1
|
Antunes KV, Santos JJS, Carvalho ICS, Moreira EMS, Moreira GR, Murgas LDS, Moraes EA. Sperm characteristics of cryopreserved Prochilodus lineatus semen after adding cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104888. [PMID: 38508357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The experiment evaluated the effect of adding cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) to Prochilodus lineatus fish (Curimata) semen on post-thaw sperm quality. Twelve adult fish were used for sperm collection after induced spermiation with carp pituitary gland. The semen was diluted and treated with CLC in concentrations of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg for 120 × 106 spermatozoa/ml, loaded in 0.5 ml straws, packaged and placed in dry vapor vessel cylinders for 24 h before being submerged in liquid nitrogen for storage. The samples were thawed in a water bath at 60 °C for 8 s, and the sperm parameters evaluated were motility, activation duration, longevity, plasma membrane integrity, and morphology. Data were tested for normal distribution and ANOVA, followed by Friedman test (P < 0.05). Spermatozoa treated with CLC displayed higher motility than the control (P < 0.05). The duration of sperm activation was longer in sperm treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg of CLC than in control (P < 0.05). The membrane integrity was higher in sperm treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg of CLC than in control and four mg-treated samples (P < 0.05). The sperm longevity and morphology alterations did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). Adding 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg of CLC in Prochilodus lineatus semen before cryopreservation improves sperm motility and membrane integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K V Antunes
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Center for Research in Pigs, Native and Wild Species, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Center for Research in Swine, Native and Wild Species, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - J J S Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Center for Research in Pigs, Native and Wild Species, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - I C S Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Center for Research in Pigs, Native and Wild Species, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - E M S Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Center for Research in Pigs, Native and Wild Species, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - G R Moreira
- Program in Biometrics and Applied Statistics, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - L D S Murgas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - E A Moraes
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Center for Research in Pigs, Native and Wild Species, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Center for Research in Swine, Native and Wild Species, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ligocka Z, Partyka A, Bonarska-Kujawa D, Mucha A, Niżański W. Addition of low concentration of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) has a positive effect on cryopreserved canine spermatozoa evaluated by andrological and biophysical methods. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:7. [PMID: 38172806 PMCID: PMC10763487 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to find the best concentration of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) which has a positive impact on canine post thaw semen quality. Three different concentrations of CLC (0.83 mg/ml; 1.66 mg/ml; 3.32 mg/ml) and 2-hydroxylpropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HBCD) (1.66 mg/ml) were used in addition to cryopreservation extender and compared with the control after thawing. Samples were assessed using computer-assisted semen analyzer (CASA), flow cytometry, fluorimeter by measuring the fluorescence anisotropy (ANISO) and determining the generalized membrane polarization (GP). RESULTS An addition of 0.83 mg/ml CLC significantly increased the percentage of progressive motile (PROG) and rapid spermatozoa (RAP) (P < 0.05). 1.66 mg/ml HBCD decreased progressive motility of spermatozoa and population with rapid movement relative to the control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the groups with an addition of 1.66 mg/ml and 3.32 mg/ml of CLC, as well as the group with only cyclodextrin, increased percentage of dead spermatozoa without lipid peroxidation and decreased percentage of viable spermatozoa without LPO which was lower in these groups than in the control (P < 0.05). Other sperm parameters assessed on flow cytometer were not significantly different. The addition of CLC at 0.83 mg/ml and 3.32 mg/ml concentrations and 1.66 mg/ml of HBCD caused an increase in ANISO measured at 23 ºC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results suggest that increasing cholesterol in the plasma membrane of canine spermatozoa can improve their freezability. However, only low concentrations of CLC may improve semen quality after thawing without adversely affecting other parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Ligocka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Partyka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mucha
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 7, 51-631, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Niżański
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abedin SN, Baruah A, Baruah KK, Kadirvel G, Katiyar R, Khargharia G, Bora A, Dutta DJ, Sinha S, Tamuly S, Phookan A, Deori S. In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on the Efficacy of Zinc-Oxide and Selenium Nanoparticle in Cryopreserved Goat (Capra hircus) Spermatozoa. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:4726-4745. [PMID: 36598740 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different nanoparticles (NPs) are currently being investigated for their potential role as cryoprotectant during semen cryopreservation in several mammalian species. It may be possible to improve semen quality following cryopreservation by supplementation of NPs in the freezing extenders. The present study was carried out in semen collected from four (4) Assam Hill Goat bucks (10 ejaculates per buck) to investigate the effect of supplementing zinc oxide (ZnO) and selenium (Se) NPs in Tris-citric acid-fructose yolk (TCFY) extender on in vitro sperm quality and in vivo fertility rate after freeze-thawing. The size morphology and zeta potential of ZnO and Se NPs were evaluated prior to its incorporation in the freezing extender. Qualified semen samples (> 70% progressive motility) were divided into five (5) aliquots and then diluted in TCFY extender containing ZnO and Se NP supplementation at different concentrations (T0, control; T1, 0.1 mg/mL ZnO NPs; T2, 0.5 mg/mL ZnO NPs; T3, 0.5 µg/mL Se NPs; and T4, 1 µg/mL Se NPs). Diluted semen was packed in 0.25 mL straws and then stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, post-thaw in vitro sperm attributes were evaluated. Finally, the effect of NPs on in vivo fertility rate was checked in heat-synched does (n = 70) by artificial insemination (AI) using straws that showed superior results during the in vitro study. Results showed that ZnO and Se NPs were poly-crystalline in nature with particle size below 100 nm (nm). The evaluated post-thaw sperm in vitro attributes were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in T1 in comparison to T0. The antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in T1. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) profile was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in T1. Sperm motility and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) had a highly significant (r = 0.580, p < 0.05) association in T1. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in pregnancy rates were recorded after AI in the different treatments. In conclusion, extender supplemented with 0.1 mg/mL ZnO NPs improved post-thaw semen quality of goat spermatozoa consequently by increasing activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes thereby lowering LPO levels. However, improved in vitro outcomes might not correspond to improved field fertility outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Nabil Abedin
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Anubha Baruah
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Baruah
- Semen Biology Laboratory, Division of Animal and Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India
| | - Govindasamy Kadirvel
- Semen Biology Laboratory, Division of Animal and Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India
| | - Rahul Katiyar
- Semen Biology Laboratory, Division of Animal and Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India
| | - Gautam Khargharia
- Semen Biology Laboratory, Division of Animal and Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arundhati Bora
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Devo Jyoti Dutta
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Sudip Sinha
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Shantanu Tamuly
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Arundhati Phookan
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Sourabh Deori
- Semen Biology Laboratory, Division of Animal and Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Zhao H, Li B, Wang S, Hua S. Soybean lecithin and cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin in combination to enhances the cryosurvival of dairy goat semen. Cryobiology 2023; 112:104557. [PMID: 37451667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine the effect of soy lecithin (SL) and cholesterol loaded cryclodestrin (CLC) on cryo-survival of sperm cryopreserved in the presence or absence of seminal plasma in Saanen dairy goats. Tris-based dilutions containing various concentrations of SL (0, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0%) and CLC (0, 2.0 g/L, 4.0 g/L or 6.0 g/L CLC) were used to cryopreserve Saanen dairy goat sperm. The quality of frozen-thawed sperm, including progressive motility, viability, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, as well as fertility were detected. Results found that the optimal combination of the two cryoprotectants was 1.0% SL+4.0 g/L CLC, which significantly increased progressive motility, viability, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity of frozen thawed sperm. The impact of the two cryoprotectants in combination was not affected by the presence of seminal plasma. The conception rates obtained after artificial insemination using sperm cryopreserved with and without seminal plasma were 88.89% and 91.67% (P > 0.05), respectively. The respective values for average number of litter sizes were 1.55 ± 0.17 and 1.56 ± 0.21 (P > 0.05). Therefore, this study improved the cryopreservation efficiency of goat semen, enhanced the sperm cryosurvival, and layed a foundation for the wide application of frozen goat semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Hubei Zhao
- Shaanxi Sanyuan Xinghuo Dairy Goat Raising Cooperative, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 713800, China.
