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Ortega‐Ferrusola C, Gómez‐Arrones V, Martín‐Cano FE, Gil MC, Peña FJ, Gaitskell‐Phillips G, Da Silva‐Álvarez E. Advances in the ultrasound diagnosis in equine reproductive medicine: New approaches. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57 Suppl 5:34-44. [PMID: 35748405 PMCID: PMC9796632 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound technology has led to new lines of research in equine reproduction, and it has helped to greatly improve clinical diagnosis and reproductive outcomes in equine practice. This review aims to discuss the potential clinical uses and new approaches of ultrasonography in equine reproduction. Doppler modalities are usually used to evaluate the vascularization of the follicles, corpus luteum (CL), and the uterus in the mare for diagnostic purposes. Inclusion of Doppler ultrasound in artificial insemination and embryo transfer programs could improve the reproductive outcome of these techniques. Better selection of recipients based on CL functionality, early pregnancy diagnosis 7-8 days postovulation of the donor before flushing or diagnosis of mares with endometritis with pathological increases of blood flow are examples of clinical applications in the mare. In the stallion, colour Doppler ultrasound has improved the diagnostic potential of B-mode ultrasound, improving the differential diagnosis of pathologies such as testicular torsion (decrease or absence of blood flow in the cord) and orchitis (increased blood flow in the cord). The incorporation of pulsed Doppler ultrasound into the reproductive evaluation of the stallion has enabled early identification of stallions with testicular dysfunction, thus allowing administration of timely treatment and subsequent improvements of the fertility prognosis for these animals. In addition, this technique has been used in the monitoring of patients undergoing medical and surgical treatments, thus verifying their efficacy. Recently, computer-assisted pixel analysis using specific software has been performed in research work in order to semi-quantitatively evaluate the vascularization (colour and power Doppler) and echotexture of different organs. These softwares are now being developed for clinical purposes, as is the case with Ecotext, a computer program developed for the evaluation of testicular echotexture, providing information on testicular functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ortega‐Ferrusola
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceresSpain
| | | | - Francisco E. Martín‐Cano
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceresSpain
| | - Mari Cruz Gil
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceresSpain
| | - Fernando J. Peña
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceresSpain
| | - Gemma Gaitskell‐Phillips
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceresSpain
| | - Eva Da Silva‐Álvarez
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceresSpain
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Derisoud E, Auclair-Ronzaud J, Palmer E, Robles M, Chavatte-Palmer P. Female age and parity in horses: how and why does it matter? Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:52-116. [PMID: 35231230 DOI: 10.1071/rd21267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although puberty can occur as early as 14-15months of age, depending on breed and use, the reproductive career of mares may continue to advanced ages. Once mares are used as broodmares, they will usually produce foals once a year until they become unfertile, and their productivity can be enhanced and/or prolonged through embryo technologies. There is a general consensus that old mares are less fertile, but maternal age and parity are confounding factors because nulliparous mares are usually younger and older mares are multiparous in most studies. This review shows that age critically affects cyclicity, folliculogenesis, oocyte and embryo quality as well as presence of oviductal masses and uterine tract function. Maternal parity has a non-linear effect. Primiparity has a major influence on placental and foal development, with smaller foals at the first gestation that remain smaller postnatally. After the first gestation, endometrial quality and uterine clearance capacities decline progressively with increasing parity and age, whilst placental and foal birthweight and milk production increase. These combined effects should be carefully balanced when breeding mares, in particular when choosing and caring for recipients and their foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Derisoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Eric Palmer
- Académie d'Agriculture de France, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Morgane Robles
