Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the testis: Comprehensive mutational analysis of 6 testicular and 8 pancreatic SPNs

Primary Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Ovary: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

INTRODUCTION

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) are rare and mainly originate from the pancreas. SPNs originating from the ovary (SPN-O) are extremely rare, and only 13 cases have been reported in the English literature since 2010.

CASE

We report a 31-year-old woman with SPN-O accompanied by multiple metastases in the abdominal cavity. The patient underwent staging surgery and cytoreduction. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary board decided on adjuvant chemotherapy with an FP regimen (fluorouracil plus cisplatin) because a microscopic metastasis was discovered in the peritoneum near the appendix. Next-generation sequencing showed some pathologic mutations of oncogenes/cancer-associated genes, including CTNNB1 and TP53. This is the fourteenth case of SPN-O and the first one to demonstrate the TP53 pathogenic mutant variant in SPN-O. The patient showed 8 months of disease-free survival until February 2024.

CONCLUSION

The combination of R0 cytoreduction with FOLFIRI chemotherapy appears to be an effective and feasible treatment option.

Inflammatory and Nested Testicular Sex Cord Tumor: A Novel Neoplasm With Aggressive Clinical Behavior and Frequent EWSR1::ATF1 Gene Fusions

A subset of malignant testicular sex cord tumors (TSCTs), heretofore interpreted as Sertoli cell tumors, not otherwise specified, exhibits distinctive morphologic features that partially overlap with those of seminoma. In this study, we evaluated the clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of 13 such tumors. The patients were 20 to 73 years old (median, 36 y), and all with available data presented with testicular masses (median size, 3 cm), with 2 having synchronous retroperitoneal metastases. All 11 patients with available follow-up developed metastases to retroperitoneal lymph nodes, nonretroperitoneal lymph nodes, bone, contralateral testis, and/or lung. Microscopically, the tumors showed solid nests and sheets of epithelioid cells with granular, eosinophilic to clear/vacuolated cytoplasm, admixed in most (12/13) cases with variable proportions of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Additional features included intracytoplasmic hyaline inclusions and a prominent collagenous, sometimes hyalinized stroma. Mitotic activity was relatively low (median, 1 mitosis/10 HPF), but tumor necrosis was frequent (11/13). Local invasion of adjacent structures and lymphovascular invasion were noted in some tumors (4/9 cases with available data for each feature). All were α-inhibin-positive and lacked nuclear reactivity for β-catenin. In addition, all tested cases were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (9/9) and steroidogenic factor-1 (8/8), and 8/10 expressed CD30. Two "index" cases were initially analyzed using a DNA sequencing panel, which identified EWSR1::ATF1 fusions in both. Subsequently, EWSR1::ATF1 fusions were demonstrated in 8 of the remaining 11 cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization or DNA sequencing. One of the 3 cases that were negative for EWSR1::ATF1 harbored ATF1 amplification. This study, therefore, shows that a group of malignant TSCTs resembling seminoma is characterized by α-inhibin and steroidogenic factor-1 positivity, no expression of nuclear β-catenin, frequent CD30 positivity and recurrent EWSR1::ATF1 fusions. We have descriptively termed these neoplasms "inflammatory and nested TSCT." Importantly, inflammatory and nested TSCTs show significant differences in morphology, immunoprofile, molecular biology, and, likely, clinical behavior from Sertoli cell tumors, not otherwise specified and should be classified separately.

Case report: A case report and literature review of extrapancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasm

Background

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) is a rare tumor with low malignant potential, which typically occurs in the pancreas. Extrapancreatic SPN is also extremely rare worldwide.

Case presentation

We report a case of a 70-year-old woman hospitalized with abdominal pain and bloating. The patient did not have any underlying diseases, such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, or hypertension. More than 30 years ago, the patient underwent surgery for “ectopic pregnancy”. The patient had no family history of hereditary disease, nor did any immediate family members have a history of cancer. Laboratory tests showed that her hemoglobin and albumin levels were low and she had a high level of cancer antigen 125 (CA125). Enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a large tumor in the abdomen and pelvis. The patient subsequently underwent surgery, and it was found that the tumor was attached to the terminal ileum. Pathological findings suggested that the tumor was an extrapancreatic SPN, with an ectopic pancreas found in the tumor tissue. The patient did not receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy after surgery. After 13 months of follow-up, the patient was admitted again with abdominal pain. CT showed tumor recurrence with extensive systemic metastases. The patient and her family refused reoperation and biopsy, and the patient was discharged after the abdominal pain and anemia resolved.