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Song Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ligocka Z, Partyka A, Schäfer-Somi S, Mucha A, Niżański W. Does Better Post-Thaw Motility of Dog Sperm Frozen with CLC Mean Better Zona Pellucida Binding Ability? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101580. [PMID: 37238010 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the search for methods improving cryopreservation of canine spermatozoa led to an improvement of post-thaw quality, fertilizing results after insemination with frozen-thawed semen are still not satisfying. In this study, we focused on modification of spermatozoa membrane fluidity and investigated whether kinematic parameters as assessed by computer-assisted semen analyzer (CASA) can be improved. The primary aim of our study was to investigate whether the use of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins (CLC; 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg) and 2-Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HBCD; 1 mg) positively influence capacitation status as examined by tyrosinphosphorylation, cholesterol efflux and zona binding assay (ZBA) of spermatozoa. The use of 0.5 mg of CLC increased the percentage of motile, progressive and rapid spermatozoa compared to the control. Addition of HBCD decreased motility and progressive motility of spermatozoa and the population with rapid movement in comparison to the control. The percentage of live spermatozoa without efflux of cholesterol compared to the control was increased when extender with 0.5 mg of CLC was used. There was no change in capacitation status. The zona binding ability of spermatozoa was significantly lower in the group with 0.5 mg of CLC than in the control. In conclusion, these results suggest that improvement of kinematic parameters does not necessarily coincide with better zona pellucida binding ability of spermatozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Ligocka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Partyka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabine Schäfer-Somi
- Platform for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Mucha
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 7, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Niżański
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hameed N, Zubair M, Ahmad N, Durrani AZ, Khan MIUR. Effects of extender type and storage time on sperm quality parameters of Kail ram semen stored at 5 °C. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:171. [PMID: 37093355 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to evaluate the effect of different extenders and storage times on sperm quality parameters of extended Kail ram semen. Semen was collected from five adult Kail rams using an artificial vagina. Semen samples with >70% total sperm motility were pooled, diluted with Tris (TR), sodium citrate (SC), and skim milk (SM)-based extenders, and stored at 5 °C. Sperm motility and kinematics, viability, and plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity were assessed every 24 hrs for 120 hrs. Sperm longevity was estimated by placing semen in a water bath at 37°C to assess sperm kinematics. Storage time as the main effect had a negative (P < 0.05) impact on sperm quality parameters. The percentages of total motile (TM), progressive motile (PM), rapid, and medium progressive (MP) motile sperm were similar at 24 hrs of storage for the three extenders. However, semen extended in TR had a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of TM, PM, rapid, and MP sperm compared to SM and SC extenders at 48 hrs of storage. The sperm kinematics (VCL, VSL, VAP, and ALH) of progressive sperm were similar for all three extenders up to 72 hrs of storage. In addition, semen extended in TR had a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of sperm with intact plasma and acrosomal membranes at a storage time of 48 hrs. At 37 °C, the percentage of TM and PM sperm was higher (P < 0.05) in the TR extender than in the SM and SC extenders at 60 minutes and beyond. In conclusion, the Kail ram sperm extended in TR and stored at 5 °C maintained better quality after 48 hrs storage than sperm extended in SM and SC extenders. At 37 °C, sperm extended in TR also retained better quality parameters at 60 min and afterward than sperm extended in SM and SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Hameed
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, 12350, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, 12350, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
| | - Nasim Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Zameer Durrani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hungerford A, Bakos HW, Aitken RJ. Sperm cryopreservation: current status and future developments. Reprod Fertil Dev 2023; 35:265-281. [PMID: 36521496 DOI: 10.1071/rd22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation of spermatozoa is an important reproductive technology for the preservation of fertility in man and animals. Since the serendipitous discovery of glycerol as an effective cryoprotectant in 1947, sperm cryopreservation has undergone many changes in terms of the freezing methods employed, the rates at which samples are frozen and thawed, and the media used to preserve sperm functionality and DNA integrity. An extensive literature survey has been conducted addressing the cryoprotectants employed for both animal and human semen and the freezing protocols utilised. The results indicate that glycerol remains the dominant cryoprotective agent, usually incorporated into a balanced salt solution containing energy substrates, buffers, osmolytes and protein in the form of human serum albumin (human) or skimmed milk (animal). Realisation that some of the damage observed in cryostored cells involves the generation of reactive oxygen species during the thawing process, has prompted many studies to assess the relative merits of incorporating antioxidants into the cryopreservation media. However, in the absence of systematic comparisons, there is currently no consensus as to which antioxidant combination might be the most effective. Utilising our fundamental understanding of cryodamage to optimise cryopreservation protocols for each species will be important in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Hungerford
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Life Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hassan W Bakos
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Life Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Monash IVF Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Life Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
LaVelle G, Cairo B, Barfield JP. Effect of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin treatment of bovine sperm on capacitation timing. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:176-183. [PMID: 36222380 PMCID: PMC10092823 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pre-loading bovine sperm with cholesterol prior to freezing is known to increase cryosurvival, though the timing of capacitation in these sperm has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a potential delay in capacitation timing in these sperm due to the increased cholesterol content. Flow cytometric evaluation was utilized to assess viability, and stain technology to assess acrosome intactness (Propidium Iodide/FITC-PNA), intracellular calcium levels (Propidium Iodide/FLUO 3-AM) and membrane fluidity (Merocyanine 540/YO-PRO-1). Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) (2 mg/mL) improved post-thaw viability to 61% from 45% in control sperm (p < .05). The addition of ionomycin (0.05 mM) induced capacitation in sperm by 1 h, resulting in increased intracellular calcium and increased acrosome reaction, and consequently viability loss by 3 h. Treatment with CLC significantly decreased membrane fluidity in sperm (p < .05). In conclusion, CLC-treated sperm required 1 h more to capacitate when compared with non-treated sperm based on percentage of live cells with high membrane disorder (p < .05). Increased cryosurvival and viability over time was observed, but longer time to capacitate may hinder fertilization capacity and/or require adjustments to timing of in vitro fertilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerica LaVelle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jennifer P Barfield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Partyka A, Niżański W. Advances in storage of poultry semen. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106921. [PMID: 34996657 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Semen cryopreservation is a key biotechnological strategy used to preserve and protect genetic resources, which are subject to increasingly serious reductions in some species, and to protect animal biodiversity. Assisted reproductive techniques, however, are still not utilized to the same extent in avian species to the extent that occurs in mammals. The reasons for this situation are described in this review. The content of this paper is focused on current poultry preservation systems, published since 2010, and new strategies that are very promising for preserving avian genetic resources. Two major types of storage technologies which are utilized for avian sperm preservation, liquid storage and cryopreservation, are emphasized. The issues on which there is a focus includes supplementation of avian extenders with various compounds prior to the preservation period, use of cryoprotectants and fertility results when there were in vitro sperm evaluations. Results from recent studies indicate there are opportunities to improve the quality of bird semen after preservation. It is obvious that cryo-diluent composition may be the most important factor for development of efficacious cryopreservation methods for avian semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Partyka
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Niżański
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gautier C, Aurich C. "Fine feathers make fine birds" - The mammalian sperm plasma membrane lipid composition and effects on assisted reproduction. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106884. [PMID: 34776291 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sperm plasma membrane is important in modulating many sperm functions. The sperm membrane is composed of a complex mixture of lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. There are differences of sperm membrane composition among mammalian species with two groups differing in the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), either docosahexaenoic (ω-3 PUFA) or docosapentaenoic acid (ω-6 PUFA). During testicular and epididymal maturation, composition of the sperm plasma membrane evolves with spermatozoa gaining the capacity for fertilization. The importance of fatty acid metabolism for complete spermatogenesis has been elucidated using gene knockout mice. During epididymal transit cholesterol content decreases and PUFA content increases, conferring more fluidity properties to the sperm membrane. The relatively lesser content of antioxidant enzymes and the relatively larger content of PUFA make the spermatozoa particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation during sperm preservation. In numerous studies, there was adding of PUFA and antioxidants to the diet of animals or to semen extenders with the aim to improve sperm membrane integrity. This review highlights the current knowledge on the sperm membrane composition and effects on sperm function in mammalian domestic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gautier