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; and INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, H7V 1B7 Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Gérard N, Robin E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the preovulatory follicle differenciation and ovulation: What do we know in the mare relative to other species. Theriogenology 2019; 130:163-176. [PMID: 30921545 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Terminal follicular differentiation and ovulation are essential steps of reproduction. They are induced by the increase in circulating LH, and lead to the expulsion from the ovary of oocytes ready to be fertilized. This review summarizes our current understanding of cellular and molecular pathways that control ovulation using a broad mammalian literature, with a specific focus to the mare, which is unique in some aspects of ovarian function in some cases. Essential steps and key factors are approached. The first part of this review concerns LH, receptors and signaling, addressing the description of the equine gonadotropin and cloning, signaling pathways that are activated following the binding of LH to its receptors, and implication of transcription factors which better known are CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (CEBP) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The second and major part is devoted to the cellular and molecular actors within follicular cells during preovulatory maturation. We relate to 1) molecules involved in vascular permeability and vasoconstriction, 2) involvement of neuropeptides, such as kisspeptin, neurotrophins and neuronal growth factor, neuropeptide Y (NPY), 3) the modification of steroidogenesis, steroids intrafollicular levels and enzymes activity, 4) the local inflammation, with the increase in prostaglandins synthesis, and implication of leukotrienes, cytokines and glucocorticoids, 5) extracellular matrix remodelling with involvement of proteases, antiproteases and inhibitors, as well as relaxin, and finaly 6) the implication of oxytocine, osteopontin, growth factors and reactive oxygen species. The third part describes our current knowledge on molecular aspect of in vivo cumulus-oocyte-complexe maturation, with a specific focus on signaling pathways, paracrine factors, and intracellular regulations that occur in cumulus cells during expansion, and in the oocyte during nuclear and cytoplasmic meiosis resumption. Our aim was to give an overall and comprehensive map of the regulatory mechanisms that intervene within the preovulatory follicle during differentiation and ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gérard
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Elodie Robin
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Peri-follicular blood flow in the follicle from which ovulation occurs in cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:154-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reproductive Characteristics in Old and Young Subfertile Mares: Are They Really Different? J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Boakari YL, Ferreira JC, Canesin HS, Thompson DL, Lima FS, Pantoja JCF, Meira C. Influence of two ovulation-inducing agents on the pituitary response and follicle blood flow in mares. Theriogenology 2017; 100:95-99. [PMID: 28708540 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of deslorelin and hCG, two ovulation-inducing therapies, on LH surge and follicle vascularity in mares. Thirty mares were either treated with 1.5 mg IM of deslorelin, 2,500 IU IV of hCG or 2 mL IM of NaCl 0.9% (GnRH, hCG and Saline groups, respectively). Power-flow Doppler examination and blood collection were performed every hour during the first 12 hours after treatment (H0) and every six hours between hours 12 (H12) and 30 (H30) after treatment. Moreover, endpoints were evaluated every hour through the last six hours before ovulation (OV-6 to OV-1). In GnRH group, plasma LH concentration progressively increased (P < 0.001) during the first 6 hours after treatment and remained high (P > 0.1) until OV-1. A significant increase in LH concentrations was first detected (P < 0.05) at 24 hours after treatment in hCG group, while no changes (P > 0.1) on LH levels were found during H0-H30 and between OV-6 and OV-1 in the Saline group. Independent of the treatment, significant variations on the percentage of the follicle wall with Doppler signals were not observed (P > 0.1) throughout the entire experiment. A weak correlation between the preovulatory follicle vascularity and the plasma LH concentration was found in GnRH, hCG and Saline groups (r = +0.29, +0.29 and -0.23, respectively; P ˂ 0.0001). These results described for the first time the immediate and continuous pituitary response to ovulation-inducing therapy with injectable deslorelin. Moreover, spontaneous and induced ovulations were not preceded by an increased follicle vascularity, which differs from previous reports in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Boakari
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - J C Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - H S Canesin
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D L Thompson
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J C F Pantoja
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Meira
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang K, Smith GW. Maternal control of early embryogenesis in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:880-96. [PMID: 25695370 DOI: 10.1071/rd14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte quality is a critical factor limiting the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and pregnancy success in farm animals and humans. ART success is diminished with increased maternal age, suggesting a close link between poor oocyte quality and ovarian aging. However, the regulation of oocyte quality remains poorly understood. Oocyte quality is functionally linked to ART success because the maternal-to-embryonic transition (MET) is dependent on stored maternal factors, which are accumulated in oocytes during oocyte development and growth. The MET consists of critical developmental processes, including maternal RNA depletion and embryonic genome activation. In recent years, key maternal proteins encoded by maternal-effect genes have been determined, primarily using genetically modified mouse models. These proteins are implicated in various aspects of early embryonic development, including maternal mRNA degradation, epigenetic reprogramming, signal transduction, protein translation and initiation of embryonic genome activation. Species differences exist in the number of cell divisions encompassing the MET and maternal-effect genes controlling this developmental window. Perturbations of maternal control, some of which are associated with ovarian aging, result in decreased oocyte quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - George W Smith
