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Mullan S, Nogueira SSC, Nogueira-Filho S, Zanella A, Rooney N, Held SDE, Mendl M. Farming non-typical sentient species: ethical framework requires passing a high bar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 2024; 37:10. [PMID: 38803823 PMCID: PMC11127879 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-024-09928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
More widespread farming of species not typically used as livestock may be part of a sustainable approach for promoting human health and economic prosperity in a world with an increasing population; a current example is peccary farming in the Neotropics. Others have argued that species that are local to a region and which are usually not farmed should be considered for use as livestock. They may have a more desirable nutrient profile than species that are presently used as livestock. It may also reduce the pressure from hunting on other wild species, and cause less environmental damage than exotic species. We propose a sentiocentric utilitarian framework that could be used to decide whether species that are local, but generally not used as livestock, should be farmed. To illustrate the use of our decision-making framework, we employ two contrasting neotropical case studies: the Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) and the Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). We argue that it may be acceptable to use non-sentient species that are typically not farmed as livestock. However, research should determine whether farming them offers human, environmental or sustainability benefits. In addition, we recommend that if invertebrate species are considered for farming, research should be conducted to determine the likelihood that they are sentient. Finally, given the ethical failings of current livestock farming practices, we argue that a high bar must be met if 'new' species that are sentient are to be farmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Mullan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Selene S. C. Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Sérgio Nogueira-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias E Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Adroaldo Zanella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, R. Duque de Caxias, 225, Caixa Postal 23, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
| | - Nicola Rooney
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Langford, Avon, BS40 5DU UK
| | | | - Michael Mendl
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Langford, Avon, BS40 5DU UK
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Riddell M, Maisels F, Lawrence A, Stokes E, Schulte‐Herbrüggen B, Ingram DJ. Combining offtake and participatory data to assess the sustainability of a hunting system in northern Congo. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Global Conservation Program Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
- African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK
| | - Anna Lawrence
- The Centre for Mountain Studies University of the Highlands and Islands Perth UK
| | - Emma Stokes
- Global Conservation Program Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Ingram
- African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK
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de Andrade LC, Borges-Pedro JP, Gomes MCRL, Tregidgo DJ, do Nascimento ACS, Paim FP, Marmontel M, Benitz T, Hercos AP, do Amaral JV. The sustainable development goals in two sustainable development reserves in central amazon: achievements and challenges. DISCOVER SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 2:54. [PMID: 35425916 PMCID: PMC8647519 DOI: 10.1007/s43621-021-00065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda was set in 2015 by the United Nations, with 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The Amazonian riverine people are recognized as traditional communities that have their own culture and use the local natural resources of their territories in an ancestral and traditional way. The Sustainable Development Reserve is a Brazilian protected area category which aims to ensure the protection of the natural environment while allowing the residence and the use of these lands by traditional populations. This article reports and discusses the achievements and challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals in two sustainable development reserves in Central Amazonia. The goals were evaluated in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, due to the large research programs developed in those areas along the past 20 years. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals have a clear connection with the mission of these sustainable development reserves in Central Amazon. Despite the many achievements conquered over the years, there are many challenges yet to overcome; and while striving to achieve the goals from the 2030 Agenda, new challenges will emerge. The current main challenges to reach the Sustainable Development Goals in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, in Central Amazon, are connecting to the reality of rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Borges-Pedro
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Estrada Do Bexiga, Tefé, AM 258469553-225 Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Joseph Tregidgo
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Estrada Do Bexiga, Tefé, AM 258469553-225 Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Pozzan Paim
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Estrada Do Bexiga, Tefé, AM 258469553-225 Brazil
| | - Miriam Marmontel
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Estrada Do Bexiga, Tefé, AM 258469553-225 Brazil
| | - Tabatha Benitz
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Estrada Do Bexiga, Tefé, AM 258469553-225 Brazil
| | - Alexandre Pucci Hercos
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Estrada Do Bexiga, Tefé, AM 258469553-225 Brazil
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Larue B, Pelletier F, Côté SD, Hamel S, Festa‐Bianchet M. Growth and reproduction trade‐offs can estimate previous reproductive history in alpine ungulates. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Larue
- Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de biologie and Centre d'études Nordiques Université Laval Québec QC Canada
| | - Sandra Hamel
- Département de biologie and Centre d'études Nordiques Université Laval Québec QC Canada