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gillis JD, Holt WV, Penfold LM, Woad KJ, Graham JK, Watts JA, Gardner DS, Yon L. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that ice morphology is not associated with the post-thaw survival of domestic boar (Sus domesticus) spermatozoa: A comparison of directional and conventional freezing methods. Cryobiology 2022; 108:10-18. [PMID: 36084733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Directional freezing (in 2 or 10 ml hollow glass tubes) has been reported to improve post-thaw sperm survival parameters compared to conventional methods (in 0.5 ml straws). However, the biophysical properties that increase post-thaw survival are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim for the current study was to investigate the effect of ice morphology on the post-thaw survival of domestic boar spermatozoa directionally and conventionally cryopreserved in 0.5 ml straws. Ice morphology was quantitatively analyzed using a combination of cryo-scanning electron microscopy and Fiji Shape Descriptors. Multivariate analysis found a significant, non-linear effect (p < 0.05) of interface velocity on ice morphology, with an increase in both ice-lake size, as indicated by area and in aspect ratio, at an interface velocity of 0.2 mm/s. By contrast, post-thaw sperm survival (defined as spermatozoa with both intact plasma membranes and acrosomes) was biphasic, with peaks of survival at interface velocities of 0.2 mm/s (54.2 ± 1.9%), and 1.0 or 1.5 mm/s (56.5 ± 1.5%, 56.7 ± 1.7% respectively), and lowest survival at 0.5 (52.1 ± 1.6%) and 3.0 mm/s (51.4 ± 1.9%). Despite numerical differences in Shape Descriptors, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in the post-thaw survival between conventionally and directionally cryopreserved samples at optimal interface velocities of 1.0 or 1.5 mm/s. These findings suggest that: 1) ice morphology has little impact on post-thaw survival of boar spermatozoa, and 2) directional freezing in 0.5 ml straws (rather than 2 or 10 ml hollow glass tubes) may attenuate benefits of directional freezing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Gillis
- South-East Zoo Alliance for Reproduction & Conservation, 581705 White Oak Road, Yulee, FL, 32097, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - William V Holt
- Academic Department of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield, S10 2SF, UK
| | - Linda M Penfold
- South-East Zoo Alliance for Reproduction & Conservation, 581705 White Oak Road, Yulee, FL, 32097, USA
| | - Kathryn J Woad
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - James K Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Julie A Watts
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David S Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lisa Yon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gobato MLM, Segabinazzi LGTM, Scheeren VFC, Bandeira RS, Freitas-Dell'Aqua CP, Dell'Aqua JA, Papa FO. Ability of donkey sperm to tolerate cooling: Effect of extender base and removal of seminal plasma on sperm parameters and fertility rates in mares. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1011899. [PMID: 36225802 PMCID: PMC9548546 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1011899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial insemination using cooled-transported semen has marked importance in equine breeding programs around the world, and the high value of mules has generated avid interest in donkey semen biotechnology. However, donkey semen cools poorly in commercially available equine extenders. Therefore, this study aimed to develop approaches to improve the ability of donkey semen to tolerate cooling. Ejaculates of seven donkeys (n = 21) were cooled at 5°C for 48 h in three different extenders (milk-based, SM; sodium caseinate-based, SC; or egg yolk-based, EY) in the presence or absence of seminal plasma (centrifugation, C). Sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), plasma membrane stability (PMS), mitochondrial membrane potential (HMMP), intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and intracellular superoxide (O2−) were assessed before, 24 h, and 48 h post-cooling. In addition, 15 mares (163 estrous cycles) were randomly inseminated with semen from two jacks (Jack 1, n = 90; Jack 2, n = 73) previously cooled for 24 h under one of the treatments (SM, SC, EY, SM-C, SC-C, or EY-C). Groups EY, SC-C, and EY-C (P < 0.05) demonstrated superior sperm analytical parameters to SM at 24 and 48 h. Centrifugation positively affected sperm analytical parameters in cooled donkey semen extended in SM and SC (P < 0.05). Mares bred with semen extended in SC (67%, 18/27), SC-C (89%, 24/27), EY (89%, 25/28), or EY-C (74%, 20/27) had significantly greater conception rates than mares bred with SM (33%, 9/27; P < 0.05). Mares bred with SM-C had intermediate conception rates (59%, 16/27). In conclusion, SC and EY improved the cooling ability and fertility of donkey semen in horse mares, and centrifugation positively affected donkey semen extended in SM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L. M. Gobato
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo G. T. M. Segabinazzi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- *Correspondence: Lorenzo G. T. M. Segabinazzi
| | - Verônica F. C. Scheeren
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Bandeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila P. Freitas-Dell'Aqua
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A. Dell'Aqua
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico O. Papa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The effects of egg yolk-based and egg yolk-free diluents on the post-thaw quality of bull spermatozoa. ACTA VET BRNO 2022. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202291040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3 different commercially available extenders – AndroMed® (soy lecithin-based), Optidyl® (with the addition of ionized egg yolk), and BULLXcell® (with the addition of fresh egg yolk) – on bull spermatozoa quality, which was evaluated using the parameters of spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane damage, acrosome damage, and mitochondrial activity after thawing and during a 2 h long thermoresistance test. The spermatozoa quality indicators were appraised by computer-assisted semen analysis and a flow cytometer. Significant differences (P < 0.01) between bulls were registered in all indicators measured. The highest average values of spermatozoa total motility and viability were achieved using BULLXcell® extender (44.33%; 52.06%). Variances in comparing this extender with Optidyl® and AndroMed® were −0.83%, −2.64%; −8.33%, −9.51%. The differences found between the egg yolk-based diluents (BULLXcell® and Optidyl®) and AndroMed® were significant (P < 0.01). Therefore, the more valuable extenders for bull semen dilution were egg yolk-based extenders, which provided higher post-thaw spermatozoa survival and quality than the soy lecithin-based extender.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lv YQ, Jin QG, Chen X, Wang S, Luo XT, Han Y, Cheng MM, Qu XL, Zhang YY, Jin Y. Effects of partially replacing glycerol with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin on protamine deficiency, in vitro capacitation and fertilization ability of frozen-thawed Yanbian Yellow cattle sperm. Theriogenology 2021; 179:245-253. [PMID: 34922135 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol is widely used as a cryoprotectant to protect the sperm from freezing damage during cryopreservation. However, glycerol at a high concentration has toxic effects on the sperm. Therefore, we explored the effects of partially replacing glycerol with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) in a cryoprotectant on protamine deficiency, in vitro capacitation, and fertilization ability of freeze-thawed Yanbian Yellow cattle sperm. We used fresh semen, control (6% glycerol), and four treatment-I, II, III, and IV (3% glycerol + 0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg/mL CLC, respectively)-groups. Computer-assisted semen analysis; JC-1, CMA3, and FluoZin-3-AM staining; flow cytometry; and IVF were conducted. Replacing a portion of glycerol with 1.5 mg/mL CLC significantly improved sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and membrane lipid disorders, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), capacitation, and fertilization ability (P < 0.05) compared with the control. Additionally, in group I and III, the protamine deficiency were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the control group. It was found that 6% glycerol has a higher degree of damage to sperm DNA integrity than 3% glycerol. Overall, this study revealed that partial replacement of glycerol with CLC can be used as a novel cryoprotection method to reduce the toxicity of glycerol and improve the quality of thawed Yanbian Yellow cattle sperm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Lv
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Qing-Guo Jin
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Jilin Province Zhongke Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Luo
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Yue Han
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Min-Min Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Xing-Ling Qu
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin HLH, Blesbois E, Vitorino Carvalho A. Chicken semen cryopreservation: importance of cryoprotectants. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.1998816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Lien Herbie Lin
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
- Physiology Division, Livestock Research Institute (LRI), COA, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrin Addition to Skim Milk-Based Extender Enhances Donkey Semen Cooling and Fertility in Horse Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 105:103719. [PMID: 34607680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare semen parameters and fertility of cooled donkey semen extended in a commercially available skim milk (SKM) based extender and the same extender with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (SKM-CLC). In Experiment 1, thirty-five ejaculates from seven jacks were split in SKM and SKM-CLC, extended at 50 million sperm/mL and stored at 5°C for 48 hours. Total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), percentage of sperm with rapid motility (RAP) were assessed with CASA. Plasma membrane stability (PMS), and high mitochondrial membrane potential (HMP) were assessed with the combination of Yo-Pro and MitoStatusRed with flow cytometry. Semen was assessed before (0), 24 and 48h after cooling. In Experiment 2, two estrous cycles of 15 mares were used for fertility assessment. Mares were examined every other day by transrectal ultrasonography and had ovulation induced with 250 µg of histrelin acetate when a ≥35 mm follicle was first detected. Mares were randomly inseminated with semen obtained from one jack. Semen was extended in either SKM or SKM-CLC and cooled-stored for 24 hours. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out 15-day post-ovulation. Data were analyzed with a mix model and Tukey's as posthoc and logistic regression model. Significance was set at P ≤ .05. There were no differences in TM, PM, RAP, PMS, and HMP for semen extended in either extender immediately before cooling (P > .05). There was a reduction in TM, PM, RAP, PMS, and HMP overtime across groups (P < .05); however, semen extended with SKM-CLC had superior TM, PM, RAP, PMS, and HMP than semen extended in SKM at 24- and 48-hours post-cooling (P < .05). Mares bred with semen extended in SKM had a lower conception rate (13%, 2/15 cycles) than cycles bred with SKM-CLC (47%, 7/15 cycles; P < .05). In conclusion, incorporating CLC into SKM extender improved cooling ability and fertility of donkey semen in horse mares. It remains to be determined if similar results can be obtained in clinical practice with mares and jennies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lone SA, Mohanty TK, Bhakat M, Yadav HP, Paray AR, Dewry RK, Baithalu RK, Sinha R, Kumar P. Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin attenuates dilution effect and improves quality of bovine low sperm insemination doses during cryopreservation. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14202. [PMID: 34363239 DOI: 10.1111/and.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) on the quality of low sperm doses at post-thaw was evaluated. Twenty four ejaculates (6 from each bull) were collected and split into eight aliquots. First four aliquots were diluted up to 20-, 15-, 10- and 5-million sperm/0.25 ml, and remaining four were treated with CLC at the rate of 1 mg/120 million spermatozoa, followed by dilution up to 20-, 15-, 10- and 5-million sperm/0.25 ml. The diluted semen was equilibrated, cryopreserved and evaluated post-thaw. The averages of total motility, progressive motility, average path velocity, straight linear velocity, membrane intact spermatozoa and noncapacitated spermatozoa were higher (p < .05) in CLC-treated sperm doses compared to control ones. However, the moribund spermatozoa, capacitated spermatozoa and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa were reduced (p < .05) in CLC-treated spermatozoa compared to control. The curvilinear velocity and linearity did not differ (p > .05) between control and CLC-treated sperm doses. In conclusion, treatment of spermatozoa with CLC at the rate of 1 mg/120 million spermatozoon attenuates the dilution effect and improves the quality of bovine low sperm insemination doses during cryopreservation; hence it could be a favourable cryoprotectant for preserving bovine semen at higher dilutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Lone
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Tushar Kumar Mohanty
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Mukesh Bhakat
- Livestock Production and Management (LPM), ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Hanuman Prasad Yadav
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Adil Rasool Paray
- Livestock Production and Management (LPM), ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Raju Kumar Dewry
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Rubina Kumari Baithalu
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ranjana Sinha
- Livestock Production and Management (LPM), ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carro MDLM, Ramírez-Vasquez RRA, Peñalva DA, Buschiazzo J, Hozbor FA. Desmosterol Incorporation Into Ram Sperm Membrane Before Cryopreservation Improves in vitro and in vivo Fertility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660165. [PMID: 34249914 PMCID: PMC8264764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy rates in ewes are markedly low after cervical insemination with frozen-thawed sperm. Sensitivity of ram sperm to freeze-thawing is related to the lipid composition of the membrane, particularly to its low sterol content. Recently, we proved that sterol content of ram sperm can be increased by treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin-sterol complexes and we provided mechanistic based evidence on the differential behavior of cholesterol and desmosterol in the ram sperm membrane. In the present study, we evaluated the role of increasing cholesterol and desmosterol content of ram sperm before cryopreservation, on the extent and distribution of sterols, cryocapacitation status, acrosome integrity, DNA damage associated with apoptosis and fertility competence in vitro and in vivo of post-thawed sperm. After freeze-thawing, similar levels of sterol content were evidenced in control sperm cells and in those pre-incubated with either cholesterol or desmosterol. Still, moderately higher levels of sterols were registered in treated sperm compared to the control, indicating no physiological excess of sterols after thawing or sterol losses that exceed the control. Live cell imaging of fluorescent cholesterol evidenced the presence of sperm sub-populations differentially affected by freeze-thawing. Similar unimodal frequency profiles were observed between sterol-enriched groups, while the control exhibited a sub-population of sperm compatible with low sterol content. Tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly lower when ram sperm incorporated cholesterol compared to the control. No difference in this capacitation parameter was found between the latter and desmosterol-enriched sperm. The percentage of sperm with damaged acrosomes post-thawing, assessed by a fluorescent lectin, was reduced in sperm that incorporated sterols before freezing, irrespective of the sterol class. These results suggest that sterols exert a stabilizing effect on the acrosome. No differences were found in levels of apoptotic DNA fragmentation among experimental groups. As to fertility trials, desmosterol-enriched sperm gave rise to higher rates of in vitro activated oocytes by heterologous fertilization and to significantly lower pregnancy loss in vivo. Our research provides new insights on sterol incorporation into ram sperm prior to cryopreservation, in particular on the additional benefit of incorporating desmosterol as a strategy to improve fertility outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Mercedes Carro
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Rafael R A Ramírez-Vasquez
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Peñalva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Buschiazzo
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Federico A Hozbor
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Díaz R, Quiñones J, Short S, Contreras P, Ulloa-Rodríguez P, Cancino-Baier D, Sepúlveda N, Valdebenito I, Farías JG. Effect of exogenous lipids on cryotolerance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spermatozoa. Cryobiology 2021; 98:25-32. [PMID: 33412157 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of semen cryopreservation strategies is necessary to improve the semen storage technologies of species of great commercial interest for aquaculture. Recent studies demonstrate that lipids play an important role in the fertility and cryotolerance of fish gametes. This study investigated the effect of exogenous lipids in the freezing medium on the post-thaw functional parameters of Salmo salar spermatozoa. Semen samples (n = 12) were incubated in standard extender supplemented with different concentrations of oleic acid (OA, C18:1n9), linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n6), arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n6) and cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC). Post-thaw motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), superoxide anion (O2•-) and fertility rates were analyzed. The results revealed that the semen incubated with 0.003 mmol/L OA increased the motility (~7%) and ΔΨm (~2%) (P < 0.05), but membrane integrity and fertility were not increased. The addition of 0.003 mmol/L LA increased the motility (~4%) and all LA extenders increased the ΔΨm (P < 0.05); however, LA increased the O2•- levels and decreased the membrane integrity and fertility (P < 0.05). Semen incubated with ARA improved sperm motility (~5%), membrane integrity (~10.5%) and fertility rates (~11%) (P < 0.05). The maximum improvement in post-thaw sperm functionality was observed by adding 0.003 mmol/L ARA. In contrast, sperm quality parameters and fertility were decreased by the CLC addition (P < 0.05). This study showed that ARA could be considered as an additive for semen cryopreservation and could be relevant in the reproductive process and reproductive management of Salmo salar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rommy Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología de La Reproducción (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - John Quiñones
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Stefania Short
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo Contreras
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricio Ulloa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica Del Maule, Curicó, Chile
| | - David Cancino-Baier
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Temuco, Chile
| | - Néstor Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Iván Valdebenito
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge G Farías
- Centro de Biotecnología de La Reproducción (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dalal J, Chandolia RK, Pawaria S, Kumar A, Kumar D, Selokar NL, Andonissamy J, Yadav PS, Kumar P. Low-density lipoproteins protect sperm during cryopreservation in buffalo: Unraveling mechanism of action. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:1231-1244. [PMID: 33140487 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to reveal factors and the mechanism of action by which low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) protect sperm better than egg yolk (EY) during cryopreservation. We extracted LDL from EY and compared the amount of calcium, progesterone, and antioxidants in EY and LDL. We found a very high concentration of progesterone (1423.95 vs. 10.46 ng/ml) and calcium (29.19 vs. 0.47 mM) in EY as compared with LDL. Antioxidant assays like DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the ferric reducing antioxidants power assay revealed that the LDL extender had almost double ability to lose hydrogen than the EY extender. For sperm cryopreservation, 20 ejaculates from four Murrah buffalo bulls were collected. Each ejaculate was divided into four aliquots and extended in 10%, 12%, and 14% LDL (w/v) and EY-based extenders, followed by cryopreservation. The LDL-based extender prevented excessive cholesterol efflux, and its high content of antioxidants minimized reactive oxygen species generated during cryopreservation, resulting in a functional CatSper channel. The EY-based extender promoted excess cholesterol efflux due to the presence of high-density lipoprotein, resulting in a compromised CatSper channel. High intracellular calcium in a cryopreserved sperm in the EY group as compared with the LDL group indicates that progesterone present in EY activates the CatSper channel, resulting in a heavy calcium influx into the sperm. The greater tyrosine phosphorylation and increased number of F-pattern in the sperm cryopreserved in the EY extender indicate that high intracellular calcium triggers more capacitation-like changes in the sperm cryopreserved in EY than LDL extender. In conclusion, we demonstrated the new facts and understandings about LDL and EY for semen cryopreservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmer Dalal
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh K Chandolia
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shikha Pawaria
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Jerome Andonissamy
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Prem S Yadav