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Hendriks WK, Colleoni S, Galli C, Paris DBBP, Colenbrander B, Roelen BAJ, Stout TAE. Maternal age and in vitro culture affect mitochondrial number and function in equine oocytes and embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:957-68. [PMID: 25881326 DOI: 10.1071/rd14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced maternal age and in vitro embryo production (IVP) predispose to pregnancy loss in horses. We investigated whether mare age and IVP were associated with alterations in mitochondrial (mt) DNA copy number or function that could compromise oocyte and embryo development. Effects of mare age (<12 vs ≥12 years) on mtDNA copy number, ATP content and expression of genes involved in mitochondrial replication (mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM), mtDNA polymerase γ subunit B (mtPOLB) and mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB)), energy production (ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial-like (ATP-synth_F6)) and oxygen free radical scavenging (glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)) were investigated in oocytes before and after in vitro maturation (IVM), and in early embryos. Expression of TFAM, mtPOLB and ATP-synth-F6 declined after IVM (P<0.05). However, maternal age did not affect oocyte ATP content or expression of genes involved in mitochondrial replication or function. Day 7 embryos from mares ≥12 years had fewer mtDNA copies (P=0.01) and lower mtDNA:total DNA ratios (P<0.01) than embryos from younger mares, indicating an effect not simply due to lower cell number. Day 8 IVP embryos had similar mtDNA copy numbers to Day 7 in vivo embryos, but higher mtPOLB (P=0.013) and a tendency to reduced GPX3 expression (P=0.09). The lower mtDNA number in embryos from older mares may compromise development, but could be an effect rather than cause of developmental retardation. The general down-regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial replication and function after IVM may compromise resulting embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Karin Hendriks
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Colleoni
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Via Porcellasco 7f, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Via Porcellasco 7f, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Damien B B P Paris
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Colenbrander
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard A J Roelen
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A E Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gifre L, Arís A, Bach À, Garcia-Fruitós E. Trends in recombinant protein use in animal production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28259156 PMCID: PMC5336677 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant technologies have made possible the production of a broad catalogue of proteins of interest, including those used for animal production. The most widely studied proteins for the animal sector are those with an important role in reproduction, feed efficiency, and health. Nowadays, mammalian cells and fungi are the preferred choice for recombinant production of hormones for reproductive purposes and fibrolytic enzymes to enhance animal performance, respectively. However, the development of low-cost products is a priority, particularly in livestock. The study of cell factories such as yeast and bacteria has notably increased in the last decades to make the new developed reproductive hormones and fibrolytic enzymes a real alternative to the marketed ones. Important efforts have also been invested to developing new recombinant strategies for prevention and therapy, including passive immunization and modulation of the immune system. This offers the possibility to reduce the use of antibiotics by controlling physiological processes and improve the efficacy of preventing infections. Thus, nowadays different recombinant fibrolytic enzymes, hormones, and therapeutic molecules with optimized properties have been successfully produced through cost-effective processes using microbial cell factories. However, despite the important achievements for reducing protein production expenses, alternative strategies to further reduce these costs are still required. In this context, it is necessary to make a giant leap towards the use of novel strategies, such as nanotechnology, that combined with recombinant technology would make recombinant molecules affordable for animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Àlex Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Wang Y, Tian X, Liang L, Wang Y, Wang R, Cheng X, Yan Z, Chen