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Newcombe JR, Wilsher S, Cuervo-Arango J. The post-ovulatory rise in progesterone is lower and the persistence of oestrous behaviour longer during the first compared with the second cycle of the breeding season in mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:141-145. [PMID: 36177828 PMCID: PMC10091980 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mares are seasonally polyoestrous breeders. Therefore, the first ovulation of the season, following winter anoestrus, is the only cycle in which mares ovulate without the presence of an old CL from the previous cycle. The objective of this study was to compare the length of oestrous behaviour, and plasma progesterone concentrations during the early post-ovulatory period between mares after the first and second ovulation of the breeding season. Overall, 38 mares and 167 oestrous periods were used in the study. From those, 11 mares were used during the first and subsequent oestrous period to measure and compare the post-ovulatory rise in progesterone concentration, whereas all the mares were used to compare the length of the post-ovulatory oestrous behaviour between the first and subsequent cycles of the breeding season. The persistence of the post-ovulatory oestrus was longer (p < .001) following the first ovulation of the year (median of 52 h) compared with the subsequent ovulations (median of 36 h for second and later ovulations groups; n = 38 mares). The progesterone concentration at any of the four 8 h-intervals analysed (28, 36, 76 and 84 h post-ovulation) was lower (p < .01) following the first versus the second ovulation of the year. By 36 h post-ovulation the progesterone concentration of mares at the second ovulation of the year had passed the threshold of 2 ng/ml (2.1 ± 0.33 ng/ml), whereas in the first cycle it was 1.2 ± 0.13 ng/ml. In conclusion, mares had lower progesterone concentrations in their peripheral circulation and longer persistence of oestrous behaviour following the first ovulation of the year compared with the second and subsequent ovulatory periods of the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Wilsher
- Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction, Newmarket, UK
| | - Juan Cuervo-Arango
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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BIANCHI CP, BRUNO S, VIDELA DORNA I, RODRÍGUEZ E, ABA MA. Effect of short-term artificial light and transvaginal progesterone device on first ovulation in late transitional mares. J Equine Sci 2022; 33:1-6. [PMID: 35510073 PMCID: PMC9018460 DOI: 10.1294/jes.33.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In study I, plasma progesterone concentrations were evaluated in anoestrous mares that
received an intravaginal progesterone release device (IPRD) for 10 days. Mares were
divided into 3 groups based on the dosage of progesterone (0 g, n=3; 1.38 g, n=5; and 1.9
g, n=5). No statistical differences were found in plasma progesterone concentrations
between the two doses tested. In study II, the effects of a protocol based on a short
program of artificial light combined with an IPRD containing 1.38 g of progesterone on
oestrous behaviour and onset of ovulation were evaluated. IPRDs were inserted into 31 late
transitional mares (10 days of treatment). The mares were divided into a control group
(n=9, IPRD with 0 g of progesterone) and two treatment groups (T1, n=10, IPRD with 0 g of
progesterone and artificial light; T2, n=12, IPRD with 1.38 g of progesterone and
artificial light). The percentages of mares in heat within the first 14 days after
treatment were 100%, 70%, and 100% in the control, T1, and T2 groups, respectively
(P=0.097), and their ovulation rates were 44%, 60%, and 100%, respectively (P≤0.01). In
conclusion, a protocol based on artificial light and an IPRD containing 1.38 g of
progesterone for 10 days could be considered to advance the first ovulation of the year in
late transitional mares, as it ensures a higher rate of ovulation within the first 14 days
after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Paula BIANCHI
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Center of Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago BRUNO
- General Lavalle Haras, Argentine Army, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Edgardo RODRÍGUEZ
- Biostatistics Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Center of Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Alfredo ABA
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Center of Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Crabtree J. Update on the management of anoestrus and transitional phase in horses. IN PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Segabinazzi LGTM, Andrade LRP, Alvarenga MA, Dell’Aqua JA, Canisso IF. Use of Intravaginal Progesterone-Releasing Device Results in Similar Pregnancy Rates and Losses to Long-Acting Progesterone to Synchronize Acyclic Embryo Recipient Mares. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090190. [PMID: 34564584 PMCID: PMC8472191 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess uterine features and serum progesterone concentrations of acyclic mares synchronized and resynchronized with intravaginal progesterone release device (IPRD), and (2) to compare pregnancy rates and losses of cyclic and acyclic embryo recipient mares treated with different synchronization protocols. In Experiment 1, mares (n = 12) received estradiol for 3 days (E2-3d), and then 24 h after the last injection, an IPRD was inserted and kept in place for 9 days. Three days after IPRD removal, mares were treated with E2-3d, and then a new IPRD was inserted and maintained for three days. Serum progesterone concentrations were assessed 2, 6, and 12 h after insertion and removal of IPRD, and then daily from the insertion of the first IPRD to one day after removal of the second IPRD. Experiment 2 was conducted with embryo recipient mares randomly assigned to four groups: (1) Cyclic: mares (n = 75) had ovulation confirmed after receiving a single dose of histrelin when a periovulatory follicle was first detected, (2) LAP4: acyclic mares (n = 92) were treated with E2-3d and then administered a single dose of LAP4 24 h after the last estradiol injection, (3) IPRD: acyclic mares (n = 130) were treated with E2-3d and an IPRD for 4-8 days, and (4) RE-IPRD: acyclic mares (n = 32) were synchronized as in the IPRD group but not used for embryo transfer (ET), then 8 to 15 days later, the mares were resynchronized with E2-3d and an IPRD for 4-8 days. In vivo-produced Day-8 embryos were collected and transferred 4-8 days after ovulation or progesterone treatments. Mares in IPRD and RE-IPRD groups had the intravaginal device removed immediately before ET, and then a new IPRD was inserted right after ET. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 5, 30, and 60 days after ET. Once pregnancy was confirmed, mares in the three acyclic groups received weekly injections of LAP4 (1.5 g) until 120 days of pregnancy. Mares in IPRD and RE-IPRD groups had the device removed three days after the first pregnancy diagnosis. In Experiment 1, progesterone concentrations increased rapidly starting 2 h after insertion of IPRD (p < 0.05); then, concentrations plateaued well above pregnancy maintenance until removal on days 9 and 3, respectively. Progesterone concentrations were reduced to baseline 24 h after IPRD removal (p < 0.05). For experiment 2, there was no difference in pregnancy rates across groups (65-74%) or pregnancy losses by 60 days of gestation (7-12%) (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the IPRD used herein resulted in a rapid increase and a sharp decline in progesterone concentrations upon its insertion and removal, respectively. Finally, our results demonstrated that IPRD could be a compatible alternative to LAP4 to synchronize and resynchronize acyclic embryo recipient mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo G. T. M. Segabinazzi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (L.G.T.M.S.); (L.R.P.A.J.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.D.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Luiz R. P. Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (L.G.T.M.S.); (L.R.P.A.J.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.D.J.)
| | - Marco A. Alvarenga
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (L.G.T.M.S.); (L.R.P.A.J.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.D.J.)
| | - Jose A. Dell’Aqua
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (L.G.T.M.S.); (L.R.P.A.J.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.D.J.)
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Correspondence:
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Fedorka
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - M. H. T. Troedsson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
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Teixeira A, Riveros J, Diniz J, Fonseca A, Silva D, Leo A, Pereira I, Valle G, Monteiro G, Oliveira L. Intravaginal progesterone device (1.9g) and estradiol benzoate for follicular control in the mare during spring and summer. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate follicular growth and ovulatory rates in mares treated with an intravaginal progesterone device (P4) during the 10-day period, associated with the use of estradiol benzoate (EB). The results were compared during the transition period (ET) in the spring and the breeding season in the summer (ER). The variables were submitted to ANOVA (Tukey's test), considering P<0.05. No ovulation occurred during the permanence of the P4 implant in both experimental periods. The ovulatory rate in the ER was 100% (n = 8) and in the ET 62.5% (n = 5; P = 0.0547). Significant differences were observed (<0.001), in both periods, comparing follicular growth rates during the permanence of P4 device (ER: 1.33 ± 0.89mm/d; ET: 1.00 ± 0.81mm/d) to the period without P4 (ER: 3.63 ± 1.33 mm/d; ET: 3.31 ± 1.66 mm/d). The present study demonstrated applicability and efficiency of a hormonal protocol using P4 intravaginal device and EB for follicular control in mares, both during ET and ER.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - D.F. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A.M.P. Leo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fanelli D, Tesi M, Rota A, Beltramo M, Conte G, Giorgi M, Barsotti G, Camillo F, Panzani D. hCG is more effective than the GnRH agonist buserelin for inducing the first ovulation of the breeding season in mares. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:306-311. [PMID: 33884659 PMCID: PMC9291952 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone agonists (GnRHa) are routinely used to induce ovulation in mares. However, GnRHa efficacy in transitional mares has been suggested to be low. Objectives The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to compare the efficacy of hCG and GnRHa in inducing the first ovulation of the breeding season and (b) to evaluate the correlation between ovulatory response, uterine oedema and teasing score at the time of treatment during the early or late transitional phase. Study design Randomised controlled superiority trial. Methods Mares in winter anoestrus were treated with sulpiride when at least two follicles reached a diameter of 25 mm. The day after the follicle reached 35 mm in diameter, mares in oestrus were treated with GnRHa buserelin (N = 29) or hCG (N = 33) and checked daily for ovulation. Results More mares (30/33, 90.1%) ovulated when the first ovulation after winter anoestrus was induced with hCG, than with GnRHa, (11/29, 38.0%) (P = .0001). Ovulation rate was lower in mares that did not show uterine oedema and full acceptance of the teaser stallion for at least three days before the treatment (32/41, 78% vs 9/21, 42.9%) P = .01. Main limitations Plasma LH and oestrogen concentrations were not performed. Conclusions These results demonstrate that hCG was more effective than GnRHa for inducing ovulation in the first cycle after winter anoestrus. Uterine oedema and behavioural signs of oestrus, for at least three days before the treatment, were predictors for a positive response to ovulation induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Tesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rota
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Beltramo
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (INRA, UMR85, CNRS, UMR7247, Université de Tours, IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barsotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Camillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Duccio Panzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Teixeira ACB, Valle GR, Riveros JAN, Diniz JHW, Wenceslau RR, Monteiro GA, Leme FDOP, Oliveira LZ. Effects of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin on Ovulatory and Luteal Characteristics of Mares Submitted to an P4-Based Protocol of Ovulation Induction With hCG. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103233. [PMID: 33077076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) at the end of progesterone (P4) treatment on follicular and luteal characteristics during transition period (TP) and reproductive breeding season (RP). A total of 13 crossbred mares were distributed in two experimental groups in the spring and summer (n = 26). The animals received intravaginal P4 (1.9 g) releasing device from D0 to D10. On removal of P4 device, the mares received 400 IU of eCG (eCG group) or saline solution (control group). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 1.750 IU) was administered (DhCG) as soon as ovulatory follicle (OF) ≥35 mm was detected. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed from D0 until 15 days after ovulation. Blood samples were collected on D0, D5, D10, DhCG, 9 days after ovulation (CL9D), and 13 days after ovulation (CL13D). P4 and estradiol concentrations were assessed by chemiluminescence. Data were compared by Tukey test at P < .05. Ovulation rate was similar (P = .096) between seasons (RP = 100%; TP = 70%) but occurred earlier (P = .015) in RP (34.8 ± 10.1 hours) compared with TP (42.0 ± 10.4 hours). Interactions between season and treatment were observed for OF diameter (mm) (RP/control = 36.2 ± 1.8ab; RP/eCG = 32.9 ± 2.8 b; TP/control = 32.2 ± 1.2 b; TP/eCG = 37.2 ± 1.9a; P = .004) and for corpus luteum (CL) diameter (mm) on CL13D (RP/control = 25.4 ± 3.5a; RP/eCG = 22.5 ± 1.8ab; TP/control = 21.6 ± 4.9 b; TP/eCG = 27.4 ± 4.3a; P = .023), although no differences were observed for serum P4 on CL13D (RP/control = 6.0 ± 3.1 ng/mL; RP/eCG = 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL; TP/control = 3.6 ± 2.7 ng/mL; TP/eCG = 5.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL; P = .429) or for day of structural CL regression (RP/control = 12.8 ± 1.9; RP/eCG = 12.1 ± 1.1; TP/control = 11.0 ± 1.7; TP/eCG = 13.2 ± 2.0; P = .102). The application of eCG at the moment of P4 implant removal seemed to increase the capacity of luteal maintenance during spring TP. However, eCG treatment was worthless during the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raphael Rocha Wenceslau
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Dos Reis WVA, de Braga D, Júnior MV, Gheller JM, de Deco-Souza T, da Costa E Silva EV, Sampaio BFB, Macedo GG. P4/E2-based protocol for synchronisation of ovulation of mares during the breeding and non-breeding season. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2647-2651. [PMID: 32458354 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dispersed ovulation at the breeding (BS) and anestrus at non-breeding season (NBS) are major impediments to embryo transfer and insemination programmes. The present study aimed to evaluate a hormonal P4/E2-based synchronisation protocol in mares during both the BS and the NBS on ovarian/follicle behaviour. Mares underwent a hormone protocol to synchronise their ovulation during the BS (n = 8) and NBS (n = 10), starting (D0) with the insertion of an intravaginal device containing 1 g of P4 and 7 mg Estradiol Benzoate IM. (EB). On D9, the device was removed and injected with 0.25 mg of cloprostenol sodic IM and 2 mg of EB IM. Follicular behaviour was evaluated using a daily transrectal ultrasound (24/24 h) from D0 until ovulation. When the dominant follicle (DF) measured at least 35 mm, females were injected with 0.25 mg of gonadorelin acetate IM to induce ovulation. The DF on D0 were similar in animals between BS (18.9 ± 8.4 mm) and NBS (23.7 ± 9.2 mm; p = 0.2700). However, in the BS the DF was smaller (14.2 ± 4.7 mm) on D9 than during NBS (22.0 ± 7.1 mm; p = 0.0177). During the BS, the ovulatory follicle is smaller (p = 0.0042) than during NBS, measured at 33.5 ± 4.6 mm and 41.3 ± 2.8 mm, respectively. Ovulation time after P4 removal was similar during BS (173.1 ± 68.8 h) and NBS (192 ± 58.2 h; p = 0.3507). There was no difference towards an ovulation rate during BS (88%) and NBS (60%; p = 0.0978). There was no difference in spontaneous ovulation during BS (43%) and NBS (0%; p = 0.6085). This hormonal protocol would be an effective tool for inducing cyclicity/ovulation in mares during BS and NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Vaniel Alves Dos Reis
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Braga
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mozarth Vieira Júnior
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janaina Menegazzo Gheller
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thyara de Deco-Souza
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliane Viana da Costa E Silva
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Breno Fernandes Barreto Sampaio
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Guerino Macedo
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Edwards KL, Pilgrim M, Brown JL, Walker SL. Irregular ovarian cyclicity is associated with adrenal activity in female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 289:113376. [PMID: 31881202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To achieve self-sustaining and genetically diverse populations ex situ, captive breeding programmes must ensure good overall rates of reproduction, and equal contribution across individuals. Previous research in the critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) revealed a high incidence of irregular oestrous cyclicity; in particular extended cycle duration among nulliparous females and acyclic periods in parous females that have not bred for several years. Irregular ovarian activity could play a role in reduced reproductive output; however, the mechanisms underlying these anomalies are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to measure faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations and variability prior to and during periods of regular and irregular ovarian activity, and determine if adrenal activity influences the occurrence of different cycle types in this species. Faecal samples were collected every other day from parous (N = 6) and nulliparous (N = 12) females at eight European institutions for periods of 9-15 months. Concentration and variability in fGCM were compared between periods of regular and irregular cyclicity and between different cycle types (<20 days, 20-40 days, >40 days, acyclic) using generalized linear mixed models. Concentrations of fGCM were influenced by season and higher during the luteal than the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Taking this into account, fGCMs were increased during periods of irregular cyclicity (all types combined and during cycles >40 days in length) compared to 20-40 day cycles. This was predominantly driven by nulliparous females. The variation in fGCM concentration also differed between periods of regular and irregular cyclicity; higher standard deviation in fGCM preceded irregular cycles and >40 day cycles compared to 20-40 day cycles. These results suggest that although fGCM concentrations fluctuate across the oestrous cycle in this species, changes in adrenal activity at specific times could be one factor associated with irregular ovarian activity in the black rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Mark Pilgrim
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
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11
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Critical Evaluation of Whole-Body Cryostimulation Protocol in Race Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 88:102944. [PMID: 32303300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cold therapy is commonly used to relieve pain and inflammation and to aid in muscle recovery after exercise in human medicine. A number of applications have also been observed in veterinary practice. In this article, a critical evaluation of equine protocol applied with a new commercial concept of equine whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) was made. With this new concept of WBC, the protocol usually utilized for relieving pain and discomfort in humans has been extended to horses. The investigations described herein focus on the reduction of horse skin temperature when applying human WBC protocols. Based on infrared thermography measurements, results show that exposing a horse for 3 minutes to a temperature of -140°C, which are conventional parameters used for humans, does not induce sufficient skin thermal gradients in horses. Consequently, beneficial cold reflexes such as vasomotor, neuroconduction, and biochemical reactions cannot be triggered. Further investigations should therefore be carried out to design an adequate protocol specifically aimed at horses.