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar P, Mehta JS, Ravi SK, Dedar RK, Purohit GN, Legha RA, Tripathi BN, Talluri TR. Cholesterol Loaded Cyclodextrin Supplementation Enhances the Cholesterol-to-Phospholipid Ratio and Diminishes Oxidative Stress in Jack Spermatozoa During Cryopreservation. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103237. [PMID: 33077064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the hypothesis that addition of cholesterol to the extender would stabilize the sperm membranes by increasing the cholesterol-to-phospholipid (C:P) ratio and would result in an improved post-thaw semen quality and reduce oxidative stress in the jack (Martina franca) semen. Forty-eight ejaculates from six jacks were collected and analyzed for the present study. The freshly collected semen sample of each jack stallion was divided into five equal fractions after addition of the primary extender without cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) (C) and with 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 mg/mL CLC to obtain 120 × 106 sperm/mL spermatozoa concentration. The semen was cryopreserved using customized freezing protocols. Evaluation of seminal parameters, the C:P ratio, and the oxidative status of jack spermatozoa was analyzed at all stages of cryopreservation. The oxidative status in the jack semen was evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde, glutathione and total antioxidant capacity levels. The results indicated that the mean percent values for various seminal quality parameters and the oxidative parameters were found to be significantly higher (P < .05) in CLC-treated groups with the highest values for 2 mg of CLC/120 × 106 spermatozoa. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the supplementation of CLC before cryopreservation has significantly reduced the oxidative stress and also increased the C:P ratio during semen cryopreservation process. Furthermore, a reduction in lipid peroxidation levels, reduced damage to the sperm plasma and acrosome membranes and improvement in the post-thaw sperm integrity as well as stability were recorded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jitendra Singh Mehta
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Ravi
- Animal Science Division, ICAR- Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Govind Narayan Purohit
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ram Avtar Legha
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Thirumala Rao Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mortazavi SH, Eslami M, Farrokhi-Ardabili F. Comparison of different carrier-compounds and varying concentrations of oleic acid on freezing tolerance of ram spermatozoa in tris-citric acid-egg yolk plasma semen diluent. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 219:106533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
23
|
Li W, Appiah MO, Zhao J, Liu H, Wang J, Lu W. Effects of k-carrageenan supplementation or in combination with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin following freezing-thawing process of rooster spermatozoa. Cryobiology 2020; 95:36-43. [PMID: 32598945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This experimental research purposely seeks to explore the effect of supplementing k-carrageenan (k-CRG) or CLC (cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins) or the combined effect of k-CRG and CLC as supplements of antioxidants to an extender for rooster semen freezing. A total of 75 neat pooled ejaculates were collected twice a week from twenty-five (25) commercial line arbor acres broiler roosters (30 wks) during the experimental period. In each replicate, semen samples (n= 15, three ejaculates per rooster) were pooled and divided into nine equal aliquots, and each aliquot was diluted with one of the following extender supplemented with k-CRG, CLC, and k-CRG + CLC after which it was subjected to cryopreservation process using the "pellet" method. In study I, the supplementation of extenders with k-CRG was in five equal aliquots as follows; (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) mg/mL and control group (k-CRG 0) mg/mL while in Study II, there was a combination of both k-CRG + CLC (0.4 mg/mL + 1.5 mg/mL, respectively), 0.4 mg/mL k-CRG, 1.5 mg/mL CLC and control group. Sperm quality parameters, endogenous antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and ROS were all assessed after the freeze-thaw process. Our findings in study I indicated that at post-thaw, an optimum 0.4 mg/mL k-CRG supplementation in the extender improved semen quality parameters, endogenous enzymes, MDA and ROS in comparison to the control group. Interestingly prior to the freeze-thaw process, it was depicted in study II that combined k-CRG + CLC (0.4 mg/mL+1.5 mg/mL) inclusion in the extender provided maximum protection to sperm quality parameters, endogenous enzymes, MDA and ROS in comparison to 1.5 mg/mL CLC and control group at post-thaw. Besides, there was also a significant difference observed in the extenders supplemented with combined k-CRG + CLC (0.4 mg/mL +1.5 mg/mL) when compared to 0.4 mg/mL k-CRG for semen quality parameters and endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) but no significant difference was observed for MDA and ROS. Also, there was a significant difference observed in the extender supplemented with 1.5 mg/mL CLC when compared to the control group for semen quality parameters, SOD, CAT, and MDA but no significant difference for GPx and ROS at post-thaw. In conclusion, k-CRG at an optimal dosage of 0.4 mg/mL proved effective for improving post-thaw sperm quality but its combined addition k-CRG + CLC at an optimal concentration of (0.4 + 1.5) mg/mL in the extender provided greater protection to the rooster spermatozoa at post-thaw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Li
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Michael Osei Appiah
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Wenfa Lu
- Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Özmen MF, Cirit Ü, Arıcı R, Demir K, Kurt D, Pabuccuoğlu S, Ak K. Evaluation of synergic effects of iodixanol and trehalose on cryosurvival of electroejaculated ram semen. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13656. [PMID: 32478874 DOI: 10.1111/and.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the study was to investigate whether iodixanol and trehalose would have a synergic effect on the cryosurvival of electroejaculated ram semen. Tris-based diluter was used to prepare 9 different extenders by the addition of iodixanol or trehalose alone or varying combinations of these substances. Diluters were prepared as follows: Tris (control), Io5 (5% iodixanol), Tr25 (25 mmol/L trehalose), Tr50 (50 mmol/L trehalose), Tr50 + Io1.25 (50 mmol/L trehalose and 1.25% iodixanol), Tr50 + Io2.5 (50 mmol/L trehalose and 2.5% iodixanol), Tr50 + Io5 (50 mmol/L trehalose and 5% iodixanol), Tr25 + Io5 (25 mmol/L trehalose and 5% iodixanol) and Tr12.5 + Io5 (12.5 mmol/L trehalose and 5% iodixanol). Supplementation of the freezing extender with trehalose or iodixanol alone supported the protection of both morphological and functional integrity of ram spermatozoa and total motility at 1 and 4 hr post-thawing respectively. However, beyond these positive effects, the combination of trehalose (25 mmol/L) and iodixanol (5%) significantly increased post-thaw sperm longevity and motion properties at the end of 4-hr incubation. The results of the study clearly showed that there was positive synergic effect of iodixanol and trehalose on cryosurvival of ram semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ferit Özmen
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ümüt Cirit
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Arıcı
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamber Demir
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Doğan Kurt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Serhat Pabuccuoğlu
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Ak
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carro MDLM, Peñalva DA, Antollini SS, Hozbor FA, Buschiazzo J. Cholesterol and desmosterol incorporation into ram sperm membrane before cryopreservation: Effects on membrane biophysical properties and sperm quality. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183357. [PMID: 32416195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ram sperm are particularly sensitive to freeze-thawing mainly due to their lipid composition, limiting their use in artificial insemination programs. We evaluated the extent of cholesterol and desmosterol incorporation into ram sperm through incubation with increasing concentrations of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD)-sterol complexes, and its effect on membrane biophysical properties, membrane lateral organization and cryopreservation outcome. Sterols were effectively incorporated into the sperm membrane at 10 and 25 mM MβCD-sterols, similarly increasing membrane lipid order at physiological temperature and during temperature decrease. Differential ordering effect of sterols in ternary-mixture model membranes revealed a reduced tendency of desmosterol of segregating into ordered domains. Live cell imaging of fluorescent cholesterol showed sterol incorporation and evidenced the presence of sperm sub-populations compatible with different sterol contents and a high concentration of sterol rich-ordered domains mainly at the acrosome plasma membrane. Lateral organization of the plasma membrane, assessed by identification of GM1-related rafts, was preserved after sterol incorporation except when high levels of sterols (25 mM MβCD-desmosterol) were incorporated. Ram sperm incubation with 10 mM MβCD-sterols prior to cryopreservation in a cholesterol-free extender improved sperm quality parameters after cooling and freezing. While treatment with 10 mM MβCD-cholesterol increased sperm motility, membrane integrity and tolerance to osmotic stress after thawing, incorporation of desmosterol increased the ability of ram sperm to overcome osmotic stress. Our research provides evidence on the effective incorporation and biophysical behavior of cholesterol and desmosterol in ram sperm membranes and on their consequences in improving functional parameters of sperm after temperature decrease and freezing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Mercedes Carro
- Laboratorio Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226 km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Peñalva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvia S Antollini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Federico A Hozbor
- Laboratorio Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226 km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Buschiazzo
- Laboratorio Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226 km 73.5, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Novello G, Podico G, Segabinazzi LGTM, Lima FS, Canisso IF. Stallion Semen Cooling Using Native Phosphocaseinate-based Extender and Sodium Caseinate Cholesterol-loaded Cyclodextrin-based Extender. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103104. [PMID: 32797772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare semen parameters and embryo recovery rates of cooled stallion semen extended with INRA 96 or BotuSemen Gold. In experiment 1, 45 ejaculates from nine mature stallions were collected, assessed, and equally split between both extenders and then extended to 50 million sperm/mL. Then, the extended semen was stored in three passive cooling containers (Equitainer, Equine Express II, and BotuFlex) for 48 hours. In experiment 2, the same ejaculates extended in experiment 1 were cushion-centrifuged, the supernatant was discarded, and the pellets were resuspended at 100 million sperm/mL with their respective extender. Semen was then cooled and stored as in experiment 1. In both experiments, sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity, and high mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed at 0, 24, and 48 hours post cooling. For experiment 3, 12 mares (n = 24 cycles) were bred with 48 hour-cooled semen from one stallion. Semen was processed as described in experiment 1. Mares had embryo flushing performed by 8-day post-ovulation. In experiment 1, BotuSemen Gold displayed superior total and progressive motility relative to INRA 96 (P < .05). There were no significant differences between the types of containers in any experiment. In experiment 2, INRA 96 and BotuSemen Gold extenders had similar total and progressive motility, but BotuSemen Gold had superior sperm velocity parameters at all timepoints. Embryo recovery was identical for both extenders (50%). Finally, the results obtained herein suggest that BotuSemen Gold is a suitable alternative to be included in semen cooling tests against INRA 96 in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Novello