Conclusion

We report a rare case of extrapancreatic SPN of ileal origin, which could be the first report worldwide. It had aggressive biological features, with recurrence and metastasis 13 months after surgery. For extrapancreatic SPN, the risk of recurrence should be assessed, and for tumors suspected of malignant behavior, a longer follow-up after discharge may be needed. Although SPN generally has a good prognosis after surgery, there is no consensus on whether postoperative chemotherapy and other treatments are needed for patients with high recurrence risk.

Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: Unfolding an Intriguing Condition

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms, with a 1-year survival rate after diagnosis of 24%, and a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. While this illustrates the behavior of its main histologic type - ductal adenocarcinoma, there are other histologic subtypes of pancreatic cancer that can harbor excellent prognosis. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, described as a rare low-grade malignant neoplasm by the World Health Organization, is the best example of that, having an overall 5-year survival rate of about 97%. Not only the prognosis, but everything about this entity is unique: its histogenesis, epidemiology, presentation, imaging characteristics, cytology features, immunohistochemical profile, and treatment. This explains the urge to improve our understanding about this entity and thus our ability to accurately recognize and manage it. Having this in mind, this article aims to summarize the most relevant topics regarding this entity.

[Rare pancreatic tumors]

Beyond pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which is by far the most frequent pancreatic neoplasm, a great variety of tumors occur in the pancreas. They include solid and cystic masses and epithelial and nonepithelial neoplasms, and they show a great diversity in their biological behavior, ranging from benign tumors to highly aggressive neoplasms. As examples of rare pancreatic tumors, clinical, morphological, and molecular aspects of acinar cell carcinoma, pancreatoblastoma, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, and serous cystic neoplasms are presented and discussed.

Testicular Tumors: A Contemporary Update on Morphologic, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features

Testicular tumors are incredibly diverse and one of the most challenging areas in surgical pathology. Because of the rarity and overlapping features with numerous entities occurring in the testis and paratestis, these tumors pose a diagnostic challenge even to the most experienced general pathologists. In 2016, the latest "World Health Organization (WHO) classification of testicular tumors" was released, which incorporated several updates to the previous 2004 classification system. These updates involved several entities, including germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, tumors containing both germ cells and sex-cord stromal cells, a miscellaneous group of testicular tumors and paratesticular tumors. In addition, significant changes were also introduced in the 2018 AJCC TNM staging (8th edition) regarding testicular tumors. The germ cell tumors are divided into 2 major groups; tumors derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) and those unrelated to GCNIS. The GCNIS associated tumors include seminomatous and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, which constitute a heterogeneous group of tumors. Non-GCNIS-associated tumors include prepubertal-type teratoma, prepubertal yolk sac tumor, mixed prepubertal-type teratoma and yolk sac tumor and spermatocytic seminoma. In the sex cord-stromal category, the tumors are classified based on their cells of origin. Most are Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors; however, several mixed and diverse entities based on cell types are included in this group. Gonadoblastoma is the only tumor in the mixed germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumor category. Because of recent advances in molecular techniques, abundant new genetic information has emerged which helped classify the tumors based on the molecular alterations and provided insights into the tumor pathogenesis. This review focused on the updates related to testicular germ cell tumors and sex cord-stromal tumors and described the morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics with an aim to provide a practical diagnostic approach and an update on relevant recent molecular advances.

Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm: Key Pathologic and Genetic Features

CONTEXT.—

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a low-grade malignant tumor generally associated with a good prognosis. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms show peculiar morphologic features, but sometimes the differential diagnosis with other pancreatic neoplasms (ie, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors) can be a challenging task, especially in cytologic or biopsy specimens. In these cases immunohistochemistry is a useful tool, but the diagnostic utility of several proposed immunohistochemical markers is questionable. In recent years, despite several attempts to characterize the pathogenetic, molecular, and prognostic features of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, they still remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE.—

To give the reader a comprehensive update on this entity.