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Temperament, Plasticity, and Emotions in Defensive Behaviour of Paca (Mammalia, Hystricognatha). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020293. [PMID: 33498936 PMCID: PMC7911602 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The paca (Cuniculus paca), a Neotropical caviomorph rodent, provides the most sought-after game meat in all its range, and it therefore faces high hunting pressure and consequent poor welfare. The species is categorised as having a conservation status of “least concern” and appears resilient to over-hunting by humans, which may be related to individuals’ behavioural characteristics. To investigate this, we submitted captive pacas to temperament (personality) tests designed to assess individual responses to short challenges and to evaluate individuals’ emotional states. Our results showed that paca with a “restless” temperament performed more abnormal behaviour and less exploratory behaviour in a test of defensive behaviour, which elevations in faecal glucocorticoid metabolites indicated to be stressful. Plasticity in defensive behaviour was inferred from changes in behavioural responses and apparently rapid adaptation to different levels of risk. Our results suggest that individual differences and consistency of behavioural responses displayed by paca toward challenges may reflect a generally flexible and successful defensive behavioural response that underpins the paca’s survival, despite the threat of overhunting throughout its range. Abstract Within a species, some individuals are better able to cope with threatening environments than others. Paca (Cuniculus paca) appear resilient to over-hunting by humans, which may be related to the behavioural plasticity shown by this species. To investigate this, we submitted captive pacas to temperament tests designed to assess individual responses to short challenges and judgement bias tests (JBT) to evaluate individuals’ affective states. Results indicated across-time and context stability in closely correlated “agitated”, “fearful” and “tense” responses; this temperament dimension was labelled “restless”. Individual “restless” scores predicted responses to novelty, although not to simulated chasing and capture by humans in a separate modified defence test battery (MDTB). Restless animals were more likely to show a greater proportion of positive responses to an ambiguous cue during JBT after the MDTB. Plasticity in defensive behaviour was inferred from changes in behavioural responses and apparently rapid adaptation to challenge in the different phases of the MDTB. The results indicate that both temperament and behavioural plasticity may play a role in influencing paca responses to risky situations. Therefore, our study highlights the importance of understanding the role of individual temperament traits and behavioural plasticity in order to better interpret the animals’ conservation status and vulnerabilities.
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Ali AJ, Jones KR. Nutritive Value and Physical Properties of Neo-Tropical Rodent Meat-with Emphasis on the Capybara ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2134. [PMID: 33212874 PMCID: PMC7698402 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will focus on the nutritive characteristics of meat from neo-tropical rodents which have not yet been domesticated. These rodents include the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), and the lappe (Agouti paca). Information about the meat characteristics of these rodents were obtained from peer reviewed journal articles. Literature was obtained using search engines such as Google Scholar, Uwi linc, and Pub Med Central. Keywords used in the searches were "capybara", "Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris", "agouti", "Dasyprocta leporina", "Agouti paca/Cuniculus paca", lappe", and "meat proximate analysis". Over four decades of literature was searched, spanning from the 1970s to 2020. There is a vast amount of information on the meats of the capybara, but limited information on the lappe, and there is a dearth of information on the agouti. Capybara meat is considered to be highly nutritious, with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), low levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), low levels of fats and cholesterol. The animals that were reared in conditions which were similar to their habitat had lower levels of SFA. Diet, age, confinement, and sex had an effect on the chemical composition of the meat of the capybara. On average, capybara meat had a moisture content of 75%, protein 22%, ash 1.5%, and lipid 1%. During the authors' search of the literature, no information was found on the proximate composition of the lappe or agouti meat. Information regarding the fatty acid profile of lappe meat was found, as well as a description of the physical characteristics of agouti and lappe meat. The physical parameter shows that the lappe has the most tender meat of the three rodent species, while the agouti has the least tender meat, and the capybara being intermediary. Neo-tropical rodent meat is highly nutritious, and is an excellent protein alternative for the growing population of the world. These animals are adapted to challenging environments and can grow well using locally available feed resources. However, further research needs to be conducted on the proximate analysis on lappe and agouti meat to fully inform consumers about its nutrient value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Jamaal Ali
- Department of Food Production (DFP), Faculty of Food and Agriculture (FFA), St. Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Kegan Romelle Jones
- Department of Food Production (DFP), Faculty of Food and Agriculture (FFA), St. Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago;
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences (DBVS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS), Mt. Hope Campus, School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM), University of the West Indies (UWI), Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
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El Bizri HR, Fa JE, Lemos LP, Campos‐Silva JV, Vasconcelos Neto CFA, Valsecchi J, Mayor P. Involving local communities for effective citizen science: Determining game species' reproductive status to assess hunting effects in tropical forests. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hani R. El Bizri
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (RedeFauna) Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
- ComFauna Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en LatinoaméricaIquitos Peru
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Situ Gede Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Lísley P. Lemos
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (RedeFauna) Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - João V. Campos‐Silva
- Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (RedeFauna) Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health Federal University of Alagoas Maceió Brazil
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Carlos F. A. Vasconcelos Neto
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (RedeFauna) Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - João Valsecchi
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (RedeFauna) Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
- ComFauna Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en LatinoaméricaIquitos Peru
| | - Pedro Mayor
- ComFauna Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en LatinoaméricaIquitos Peru
- Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas Iquitos, Loreto Peru
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA) Belém, Pará Brazil
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da Silva GP, Monteiro FOB, Pereira THDS, de Matos SER, Dos Santos de Andrade R, El Bizri HR, Coutinho LN, Valsecchi J, López-Plana C, Mayor P. Fetal bone development in the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca, Rodentia, Cuniculidae) determined using ultrasonography. J Anat 2020; 237:105-118. [PMID: 32255516 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the timing of the main events of embryonic and fetal development may clarify the strategies adopted by species to maximize neonatal survival and the consequences of these events for their life history. This study describes bone development during the fetal phase of the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), comparing it with other precocial or altricial species, and its relationship with the species' adaptive strategies. A total of 102 embryos/fetuses obtained over the course of 17 years through collaboration with local subsistence hunters in the Amazon were analyzed. Measurements of mineralization of the axial and appendicular skeletons were performed by ultrasonography using a 10-18-MHz linear transducer. The chronological order of occurrence of mineralization in relation to the total dorsal length (TDL) was: skull (TDL = 4.1 cm); vertebral bodies (TDL = 4.6 cm); scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, ilium, ischium, femur, tibia, and fibula (TDL = 6.7 cm); ribs (TDL = 7.8 cm); clavicle (TDL = 8.5 cm); metacarpi/metatarsi (TDL = 11 cm); phalanges (TDL = 15 cm); tarsus (TDL = 18 cm); patella (TDL = 23 cm); and carpus (TDL = 27.2 cm). Secondary ossification centers first appeared in the femoral distal epiphysis (TDL = 16.6 cm) and tibial proximal epiphysis (TDL = 18.4 cm). Advanced fetuses (TDL > 30 cm, 97% gestational period) presented mineralization in all primary and most secondary centers. Compared to other species, paca neonates have a well-developed skeletal system at birth, which is important for their independent postnatal locomotion. Our results may contribute to the monitoring of bone development in other wild species, helping us to understand their life history, and serving as parameters for comparisons between precocial and altricial mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessiane Pereira da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Thyago Habner de Souza Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandy Estefany Rodrigues de Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos Santos de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Hani Rocha El Bizri
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Brazil.,Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, ComFauna, Iquitos, Peru.,Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (RedeFauna), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Leandro Nassar Coutinho
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - João Valsecchi
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Brazil.,Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, ComFauna, Iquitos, Peru.,Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (RedeFauna), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Carlos López-Plana
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil.,Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, ComFauna, Iquitos, Peru.,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Peru
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Frankish CK, Manica A, Phillips RA. Effects of age on foraging behavior in two closely related albatross species. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:7. [PMID: 32047635 PMCID: PMC7006180 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-0194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foraging performance is widely hypothesized to play a key role in shaping age-specific demographic rates in wild populations, yet the underlying behavioral changes are poorly understood. Seabirds are among the longest-lived vertebrates, and demonstrate extensive age-related variation in survival, breeding frequency and success. The breeding season is a particularly critical phase during the annual cycle, but it remains unclear whether differences in experience or physiological condition related to age interact with the changing degree of the central-place constraint in shaping foraging patterns in time and space. METHODS Here we analyze tracking data collected over two decades from congeneric black-browed (BBA) and grey-headed (GHA) albatrosses, Thalassarche melanophris and T. chrysostoma, breeding at South Georgia. We compare the foraging trip parameters, at-sea activity (flights and landings) and habitat preferences of individuals aged 10-45 years and contrast these patterns between the incubation and early chick-rearing stages. RESULTS Young breeders of both species showed improvements in foraging competency with age, reducing foraging trip duration until age 26. Thereafter, there were signs of foraging senescence; older adults took gradually longer trips, narrowed their habitat preference (foraging within a smaller range of sea surface temperatures) (GHA), made fewer landings and rested on the water for longer (BBA). Some age-specific effects were apparent for each species only in certain breeding stages, highlighting the complex interaction between intrinsic drivers in determining individual foraging strategies. CONCLUSIONS Using cross-sectional data, this study highlighted clear age-related patterns in foraging behavior at the population-level for two species of albatrosses. These trends are likely to have important consequences for the population dynamics of these threatened seabirds, as young or old individuals may be more vulnerable to worsening environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin K. Frankish
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Richard A. Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
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