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Lorenzo G T M Segabinazzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rajoriya JS, Prasad JK, Ramteke SS, Perumal P, De AK, Ghosh SK, Bag S, Raje A, Singh M, Kumar A, Kumaresan A. Exogenous cholesterol prevents cryocapacitation‐like changes, membrane fluidity, and enhances in vitro fertility in bubaline spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:726-736. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ponraj Perumal
- ICAR‐Central Island Agricultural Research Institute Port Blair India
| | - Arun Kumar De
- ICAR‐Central Island Agricultural Research Institute Port Blair India
| | | | - Sadhan Bag
- ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly India
| | - Archana Raje
- ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly India
| | - Mahak Singh
- ICAR‐ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Medziphema India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- DUVASU‐College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Mathura India
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Peris-Frau P, Soler AJ, Iniesta-Cuerda M, Martín-Maestro A, Sánchez-Ajofrín I, Medina-Chávez DA, Fernández-Santos MR, García-Álvarez O, Maroto-Morales A, Montoro V, Garde JJ. Sperm Cryodamage in Ruminants: Understanding the Molecular Changes Induced by the Cryopreservation Process to Optimize Sperm Quality. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082781. [PMID: 32316334 PMCID: PMC7215299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation represents a powerful tool for livestock breeding. Several efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of sperm cryopreservation in different ruminant species. However, a significant amount of sperm still suffers considerable cryodamage, which may affect sperm quality and fertility. Recently, the use of different “omics” technologies in sperm cryobiology, especially proteomics studies, has led to a better understanding of the molecular modifications induced by sperm cryopreservation, facilitating the identification of different freezability biomarkers and certain proteins that can be added before cryopreservation to enhance sperm cryosurvival. This review provides an updated overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in sperm cryodamage, which are in part responsible for the structural, functional and fertility changes observed in frozen–thawed ruminant sperm. Moreover, the molecular basis of those factors that can affect the sperm freezing resilience of different ruminant species is also discussed as well as the molecular aspects of those novel strategies that have been developed to reduce sperm cryodamage, including new cryoprotectants, antioxidants, proteins, nanoparticles and vitrification.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zalazar L, Iniesta-Cuerda M, Sánchez-Ajofrín I, Garde JJ, Soler Valls AJ, Cesari A. Recombinant SPINK3 improves ram sperm quality and in vitro fertility after cryopreservation. Theriogenology 2020; 144:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
30
|
Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin is efficient in preserving sperm quality of cryopreserved ram semen with low freezability. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:14-24. [PMID: 31918981 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Semen freezability is positive correlated with the cholesterol content in the sperm cell. Freeze-thawing mainly cause temperature chock and change on media osmolarity, which can modify plasma membrane lipids content and sperm conformation, resulting in decreased fertility. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of adding cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) to the cryopreservation process of ram semen with low freezability. For that, two experiments were performed using 5 ejaculates of 6 rams, totalizing 30 samples. For experiment 1 the following treatments were tested: in natura (IN), Tris solution (CON), CLC + Tris solution (CLC), and pure methyl-β-cyclodextrin + Tris solution (MCD). For experiment 2 treatments CON and CLC were tested in samples subdivided into three freezability classes: high (n = 10), intermediate (n = 10) and low (n = 10). Freezability classes were based on the variation of sperm motility between IN and CON groups from the first experiment. Sample analyzes included sperm motility, sperm morphology, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species content, lipid peroxidation, and fluidity of plasma membrane. Results showed that CLC treatment was more efficient in maintaining sperm motility, integrity of plasma membrane, integrity of acrosome, and mitochondria membrane potential. In addition, CLC treatment in the groups with low and intermediate freezability showed improvement on progressive motility and percentage of rapid cells. In contrast, no difference was noted between CLC and CON treatments in the high freezability group. Therefore, the addition of CLC to semen extender improved sperm cryopreservation, especially in rams with low freezability.
Collapse
|
31
|
Epididymal and ejaculated sperm differ on their response to the cryopreservation and capacitation processes in mouflon (Ovis musimon). Sci Rep 2019; 9:15659. [PMID: 31666633 PMCID: PMC6821854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatozoa must undergo the process of capacitation to fertilize the egg which involves a cell destabilizing process. Capacitation-like changes such as protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PTP) are associated with cryopreservation. The aim of this study was to compare the cryoresistance and capacitation response of epididymal and ejaculated sperm of European mouflon (Ovis musimon). Post-thaw sperm parameters were analysed from epididymal and ejaculated samples cryopreserved by slow-freezing or ultrarapid-freezing for comparison. Sperm capacitation status was assessed by the semiquantification of PTP levels, cell localization of PTP and kinematic clustering. Epididymal sperm had higher cryoresistance than ejaculated sperm in both freezing techniques, and slow-freezing rendered better results than ultrarapid-freezing in both sperm samples. Ejaculated sperm had higher PTP levels than epididymal sperm and, additionally, ejaculated sperm showed higher phosphorylation in capacitating (CA) than in non-capacitating (NCA) conditions while there was no effect of medium in epididymal sperm. There was a higher tail PTP in CA than in NCA conditions in both types of sperm. Kinematic analysis revealed that the cluster associated with hyperactivated movement increased in ejaculated sperm incubated in CA whereas no effect of medium was observed in epididymal sperm clusters. In conclusion, epididymal sperm showed better freezability and lower capacitation status compared to ejaculated sperm.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kumar A, Prasad JK, Srivastava N, Ghosh SK. Strategies to Minimize Various Stress-Related Freeze-Thaw Damages During Conventional Cryopreservation of Mammalian Spermatozoa. Biopreserv Biobank 2019; 17:603-612. [PMID: 31429586 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2019.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the article is to report a review on different sperm cryopreservation techniques, various stress-related freeze-thaw damages altering sperm structure and function during conventional cryopreservation, and strategies to minimize these stresses. Sperm cryopreservation has allowed indefinite storage and successful transportation of valuable germplasm from proven sites at distant locations, for genetic upgradation through implementation of reproductive techniques, such as artificial insemination. Different techniques for sperm cryopreservation have been proposed such as conventional freezing techniques, directional freezing, and sperm vitrification. Drawbacks related to conventional freezing methods, such as heterogeneous ice nucleation and repeated freeze-thaw cycles at the ice front that disrupts and kill sperm cells, led to the emergence of the directional freezing technique. Sperm vitrification is advantageous as there is no ice crystal-induced physical damages to sperm. However, sperm vitrification has less applicability as encouraging results are only reported in human, dog, and cat. In spite of several drawbacks, conventional freezing techniques are still most widely used for sperm cryopreservation. Spermatozoa experience stresses in the form of cold shock, osmotic stress, and mainly oxidative stress during conventional cryopreservation ultimately reduces the sperm viability and fertility. Several attempts have been made in the past to minimize all these stresses individually or in combination. Membrane fluidity was increased to prevent the cold shock and cryocapacitation-like changes by the addition of cholesterol to the membrane. Antifreeze proteins were added in semen extender to minimize freeze-thaw damages due to heterogeneous ice nucleation and ice recrystallization. Oxidative stress was reduced either by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through enzymatic, nonenzymatic, plant-based antioxidants or reductants; or by minimizing the level of sources like the semen radiation exposure, leucocytes, and dead and defective spermatozoa, which lead to ROS production during the semen cryopreservation process. A novel approach of minimizing oxidative stress was to reduce the oxygen tension in sperm microenvironment that is, extender by partial deoxygenation process, as a number of literatures pointed out direct link of O2 with ROS production. When compared with other strategies, partial deoxygenation of semen extender with N2 gassing is found as a cost-effective, comparatively easy and a potential approach to large-scale frozen semen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Germ-Plasm Centre, Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - J K Prasad
- Germ-Plasm Centre, Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - N Srivastava
- Germ-Plasm Centre, Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - S K Ghosh
- Germ-Plasm Centre, Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
