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Guillouet C, Riou MC, Duong LT, de La Dure-Molla M, Fournier BPJ. Oral lesions of viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases in children: A decision tree. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:937808. [PMID: 35958174 PMCID: PMC9358008 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.937808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal lesions are common in the pediatric population and, apart from traumatic and tumoral etiologies, they can be symptoms of viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic diseases. Yet, pediatricians and pediatric dentists find it challenging to reach a diagnosis and provide appropriate care when facing lesions of the masticatory or lining mucosa, of the hard or soft palate, of the tongue or salivary glands. Here, we propose a decision tree for the diagnosis of the most frequent viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases starting from their oral lesions in children. By first focusing on describing the elementary lesion itself before its localization and characteristics, it aims to guide the practitioner toward the diagnosis and any necessary complementary exams. To generate this tool, we conducted a literature review of the childhood viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases with oral mucosal symptoms. For each of the 42 reported diagnoses-20 viral, 9 bacterial, 5 fungal, and 8 parasitic-we collected the infection mechanism and agent(s), the oral lesions and their description, the associated systemic signs and the incidence/prevalence. In fine, our decision tree indexes the 28 diseases for which epidemiological data was available, mainly in Europe and the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Guillouet
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Dental Faculty, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Rothschild Hospital (ORARES), Dental Department, Reference Center for Oral and Dental Rare Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Margot C Riou
- Université Paris Cité, Dental Faculty, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Rothschild Hospital (ORARES), Dental Department, Reference Center for Oral and Dental Rare Diseases, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS 1138, Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - Lucas T Duong
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS 1138, Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Charles Foix Hospital, Oral Surgery Department, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Villejuif, France
| | - Muriel de La Dure-Molla
- Université Paris Cité, Dental Faculty, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Rothschild Hospital (ORARES), Dental Department, Reference Center for Oral and Dental Rare Diseases, Paris, France.,Bases Moléculaires et Physiopathologiques des Ostéochondrodysplasies, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin P J Fournier
- AP-HP, Rothschild Hospital (ORARES), Dental Department, Reference Center for Oral and Dental Rare Diseases, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS 1138, Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Dental Faculty, Department of Oral Biology, Paris, France
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Marty M, Bourrat E, Vaysse F, Bonner M, Bailleul-Forestier I. Direct Microscopy: A Useful Tool to Diagnose Oral Candidiasis in Children and Adolescents. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:373-7. [PMID: 26329143 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infections of the oral cavity in human. Among children, this condition represents one of the most frequent affecting the mucosa. Although most diagnoses are made based on clinical signs and features, a microbiological analysis is sometimes necessary. We performed a literature review on the diagnosis of oral candidiasis to identify the techniques most commonly employed in routine clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Medline-PubMed search covering the last 10 years was performed. RESULTS Microbiological techniques were used in cases requiring confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In such cases, direct microscopy was the method most commonly used for diagnosing candidiasis. CONCLUSION Direct microscopy appears as the method of choice for confirming clinical diagnosis and could become a routine chair-side technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marty
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Toulouse Dental School, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Frédéric Vaysse
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Toulouse Dental School, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Mark Bonner
- International Institute of Periodontology, Nice, France
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