DATA SOURCES.—

The PubMed database (US National Library of Medicine) was searched using the following string: pseudopapillary tumor [AND/OR] neoplasm [AND/OR] pancreas. All articles written in English were included. In addition, because a heterogeneous terminology has been used in the past to define solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, the reference lists of each paper selected in the PubMed database were also reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS.—

This review gives a comprehensive update on the pathologic, clinical, and molecular features of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, particularly addressing issues and challenges related to diagnosis. In addition, we have tried to correlate the molecular alterations with the morphologic and clinical features.

A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Comparison of Nuclear β-Catenin Expressing Testicular Sertoli Cell Tumors and Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasms Supporting Their Continued Separate Classification

Some recent reports suggested that many Sertoli cell tumors, not otherwise specified (SCTs-NOS) of the testis were analogs of the solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas. One of the most relied on pieces of information for this assertion was the shared occurrence in both neoplasms of exon 3 mutations of the CTNNB1 gene, which was reflected by nuclear β-catenin expression. We, therefore, compared the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of 18 SCTs-NOS with strong, diffuse nuclear β-catenin expression with 16 SPNs that also showed such positivity. Although there were clear similarities in the light microscopic features of these neoplasms, there were also significant differences that included, in SCT-NOS and SPN, respectively: hollow tubules (53% vs. 0%), sheet-like growth (44% vs. 94%), circumscription (79% vs. 25%), corded or trabecular patterns (81% vs. 31%), formation of papillae or pseudopapillae (24% vs. 69%), growth in nests or clusters (94% vs. 50%), perivascular pseudorosettes (13% vs. 56%), and rhabdoid cytology (6% vs. 50%). Commonly shared morphologic features included signet-ring cells, pale or foamy cytoplasm, myxoid stroma, cyst formation, perivascular hyalinization, and globular or band-like basement membrane deposits. On immunohistochemical study, sex cord markers were frequently positive in SCTs-NOS (steroidogenic factor-1-94%; FOXL2-87%; SOX9-69%; calretinin-60%; Wilms tumor-1-38%; inhibin-29%) whereas all of these markers were negative in the SPNs. We conclude that even though SCT-NOS and SPN share some morphologic features and nuclear immunoreactivity for β-catenin, there remain differences, both morphologically and immunohistochemically, between these neoplasms to the degree that SCT-NOS should not be equated with pancreatic SPN.

Spontaneous rupture of solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas: A case report and review of literature

INTRODUCTION

Solid pseudopapillary tumors (SPT) account for 1% to 3% of all pancreatic tumors. They have low malignant potential with a favorable prognosis, and predominantly occur in young women. The pathogenesis and clinical behavior of SPT are still uncertain. In addition, most ruptures of SPT were associated with blunt abdominal trauma, while spontaneous ruptures seemed to be quite rare. Up to now, there have been only 3 spontaneous ruptured SPT cases reported worldwide.

PATIENT CONCERNS

Here, we reported a 22-year-old female patient with left lower abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed that a hemorrhagic complex solid cystic mass located in the lesser omentum sac.

DIAGNOSIS

According to pathological findings of tumor specimen, the diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas was made.

INTERVENTIONS

Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was carried out.

OUTCOMES

The patient recovered to normal status within 10 days after surgery.

CONCLUSION

Besides, we reviewed about 50 cases in literatures to find out the clinical characteristics and differential diagnostic strategies of SPT.

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of pancreas: Two case reports

RATIONALE

About 8384 cases of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPN) of pancreas have been published in English literature, from 1933 to 2018. This is a low-grade tumor that usually occurs in children but is rare in adults and, in exceptional cases, can show extrapancreatic localization. In this paper we present 2 unusual cases of SPNs, 1 with retroperitoneal location (case 1) and 1 that was firstly diagnosed as a G1 neuroendocrine tumor (NET) and showed hepatic metastases after 13 years (case 2).

PATIENT CONCERNS

No symptoms in first case. The tumor was incidentally diagnosed, during ultrasound examination. In the second case, the metastasis was observed during regular follow-up.