PERUMAL P. Exogenous cholesterol modulates oxidative stress and freezability of mithun spermatozoa. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i5.90012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Effect of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) on improvement of semen quality parameters (SQPs) and deduction of oxidative stresses following cryopreservation in mithun was explored. Total 50 ejaculates were selected out of 105 collected based on preliminary SQPs. Sperm was treated with 1 mg (Gr II) and 2 mg (Gr III) of CLC/ 120×106 spermatozoa and without CLC served as control (Gr I). Diluted semen samples were cryopreserved at ultralow temperature. Frozen thawed samples were evaluated for motility (progressive forward [FPM]; in bovine cervical mucus penetration test [BCMPT] and in computer assisted sperm analyzer [CASA]), viability, total sperm and nuclear abnormality, intactness of plasma membrane and acrosome, intracellular enzymatic leakage and oxidative profile (Malondialdehyde; MDA). Result revealed a significant improvement in motility (FPM, BCMPT and CASA), viability, acrosomal integrity, cholesterol content and reduction of sperm and nuclear abnormalities, leakage of intracellular enzymes and oxidative stressors in 1 mg CLC treated group as compared to control. Moreover, intactness of acrosome and biochemical membrane was protected significantly in extender containing 1 mg CLC. Hence inclusion of mithun spermatozoa with CLC (1 mg/120×106) prior to freezing improved the survivability in cryopreservation. The results clearly indicated the beneficial effects of CLC supplementation on freezability by reducing cryodamage and protecting the spermatozoa integrity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Grötter LG, Cattaneo L, Marini PE, Kjelland ME, Ferré LB. Recent advances in bovine sperm cryopreservation techniques with a focus on sperm post-thaw quality optimization. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:655-665. [PMID: 30681204 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation facilitates the storage and transport of germplasm for its use in artificial insemination (AI) and other advanced reproductive technologies. The cryopreservation process can damage sperm and compromise functionality. Several cryobiological studies have found that the physical and biological factors that affect sperm survival at low temperatures during the cryopreservation process often involve the integrity of sperm membrane. In this review, the behaviour of the sperm membrane against cooling, cold shock, ice crystal formation, oxidative stress, osmotic changes, reorganization of the lipid bilayer and addition of cryoprotective agents (CPA) is discussed. In addition, the phenomenon of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its relationship with the cryopreservation process is also described. Semen cryopreservation techniques have progressed slowly in past years, and the current performance, measured as post-thawed survival, is not very different compared to past decades. Recent advances in understanding the structure of the cell membrane, its function and metabolism have driven to new conservation systems, including lyophilization and vitrification. However, none of these technologies is commercially available, although its future appears very promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guadalupe Grötter
- Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luciano Cattaneo
- Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricia Estela Marini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET) y Área Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Michael E Kjelland
- Conservation, Genetics & Biotech, LLC, Vicksburg, Mississippi.,Mayville State University, Mayville, North Dakota
| | - Luis B Ferré
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Tres Arroyos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahmad E, Naseer Z, Uçan U, Serin İ, Ceylan A, Aksoy M. Seasonal variations in sperm acrosome reaction, osmotic tolerance and serum testosterone concentrations in rams. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
36
|
KUMAR PRADEEP, JINDAL SK, GANGWAR CHETNA, KHARCHE SD, PATHAK JUHI, SIKARWAR ANUJKUMARSINGH. Protective effect of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin on cryopreservation of buck spermatozoa. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
37
|
Benhenia K, Rahab H, Smadi MA, Benmakhlouf H, Lamara A, Idres T, Iguer-Ouada M. Beneficial and harmful effects of cyclodextrin-vitamin E complex on cryopreserved ram sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 195:266-273. [PMID: 29891254 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a potent molecule, especially when loaded in cyclodextrin, in modulating oxidative stress during the freeze-thawing process. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of cyclodextrin-vitamin E complex (CD-Vit E) on cryopreserved ram sperm. Ejaculates collected from five adult rams were pooled and divided into four aliquots. All aliquots were treated in Tris-extender (Tris-glucose-citric acid) containing 2 mg cholesterol-loaded methyl-β- cyclodextrin/120 × 106 spermatozoa and either 0 (Control), 2, 4 or 6 mg CD-Vit E/120 × 106 spermatozoa, corresponding to 0, 0.5, 1 or 1.5 of pure vitamin E, respectively. After incubation at 22 °C for 15 min and the addition of Tris-extender containing glycerol and egg yolk (v/v), all aliquots were frozen in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, motility (computer aided sperm analysis), viability (eosin staining), membrane integrity (HOST), acrosome integrity (Coomassie G-250 staining) and lipid peroxidation (Thiobarbituric acid assay) were evaluated. Compared to control, 2 mg CD-Vit E had a significant positive effect on total motility, progressive motility, movement linearity (LIN%), viability and lipid peroxidation. At 4 mg, however, CD-Vit E had a significant negative effect on total motility, progressive motility, membrane functionality and acrosome integrity. At a greater concentration (6 mg), the negative effects were greater as compared with inclusion of 4 mg in the cryoprotectant and the percentage of rapidly and moderately motile gametes and viability were also altered. In conclusion, the effect of CD-Vit E on cryopreserved ram sperm was concentration-dependent with the 2 mg amount having a beneficial effect while greater concentrations (4 and 6 mg) had a harmful effect on sperm motility and gamete integrity but without affecting oxidative stress status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benhenia
- National Center for Biotechnology Research (CRBt), Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville UV 03 BP E73 Constantine, Algeria; Superior National Veterinary School, BP 161, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Hamza Rahab
- National Center for Biotechnology Research (CRBt), Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville UV 03 BP E73 Constantine, Algeria; Superior National Veterinary School, BP 161, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mustapha-Adnane Smadi
- National Center for Biotechnology Research (CRBt), Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville UV 03 BP E73 Constantine, Algeria; Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Institute, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna 05000, Algeria
| | - Hamza Benmakhlouf
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Techniques (ITELV), Ain M'lila, Algeria
| | - Ali Lamara
- Superior National Veterinary School, BP 161, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Mokrane Iguer-Ouada
- Associated Laboratory in Marine Ecosystems and Aquaculture, Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abderrahmane-Mira-University, Route de Targua Ouzemmour, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Inanc ME, Tekin K, Olgac KT, Yilmaz B, Cil B, Tasdemir U, Tuncer PB, Buyukleblebici S, Durmaz E, Uysal O. Effect of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin on semen cryopreservation of Aksaray Malakli shepherd dogs of different ages. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 193:191-200. [PMID: 29699920 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) on the quality parameters of semen from Aksaray Malakli Shepherd dogs of different age groups. Forty-eight male dogs were divided into 3 groupings according to their ages (young age (Y): ≤3 years, n: 20; middle age (M): 4-6 years, n: 20; old age (O): ≥7 years; n: 8). The sperm-rich portion of the ejaculate from each dog was divided into four aliquots and extended with either tris as a control (C) or tris loaded with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/120 × 106 CLC as low (L), intermediate (I), and high (H) doses, respectively. Following equilibration for at least half an hour, the straws were frozen in nitrogen vapor and then stored in liquid nitrogen at least for 48 h. Later, the frozen straws were thawed in a water bath for spermatological evaluation. Significant differences were observed between different age groups in terms of the spermatological parameters (p < 0.05). The evidence suggests that increasing age is associated with poor in-vitro spermatological parameters and CLC was able to protect the acrosome integrity from cryo-damage during the freeze-thawing process. Better semen freezability characteristics were obtained at young ages, considering the overall parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Enes Inanc
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Koray Tekin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kemal Tuna Olgac
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beste Cil
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Tasdemir
- Aksaray University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Aksaray, Turkey
| | | | | | - Emre Durmaz
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ongun Uysal
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cyclodextrins or cholesterol-loaded-cyclodextrins? A better choice for improved cryosurvival of chicken spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 193:235-244. [PMID: 29699918 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test if treating chicken sperm with i) the cyclodextrins 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBCD) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) alone improve fresh, liquid-stored and cryopreserved semen quality, or ii) cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins (CLCs): 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin loaded with cholesterol (HCLC) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin loaded with cholesterol (MCLC) enhance chicken semen quality for application to assisted reproductive technologies. Three consecutive experiments were performed with different concentrations of additives: Exp. 1: 1, 2, 4 mg of HBCD and MBCD in fresh and liquid stored semen; Exp. 2: 1, 2, 4 mg of HCLC and MCLC in fresh and liquid stored semen; and Exp. 3: 1, 2 mg of HBCD, HCLC, 1 mg MBCD, MCLC in cryopreserved and post-thaw storage semen. Sperm motility parameters were assessed by CASA system and comprehensive sperm characteristics were evaluated by flow cytometry. Supplementation with 4 mg HBCD, MBCD, HCLC and MCLC resulted in the lowest motility and functional parameters of fresh and stored spermatozoa for 24 h at 5 °C. After cryopreservation, spermatozoa stored with CLCs showed significantly lower progressive motility and velocity of movement, and exhibited the lowest percentage of cells with intact plasma membranes and acrosomes, mitochondrial activity and cells without apoptosis. These results indicated that CLCs did not improve chicken sperm viability after cryopreservation. However, spermatozoa treated with 2 mg HBCD showed higher proportion of motile sperm (28%; P < 0.01) together with higher proportion of sperm cells with high mitochondrial potential (25%; P < 0.05) compared to the control (18%; 21%, respectively) after 3 h of post-thaw storage. CLC, especially with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, appeared to be detrimental to chicken spermatozoa, causing apoptosis, impairment of mitochondrial potential, and damaged acrosomes and sperm plasma membranes.