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Newcombe JR, Cuervo-Arango J. What Are the Options for Induction of Ovulation in the Mare in Europe? Buserelin as an Alternative to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Polasek TCM, Kozicki LE, Pedrosa VB, Weiss RR, Bertol MAF, Camargo CE, Talini R. Impact of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device and inflammatory reaction on ovarian activity in embryo-recipient anestrus mares. Theriogenology 2017; 90:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kiser AM, Sudderth AK, Brinsko SP, Burns PJ, Douglas RH, Blanchard TL. Comparison of Efficacy of Two Dose Rates of Histrelin for Inducing Ovulation in Broodmares. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Newcombe JR, Cuervo-Arango J. Growth rate of ovulatory follicles during the first ovulatory oestrus (after seasonal anoestrus) and subsequent oestrous period in Irish Draught mares. Ir Vet J 2013; 66:4. [PMID: 23497443 PMCID: PMC3600040 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-66-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that during the spring transition, the developing follicle tends to grow more slowly, persist longer and grow to a larger diameter prior to ovulation than at subsequent oestrus periods. A general suspicion, that the first ovulation of the year is less fertile than subsequent ovulations could be explained by a slower growth rate of the ovulatory follicle during transition with the consequent production of a subfertile oocyte. By detailed serial examination of the same group of Irish Draught mares over three winter/spring periods, no significant difference was found in either growth rate or pre-ovulatory diameter when compared with subsequent ovulations. Mean growth rates over the ten days prior to ovulation were 2.20 mm/day (range 1.18 to 3.64) and 2.19 mm/day (range 1.25 to 3.41) for first and subsequent ovulations respectively. Mean maximum pre-ovulatory diameters were 44.7 mm (range 35 to 59) and 43.5 mm (range 31 to 57.5) for first and subsequent ovulations respectively. The impression gained by practitioners that the first follicle develops more slowly during the transition to the first ovulation of the season may be due to less frequent examinations and consequently a failure to observe and record that follicles may grow and then regress during this period. The largest follicle observed a few days previously is not necessarily the same large follicle found at a later examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Newcombe
- Equine Fertility Clinic, Warren House Farm, Brownhills WS8 6LS, UK.
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Vizuete G, Diez E, Galisteo J, Agüera E, Aguilera-Tejero E, Perez-Marín CC. Comparison of different treatments for oestrous induction in seasonally anovulatory mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:463-9. [PMID: 23137389 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different treatments for induction and synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in seasonally anovulatory mares. Fifteen mares formed the control group (C), while 26 mares were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Group T1 (n = 11) were treated with oral altrenogest (0.044 mg/kg; Regumate(®) ) during 11 days. Group T2 (n = 7) was intravaginally treated with 1.38 g of progesterone (CIDR(®) ) for 11 days. In group T3 (n = 8), mares were also treated with CIDR(®) , but only for 8 days. All mares received PGF2α 1 day after finishing the treatment. Sonographic evaluation of follicles, pre-ovulatory follicle size and ovulation time was recorded. Progesterone and leptin levels were analysed. Results show that pre-ovulatory follicles were developed after the treatment in 88.5% of mares. However, the pre-ovulatory follicle growth was dispersal, and sometimes it was detected when treatment was not finished. While in mares treated with intravaginal device, the follicle was soon detected (1.5 ± 1.2 days and 2.3 ± 2.0 days in T2 and T3 groups, respectively), in T1 group, the pre-ovulatory follicle was detected slightly later (3.9 ± 1.6 days). The interval from the end of treatment to ovulation did not show significant differences between groups (T1 = 13.1 ± 2.5 days; T2 = 11.0 ± 3.6 days; T3 = 13.8 ± 4.3 days). The pregnancy rate was 47.4%, similar to the rate observed in group C (46.7%; p > 0.05). Initial leptin concentrations were significantly higher in mares, which restart their ovarian activity after treatments, suggesting a role in the reproduction mechanisms in mares. It could be concluded that the used treatments may be effective for oestrous induction in mares during the late phase of the seasonally anovulatory period. Furthermore, they cannot synchronize oestrus, and then, it is necessary to know the reproductive status of mares when these treatments are used for oestrous synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vizuete
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Hanlon DW, Stevenson M, Evans MJ, Firth EC. Reproductive performance of Thoroughbred mares in the Waikato region of New Zealand: 2. Multivariable analyses and sources of variation at the mare, stallion and stud farm level. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:335-43. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2012.696240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Comparison of Efficacy of Two Dose Rates of Histrelin to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin for Inducing Ovulation in Broodmares. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hanlon D, Firth E. The reproductive performance of Thoroughbred mares treated with intravaginal progesterone at the start of the breeding season. Theriogenology 2012; 77:952-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Staempfli SA, Clavier S, Thompson DL, Burns PJ, Lyle SK, McKinnon AO. Effect of a Single Injection of Long-acting Progesterone on the First Ovulation in Early and Late Spring Transitional Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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