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Soares RR, Natércio da Costa Barnabé N, Cristiny Rodrigues Silva ML, Figueiredo da Costa D, Araújo Júnior JP, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, Silvano Dos Santos Higino S, Santos de Azevedo S, Alves CJ. Detection of Leptospira spp. in genitourinary tract of female goats managed in the brazilian semiarid. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105763. [PMID: 36116606 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies related to the prevalence of leptospirosis in the semiarid region showed that even during long periods of drought, the disease has a remarkable frequency in herds in the region. It is a neglected disease and the extent of its effects in the Brazilian semiarid region is not known. The dynamics of this agent is well studied in the urinary tract, however, there are not many studies regarding the genital tract in female goats. Observing this scenario, the present work aimed to diagnose Leptospira spp. in female goats kept in the Brazilian semiarid region by means of serological, molecular and isolation techniques. Blood samples, vaginal fluid, urine and fragments of organs from the genitourinary tract were collected from 40 goats destined for slaughter. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used as a serological technique, with a battery of 24 serovars. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of the vaginal fluid, urine and organ fragments was performed, as well as the bacterial growth of these same products in a selective medium. Isolation positive samples were subjected to PCR. It was observed that two (5%) animals were serologically positive for the Pyrogenes serogroup. A total of 29 (72.5%) animals were PCR positive, with DNA present in 51/160 (31.8%) samples from the genital tract and 34/120 (28.3%) from the urinary tract, with no statistical difference. For bacterial growth, 22/40 (55%) animals were positive for growth, with morphology being observed in 19/160 (11.8%) for the genital tract and 16/120 (13.3%) for the urinary tract, with no statistical difference. Two uterus samples showed 99% similarity with L. interrogans after sequencing. Thus, female goats kept under semiarid conditions were positive for Leptospira spp, with positive samples from both the urinary and genital tracts, which possible is an alternative way of adapting and maintaining the agent for severe and adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Nathanael Natércio da Costa Barnabé
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues Silva
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Diego Figueiredo da Costa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia BR 079, Km 02, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Severino Silvano Dos Santos Higino
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Sergio Santos de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil.
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Gomes YA, dos Santos Medeiros L, Di Azevedo MIN, Loureiro AP, Loria de Melo JDS, Carvalho-Costa FA, Lilenbaum W. Identification of vaginal Leptospira in cervical-vaginal mucus of slaughtered pigs in the amazon region. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 238:106930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Martins G, Lilenbaum W. Letter to the Editor: Reflections on the reproductive syndrome in equine leptospirosis. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:855. [PMID: 34057244 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martins
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Animal, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Arthur Sá Earp Neto, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Animal, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Di Azevedo MIN, Lilenbaum W. An overview on the molecular diagnosis of animal leptospirosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:496-508. [PMID: 33332656 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most common presentation of animal leptospirosis is the subclinical and silent chronic form, that can lead to important reproductive disorders. The diagnosis of this chronic form remains a challenge. The aim of the present study is to gather and critically analyse the current information about molecular tools applied to animal leptospirosis diagnosis, particularly the silent chronic presentation of the infection. Regarding clinical specimens, samples from urinary tract were the most used (69/102, 67·7%), while few studies (12/102, 11·8%) investigated samples from reproductive tract. Concerning the molecular methods applied, the most used is still the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (46/102, 45%), followed by real-time PCR (38/102, 37·2%). The lipL32 gene is currently the most common target used for Leptospira detection, with 48% of studies applying this genetic marker. From all the studies, only few (21/102, 20·5%) performed gene sequencing. According to the majority of authors, current evidence suggests that lipL32-PCR is useful for an initial screening for Leptospira DNA detection in animal clinical samples. Posteriorly, if DNA sequencing could be performed on positive lipL32-PCR samples, we encourage the use of secY gene as a genetic marker. The molecular methods appear as the most important tools for the diagnosis of the chronic silent leptospirosis on domestic animals, reinforcing its evident impact not only on animal reproduction but also on a One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I N Di Azevedo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Soares RR, Barnabé NNDC, Nogueira DB, da Silva LSC, Júnior JPA, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, da Costa DF, Silva MLCR, Dos Santos Higino SS, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Serological, molecular and bacteriological approaches for detecting Leptospira sp. carrier rams maintained in semiarid conditions. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105759. [PMID: 33197447 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Even in the adverse environmental conditions of the semiarid region, leptospires can survive and spread by alternative routes of transmission, such as sexual in ewes, however, there is no data on rams. