 increasingly and 88 decreasingly expressed genes that may play important roles in allograft rejection and tolerance. Functional classification of these genes shows that apoptosis, transcription regulation, cell growth and maintenance, and signal transduction are among the frequently changed functional groups. This study provides a genome-wide view for the candidate genes of CD4+ T cells related to allotransplantation, and this report is a good resource for further microarray studies and for identifying the specific markers that are associated with clinical organ transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Weirong Jin
- Shanghai Huaguan BioChip Co., Ltd, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yeong C. Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - San Ming Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Guihua Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Webster LMI, Mello LV, Mougeot F, Martinez-Padilla J, Paterson S, Piertney SB. Identification of genes responding to nematode infection in red grouse. Mol Ecol Resour 2010; 11:305-13. [PMID: 21429137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of genes involved in a host's response to parasite infection provides both a means for understanding the pathways involved in immune defence and a target for examining host-parasite co-evolution. Most studies rely on a candidate gene approach derived from model systems to identify gene targets of interest, and there have been a dearth of studies geared towards providing a holistic overview of immune response from natural populations. We carried out an experiment in a natural population of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) to manipulate levels of Trichostrongylus tenuis parasite infection. The transcriptomic response of individuals was examined from standard cDNA and suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries produced from gut, liver and spleen, enriching for genes expressed in response to T. tenuis infection. A total of 2209 and 3716 unique transcript sequences were identified from the cDNA and SSH libraries, respectively. Forty-five of these had Gene Ontology annotation associated with immune response. Some of these genes have previously been reported from laboratory-based studies of model species as important in immune response to gastrointestinal parasite infection; however, multiple novel genes were also identified. These may reveal novel pathways involved in the host response of grouse to T. tenuis and provide a resource that can be utilized as candidate genes in other species. All sequences described have been deposited in GenBank (accession numbers GW698221-GW706922)
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Affiliation(s)
- L M I Webster
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Escudero JM, Haller JL, Clay CM, Escudero KW. Microarray analysis of Foxl2 mediated gene regulation in the mouse ovary derived KK1 granulosa cell line: Over-expression of Foxl2 leads to activation of the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor gene promoter. J Ovarian Res 2010; 3:4. [PMID: 20167115 PMCID: PMC2831895 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Foxl2 transcription factor is required for ovarian function during follicular development. The mechanism of Foxl2 regulation of this process has not been elucidated. Our approach to begin to understand Foxl2 function is through the identification of Foxl2 regulated genes in the ovary. METHODS Transiently transfected KK1 mouse granulosa cells were used to identify genes that are potentially regulated by Foxl2. KK1 cells were transfected in three groups (mock, activated, and repressed) and twenty-four hours later RNA was isolated and submitted for Affymetrix microarray analysis. Genesifter software was used to carry out analysis of microarray data. One identified target, the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene, was chosen for further study and validation of Foxl2 responsiveness. Transient transfection analyses were carried out to study the effect of Foxl2 over-expression on GnRHR gene promoter-luciferase fusion activity. Data generated was analyzed with GraphPad Prism software. RESULTS Microarray analysis identified 996 genes of known function that are potentially regulated by Foxl2 in mouse KK1 granulosa cells. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene that has been identified as Foxl2 responsive by others was identified in this study also, thereby supporting the effectiveness of our strategy. The GnRHR gene was chosen for further study because it is known to be expressed in the ovary and the results of previous work has indicated that Foxl2 may regulate GnRHR gene expression. Cellular levels of Foxl2 were increased via transient co-transfection of KK1 cells using a Foxl2 expression vector and a GnRHR promoter-luciferase fusion reporter vector. The results of these analyses indicate that over-expression of Foxl2 resulted in a significant increase in GnRHR promoter activity. Therefore, these transfection data validate the microarray data which suggest that Foxl2 regulates GnRHR and demonstrate that Foxl2 acts as an activator of the GnRHR gene. CONCLUSIONS Potential Foxl2 regulated ovarian genes have been identified through microarray analysis and comparison of these data to other microarray studies. The Foxl2 responsiveness of the GnRHR gene has been validated and provided evidence of Foxl2 transcriptional activation of the GnRHR gene promoter in the mouse ovary derived KK1 granulosa cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Escudero
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Jodi L Haller
- Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin M Clay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth W Escudero
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
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