DIAGNOSES

The diagnosis was established based on the histological features and immunohistochemical profile that showed positivity for vimentin, nuclear β-catenin, cyclin D1, CD10, and SRY-related high-mobility group box 11 and negativity for maspin.

INTERVENTIONS

Surgical excision, in both cases.

OUTCOMES

No recurrences in first case, at 5 months after diagnosis. Hepatic metastases in the second case, at 13 years after diagnosis, with portal invasion after another 15 months.

LESSONS

Without a complex immunoprofile, SPN can be misdiagnosed as NET. SPN can be a low-grade tumor but long-time follow-up is mandatory to detect delayed metastases. A correct diagnosis is necessary for a proper therapeutic management.

Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor Associated with Elevated DHEA and Testosterone

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPN) of the pancreas are extremely rare epithelial tumors with low malignant potential. They account for only 1-2% of pancreatic lesions. These masses often go unnoticed and when they become symptomatic it is often due to mass effect on neighboring structures. We encountered an unusual presentation in a healthy 34-year-old female who was found to have elevated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone levels during the evaluation of irregular menses. Subsequent abdominal imaging revealed an enhancing 2.7 cm pancreatic tail mass that was concerning for a pancreatic neoplasm. The patient underwent endoscopic ultrasound which confirmed the presence of a hypoechoic, 2.3 x 1.7 cm mass in the pancreatic tail. An intact interface was seen between the mass and adjacent structures, suggesting the absence of local invasion. Fine needle biopsy was performed and cytology was consistent with SPN. The patient later underwent curative distal pancreatectomy, with subsequent normalization of her menses. SPN are generally inactive on laboratory screening modalities (i.e., AFP, CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 125) and our patient showed no evidence of pancreatic insufficiency, pancreatic parenchymal injury, abnormal liver function, or cholestasis. Similarly to our patient, most SPN are asymptomatic. One retrospective study (spanning 15 years) reported vague abdominal pain in ~70% of patients, on initial presentation. Symptoms of tumor mass effect were the second most common. To our knowledge, this is the first reported presentation of elevated DHEA and testosterone levels associated with a solid pseudopapillary tumor in the absence of an underlying adrenal lesion or dysfunction. Despite extensive workup, no alternate etiology or correlatable medical condition could be elucidated for our patient's hormonal dysregulation. We, therefore, recommend further review and investigation into this potential correlative relationship in an effort to guide the future diagnosis and management of this unusual neoplasm.

[The histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas and its differential diagnosis]

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a rare tumor of uncertain histogenesis, described separately by Gruber and Frantz, that accounts for between approximately 1% and 3% of pancreatic neoplasms. It is characterized by a cystic and solid pattern of growth patterns with formation of pseudopapillae. It occurs primarily in young women, although cases in children and older patients and men have been reported. The tumor is of low-grade malignant potential, as the majority of the cases are cured by simple but complete surgical resection. Knowledge of the unique morphologic characteristics of this neoplasm is essential for the correct diagnosis. We review herein the pathologic and immunohistochemical features of this neoplasm and its differential diagnosis with other pancreatic tumors.

Pancreatic panniculitis and solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: A case report

Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPTP), also known as solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas, is a rare pancreatic exocrine tumor that is difficult to diagnose before surgery. Pancreatic panniculitis is a rare type that occurs in less than 3% of all patients with pancreatic diseases. We here report a 19-year-old woman who presented with persistent left upper quadrant pain without obvious cause for 1 d. The patient also developed subcutaneous nodules involving lower abdomen bilaterally and lower limbs, and subcutaneous nodules were pathologically diagnosed as pancreatic panniculitis. Plain abdominal computed tomography revealed a soft-tissue mass in the body and tail of the pancreas, which was closely associated with the gastric wall. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound showed inhomogeneous echogenicity in the anterior pancreatic body, which had blurred parenchymal demarcation of the body and tail of the pancreas. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed a mixed density mass with solid and cystic components in the body and tail of the pancreas, and the solid component was markedly enhanced. The lesion was pathologically diagnosed as SPTP after laparoscopic resection. Clinicians should be aware of the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic panniculitis and SPTP.