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of serological, molecular and microbial tools applied to diagnosis of Leptospira sp. Infection in rams maintained in semiarid conditions. Biological samples of urinary (urine, kidney and bladder) and genital (vas deferens, epididymis tail and vesicular gland) tracts were collected from 40 slaughtered rams for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial isolation, as well as blood samples for antibody detection through microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT). Anti-Leptospira antibodies were found in five (12.5%) animals with antibody titer of 50 and 2 (5%) for the titer 100 for serogroups Pyrogenes, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis. Leptospira sp. DNA was found in PCR of organs and urine of 30 (75%) animals. Overall, 240 fragments of organs from the urinary and genital tracts and urine were evaluated, with 93 (38.7%) positive samples, being 48/120 (40%) for the urinary tract and 45/120 (37.5%) for the genital. There was no statistically significant difference between the tracts. A bladder sample was sent for sequencing and showed 99% similarity with L. interrogans. Of the 240 cultures evaluated, 59 (24.5%) had leptospire growth, being that 23 (39%) were confirmed in PCR. Considering the PCR of organs and urine and bacterial growth as gold standards, the cut-off 50 in MAT showed greater sensitivity when compared to cut-off 100, regardless of the material used. The great proportion of leptospiral DNA in organs, urine and culture and bacterial growth from the genital tracts reinforce its importance as an extra-renal site and highlights the possible role of rams in venereal transmission, as well as the sensitivity of the cut-off 50 suggested its adoption in the serology of rams maintained in semiarid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Nathanel Natércio da Costa Barnabé
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Denise Batista Nogueira
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 1280, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Samara Cavalcante da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Diego Figueiredo da Costa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia BR 079, Km 02, Areia, PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Clebert José Alves
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 1280, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Daddy KK, Mwanza M, Oguttu JW, Ngoma L. The prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira in donkeys in Ngaka Modiri Molema District, North West Province, South Africa. Vet World 2020; 13:2020-2027. [PMID: 33132620 PMCID: PMC7566248 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2020-2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is one of the major emerging global economic and health problems affecting donkeys, thereby reducing their work output. Furthermore, the disease has public health importance because of its zoonotic nature. Despite the significant contribution donkeys make to the national economy, less attention is given to diseases that afflict donkeys and reduce their productivity and performance. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of Leptospira and identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease among donkeys in the study area. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was used to collect the following data: Demographic, environmental, management, and health-related factors. Blood samples were aseptically collected from 365 randomly selected donkeys from 19 villages. The sera were tested using the microscopic agglutination test. Categorical variables were summarized and presented as proportions and their 95% confidence interval (CI). A binary logistic regression model was fitted to the data to identify risk factors associated with Leptospira seroprevalence in donkeys within the study areas. Results: The majority of the donkeys (29.6%; n=108/365) were from Mafikeng local municipality, and the rest (19.7%; n=72/365) were from Ratlou. Just over half (58.1%; n=212/365) of the donkeys tested were female, and the remaining (41.9%; n=153/365) were males. In addition, most donkeys (42.7%; n=156/365) were between 6 and 12 years old, followed by those between 0 and 5 years (37%; n=135/365), and only 20.3% (n=74/365) were above 12 years. Out of the donkeys tested, 11.5% (95% CI: 4.86-18.14) donkeys tested positive for Leptospira antibodies. The most common serovar was Bratislava (81%; n=34/42), followed by Tarassovi (19.04%; n=8/42). While gender was positively associated with seroprevalence of the disease (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=4.88; p=0.0001), the presence of horses (AOR=0.226; p=0.002) and agricultural activities (AOR=0.093; p=0.0001) in the vicinity of the dwellings of the donkeys were negatively associated with Leptospira seropositivity in the study area. Conclusion: Findings reported here show that donkeys in the study area are reservoirs for the predominant serovar Bratislava and the less dominant serovar Tarassovi. The gender of the donkey was a risk factor for Leptospira seroprevalence. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of agricultural activities in the vicinity of the dwellings of donkeys on the occurrence of Leptospira in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibambe Kiayima Daddy
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lubanza Ngoma
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Leptospira spp. in horses in southern Brazil: Seroprevalence, infection risk factors, and influence on reproduction. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101552. [PMID: 33035771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis in horses is often associated with reproductive disorders. In the southern states of Brazil, horses are used for various jobs and cultural practices; nevertheless, serological surveillance for Leptospira is rare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in horses in southern Brazil, as well as to identify the risk factors for infection and its impacts on reproduction. We performed microscopic agglutination tests for 12 serovars that corresponding 9 serogroup (Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Pyrogenes, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Tarassovi and Ballum) in 595 samples from 60 herds. A brief history was obtained to analyze risk factors for reproductive disorders. A total of 45.9% of the tested horses were seropositive, of which the most frequent serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae (Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni serovars) and Ballum (Ballum serovar). Simple infections were found in 45.4% of seropositive animals, while mixed infections occurred in 54.6% of horses. There was a correlation between seropositivity and age and sex, that is, seropositivity was more frequent in animals over 6 years old and in females. There was no correlation between seropositivity and reproductive disorders. We conclude that there is a high seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in southern Brazil with predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, mainly in older animals. Location, breeds, contact with dogs or other domestic animals are not risk factors, whereas gender is a risk factor. Reproductive disorders are not due to leptospirosis in the study region.