Y, Qi P. Mechanistic Study on Triptorelin Action in Protecting From 5-FU-Induced Ovarian Damage in Rats. Oncol Res 2016; 22:283-92. [PMID: 26629940 PMCID: PMC7842582 DOI: 10.3727/096504015x14410238486720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptorelin, a kind of GnRH agonist, is widely used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers in the clinic. This study aimed to discover the underlying mechanism of triptorelin in protection from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced ovarian damage in Sprague–Dawley rats. In the present study, after using 5-FU to induce ovarian damage in rats, body weight and wet ovaries were weighed, the levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in blood were detected, and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and NF-κB was determined. It suggested that, compared to the control, body weight gain, the ratio of ovarian wet weight to body weight, primary follicle numbers, and the levels of AMH were significantly decreased, while the concentration of E2 and FSH was heavily increased following 5-FU administration. In contrast, after coadministration of triptorelin with 5-FU, the ratio of ovarian wet weight to body weight and the levels of AMH were significantly increased, whereas the level of E2 and FSH was decreased significantly when compared with the 5-FU group. Furthermore, at indicated times, 5-FU led to the reduced Bcl-2 and NF-κB expression and increased Bax expression while triptorelin plus 5-FU increased Bcl-2 and NF-κB expression and decreased Bax expression. It was indicated that triptorelin could protect rats from 5-FU-induced ovarian damage by modulation of hormones, Bcl-2, Bax, and NF-κB. These results might highlight the mechanism of triptorelin as a protective agent in clinical chemotherapy for ovarian damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Obstertrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Kim D, Lee J, Johnson AL. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietins during hen ovarian follicle development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:25-31. [PMID: 26996428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in the hen (Gallus gallus) requires a network of blood vessels that increases in complexity during development. The present studies investigate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), angiopoietin1 (ANGPT1) and ANGPT2 mRNAs together with their associated receptors (VEGFR and TIE2, respectively) during maturation. Elevated expression of VEGF and its receptors is associated with healthy, compared to atretic, follicles. Levels of VEGF significantly increase, while antagonistic ANGPT2 decrease, in granulosa cells (GC) at follicle selection. By comparison, levels of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and TIE2 within the theca layer do not change (P>0.05) relative to developmental stages surrounding follicle selection (6-8mm versus 9-12mm follicles). Prior to selection, treatment with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) significantly increases levels of VEGF in undifferentiated GC from prehierarchal (6-8mm) follicles and actively differentiating GC from selected (9-12 and F4) follicles. Moreover, subsequent to selection follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) increases VEGF expression in GC from 9 to 12mm follicles, and eventually luteinizing hormone (LH) promotes VEGF expression in GC from more mature preovulatory follicles. It is concluded that prior to follicle selection VEGF expression is regulated by autocrine and paracrine actions of TGFβ1 (but not FSH), and that a comparatively limited extent of vasculature is sufficient to maintain prehierarchal follicles in a viable and undifferentiated state. At follicle selection, FSH- and subsequently LH-induced VEGF production within the GC layer enhance angiogenesis within the theca layer, which facilitates the rapid growth of preovulatory follicles via enhanced incorporation of yellow yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Kim
- Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Department of Animal Science, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Huck Institute of Life Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 227 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jeeyoung Lee
- Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Department of Animal Science, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Huck Institute of Life Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 227 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - A L Johnson
- Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Department of Animal Science, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Huck Institute of Life Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 227 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Marinone A, Losinno L, Fumuso E, Rodríguez E, Redolatti C, Cantatore S, Cuervo-Arango J. The effect of mare's age on multiple ovulation rate, embryo recovery, post-transfer pregnancy rate, and interovulatory interval in a commercial embryo transfer program in Argentina. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 158:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Influence of l-arginine supplementation on reproductive blood flow and embryo recovery rates in mares. Theriogenology 2014; 81:752-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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