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lone SA. Possible mechanisms of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin action on sperm during cryopreservation. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 192:1-5. [PMID: 29559192 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) with cryopreserved semen has a pivotal role in wider dissemination of germplasm of elite livestock and also for conservation of various endangered species. Cryopreservation allows storage of semen for a prolonged period of time and facilitates greater exchange of genetic material among distant populations. Cryopreservation, however, leads to certain deleterious effects on sperm including premature induction of the acrosome reaction, reduced sperm motility and viability, and impaired sperm DNA integrity and fertility. During cooling procedures, membrane phase transitions take place, which result in micro-domain formation from aggregation of lipids, leading to impaired functions of the sperm membrane, and gap formation between gel and fluid domains. Cyclodextrins are produced by enzymatic degradation of starch and possess a unique feature, that when added alone to sperm cyclodextrins facilitate the removal of cholesterol from the membrane. When preloaded with cholesterol, however, cyclodextrins stimulate the insertion of cholesterol into the sperm membrane due to presence of a hydrophobic core in addition to an outer hydrophilic face. Treating sperm of various species with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin improves the quality of sperm during cryopreservation. It is still not clearly known how cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin functions at sperm cells to enhance the survival during cryopreservation. The present review, therefore, highlights possible mechanisms of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin action on sperm during cryopreservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Lone
- Artificial Breeding Research Center (ABRC), Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bera A, Sawant PB, Dasgupta S, Chadha NK, Sawant BT, Pal AK. Diel cyclic hypoxia alters plasma lipid dynamics and impairs reproduction in goldfish (Carassius auratus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1677-1688. [PMID: 28733713 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diel cyclic hypoxia occurs with varying frequency and duration in freshwater habitats, yet little is known about its effects on reproduction of freshwater fishes. The present study shows that long-term exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to cyclic hypoxia (0.8 ± 0.2 mg/l dissolved oxygen) for 9 h or more, per day, altered plasma lipid and sex steroid profiles, which in turn directly or indirectly suppressed ovarian growth and viable spermatozoa production. Hypoxia decreased total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL p < 0.05) and elevated triglycerides (TG; p < 0.05) in both sexes. Plasma steroid concentrations particularly of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HP), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) in females, and T and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in males were attenuated under diel hypoxic conditions. Intriguingly, both diel and continuous hypoxia elevated plasma E2 and vitellogenin levels in males. However, neither lipid nor steroid profiles recorded any variation in a dose-dependent manner in response to diel hypoxia. The reduced GSI, decreased number of tertiary oocytes, and motile spermatozoa in hypoxic fish clearly indicate suppression of gametogenesis. Thereby, prolonged diel cyclic hypoxia may affect valuable fishery resources and fish population structure by impairing reproductive performances and inducing estrogenic effects in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bera
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (ICAR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Paramita Banerjee Sawant
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR), Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India.
| | - Subrata Dasgupta
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR), Kolkata Centre, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - N K Chadha
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR), Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Bhawesh T Sawant
- Taraporewala Marine Biological Research Station (KKV), Mumbai, India
| | - Asim Kumar Pal
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR), Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dietary inclusion of fish oil changes the semen lipid composition but does not improve the post-thaw semen quality of ram spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 183:132-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
43
|
Yadav HP, Kumar A, Shah N, Chauhan DS, Saxena A, Yadav S, Swain DK. Effect of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin supplementation on tyrosine phosphorylation and apoptosis like changes in frozen thawed Hariana bull spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2017; 96:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
44
|
Salmon VM, Leclerc P, Bailey JL. Novel technical strategies to optimize cryopreservation of goat semen using cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin. Cryobiology 2017; 74:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Chuaychu-noo N, Thananurak P, Chankitisakul V, Vongpralub T. Supplementing rooster sperm with Cholesterol-Loaded-Cyclodextrin improves fertility after cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2017; 74:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
46
|
Khan J, Tahir MZ, Khalid A, Sattar A, Ahmad N. Effect of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins on cryosurvival of dog spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52 Suppl 2:265-268. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Khan
- Department of Theriogenology; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - MZ Tahir
- Department of Theriogenology; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - A Khalid
- Pet Center; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - A Sattar
- Department of Theriogenology; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - N Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Akhter S, Rakha B, Ansari M, Husna A, Iqbal S, Khalid M. Evaluation of quail and turkey egg yolk for cryopreservation of Nili-Ravi buffalo bull semen. Theriogenology 2017; 87:259-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
Ezz MA, Montasser AE, Hussein M, Eldesouky A, Badr M, Hegab AE, Balboula A, Zaabel SM. The effect of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrins on post-thawing quality of buffalo semen in relation to sperm DNA damage and ultrastructure. Reprod Biol 2016; 17:42-50. [PMID: 28041717 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of germ cells is a major tool for the propagation of animals with desired genetic traits. Although cryopreservation of spermatozoa in some animals is effective, its effectiveness is variable. For example, cryopreservation efficiency of buffalo bull spermatozoa remains very poor. In this study, we evaluated sperm DNA damage and ultrastructure in buffalo bull spermatozoa vitrified in the presence or absence of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins (CLC). Our results showed that cryopreserved buffalo spermatozoa had elevated levels of deteriorated plasma and mitochondrial membranes, which are the likely causes of DNA damage after vitrification. Accordingly, the levels of the activity of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) were also elevated following exposure of buffalo bull spermatozoa to a cycle of freezing-thawing. Importantly, supplementation of Tris-Egg Yolk-Glucose (TEYG) extender with (CLC) improved the quality of buffalo spermatozoa following cryopreservation. This protective effect of CLC is likely due to decreasing mitochondrial and plasma membrane deterioration with subsequent inhibition of DNA damage. These results suggest that cholesterol loss is the likely reason for poor semen quality in buffaloes following cryopreservation, and provide evidence that manipulating lipid content during cryopreservation is a promising strategy to improve the quality of buffalo semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aboul Ezz
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Abd Elmonem Montasser
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Eldesouky
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Magdy Badr
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer Department, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Al Haram, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abd Elraouf Hegab
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Balboula
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Samy M Zaabel
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Salmon VM, Castonguay F, Demers-Caron V, Leclerc P, Bailey JL. Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin improves ram sperm cryoresistance in skim milk-extender. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 177:1-11. [PMID: 28017451 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) is known to improve ram sperm cryosurvival. This study expands on previous research to: (1) determine the mechanism by which CLC improves ram sperm cryosurvival and (2) compare the efficiency of a novel, skim milk-based extender containing CLC to a traditional egg yolk-based extender. Hypothesis #1 was that CLC enhances membrane cholesterol content to increase the resistance of ram sperm to cold and osmotic stress, thereby improving cryosurvival. We first assessed the ability of fresh sperm treated with CLC to withstand cold shock. Second, fresh sperm were treated with CLC to evaluate their tolerance to osmotic stress. Third, to confirm that cholesterol is incorporated into the sperm using CLC, we quantified sperm cholesterol. To test Hypothesis #2 that CLC is most effective in a medium without competing cholesterol, we compared sperm cryosurvival and fertility in skim milk-based extender containing CLC versus in a traditional egg yolk-based freezing extender without CLC. Our data confirmed that CLC treatment improves ram sperm cold shock and osmotic stress resistance, and augments sperm cholesterol content. Semen in skim milk-based extender containing CLC prior to freezing, had more motile sperm with intact acrosomes after thawing compared to semen in egg yolk-based extender. In contrast, sperm plasma membrane integrity and in vivo fertility of the semen cryopreserved in the skim milk-based extender with CLC did not differ from semen that was cryopreserved in egg yolk-based extender. Further research is warranted to combine CLC with other cryoprotection strategies or to modify the insemination protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vianney M Salmon
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Castonguay
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Leclerc
- Département d'obstétrique, Gynécologie et Reproduction, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Santé de la mère et de l'enfant, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Janice L Bailey
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wojtusik J, Pennington P, Songsasen N, Padilla LR, Citino SB, Pukazhenthi BS. Pretreatment of Addra gazelle (Nanger dama ruficollis) spermatozoa with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins improves cryosurvival. Cryobiology 2016; 73:388-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|