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Guedes IB, Oliveira de Souza G, Fernandes de Paula Castro J, de Souza Filho AF, Cavalini MB, Taniwaki SA, Maia ALP, Pereira IC, Heinemann MB. Identification of Pathogenic Leptospira Species in the Urogenital Tract of Water Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) From the Amazon River Delta Region, Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:269. [PMID: 32478114 PMCID: PMC7241293 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current context of deforestation and fire in the Amazon, buffaloes could be a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for cattle production in the region, as they can convert low-quality foods and be raised in floodplain areas. However, little is known about the reproductive diseases that affect these animals; thus, the purpose of this study was to perform the molecular characterization of Leptospira spp. in the urogenital tract of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Amazon River Delta region in Brazil. Samples were collected from 114 kidneys, 204 ovaries, and 160 uterine swabs of slaughtered buffaloes in the Macapá microregion of Amapá State (Brazil) and were subjected to PCR to detect bacterial DNA. Positive amplicons were sequenced to identify Leptospira species. Among the total samples, 11/473 were PCR positive (2.3%), including 10 kidney samples and one uterine swab sample. DNA sequencing identified two pathogenic species from the kidney samples: L. interrogans, accounting for 60.0% (6/10) of these samples, and L. borgpetersenii, accounting for 20.0% (2/10), while 20.0% (2/10) were identified only at the genus level. The bacterium in the uterine swab sample was identified as L. interrogans with genetic proximity to strains belonging to the serovar Hardjo. This is the first report of leptospires species identified in buffaloes from the Amazon River Delta region and revealed that these animals may be carriers of different pathogenic Leptospira species, similar to bovines, including showing genital colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Barbosa Guedes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Oliveira de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fernandes de Paula Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Francisco de Souza Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Burilli Cavalini
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli Akemi Taniwaki
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Luiz Pinheiro Maia
- Médico Veterinário, Auditor Fiscal Agropecuário, Agência de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária Do Estado Do Amapá, Santana, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Martins G, Loureiro AP, Libonati H, Lilenbaum W. Humoral Response in Naturally Exposed Horses After Leptospiral Vaccination. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Loureiro AP, Pestana C, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W. High frequency of leptospiral vaginal carriers among slaughtered cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 178:50-54. [PMID: 28118946 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leptospirosis is one of the most important reproductive diseases that compromise the productivity of cattle farming. However, the presence of the agent on vaginal environment is still poorly understood in cattle. Considering this context, the present study aimed to detect the presence of pathogenic Leptospira sp. in vaginal fluid (VF) of cows. VF and urine were collected from 254 cows from a slaughterhouse for bacteriological culture and PCR (lipL32 gene). Overall, eleven pure culture (4.3%) of leptospiral isolates were obtained. Leptospiral DNA was detected in 128 (50.4%) of VF samples and 81 (31.0%) of urine samples, while on 75 (29.5%) it was exclusively in VF and 28 (11.3%) only in the urine. Detection of leptospiral DNA and the recovery of viable leptospires from VF of a high number of cows without apparent symptoms highlight the role of vaginal carriers and indicate that venereal transmission (female-to-male) could occur in that species. Moreover, VF should be encouraged as a valuable sample for diagnosis of bovine genital leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Loureiro
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Pestana
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Recombinante, Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Medeiros
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Recombinante, Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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SEROLOGIC SURVEY AND RESULTS OF URINARY PCR TESTING FOR LEPTOSPIROSIS IN CAPTIVE BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS (CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:843-9. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0063.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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