1
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Chen DY, Zhu XY, Ma W, Shao SF, Zhang L, Xie JR, Wang YL, Zhao H. Blast injuries with contrasting outcomes treated by military surgery strategies: A case report. Chin J Traumatol 2024:S1008-1275(24)00003-8. [PMID: 38350782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment strategy for blast injuries is closely linked to the clinical outcome of blast injury casualties. However, the application of military surgery experience to blast injuries caused by production safety accidents is relatively uncommon. In this study, the authors present 2 cases of blast injuries caused by one gas explosion, both cases involved individuals of the same age and gender and experienced similar degree of injury. The authors highlight the importance of using a military surgery treatment strategy, specifically emphasizing the need to understand the concept of damage control and disposal. It is recommended that relevant training in this area should be strengthened to improve the clinical treatment of such injuries. This study provides a valuable reference for healthcare professionals dealing with blast injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-You Chen
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China; Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xi-Yan Zhu
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Shi-Feng Shao
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jing-Ru Xie
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yao-Li Wang
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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2
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Geng C, Wang X, Chen J, Sun N, Wang Y, Li Z, Han L, Hou S, Fan H, Li N, Gong Y. Repetitive Low-Level Blast Exposure via Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Mediates the M1 Polarization of Mouse Alveolar Macrophage MH-S Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10596. [PMID: 37445774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive low-level blast (rLLB) exposure is a potential risk factor for the health of soldiers or workers who are exposed to it as an occupational characteristic. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are susceptible to external blast waves and produce pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of rLLB exposure on AMs is still unclear. Here, we generated rLLB waves through a miniature manual Reddy-tube and explored their effects on MH-S cell morphology, phenotype transformation, oxidative stress status, and apoptosis by immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting (WB) and flow cytometry. Ipatasertib (GDC-0068) or PDTC was used to verify the role of the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in these processes. Results showed that rLLB treatment could cause morphological irregularities and cytoskeletal disorders in MH-S cells and promote their polarization to the M1 phenotype by increasing iNOS, CD86 and IL-6 expression. The molecular mechanism is through the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, we found reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, Ca2+ accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and early apoptosis of MH-S cells. Taken together, our findings suggest rLLB exposure may cause M1 polarization and early apoptosis of AMs. Fortunately, it is blocked by specific inhibitors GDC-0068 or PDTC. This study provides a new treatment strategy for preventing and alleviating health damage in the occupational population caused by rLLB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Geng
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiale Chen
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Sun
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zizheng Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lu Han
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanhua Gong
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
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McCormick K, Palmiotto A, Freas LE. Interpreting perimortem blast trauma from skeletal remains: Complications and considerations. J Forensic Sci 2023. [PMID: 37160685 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Blast trauma results from highly variable events that can lead to similar effects in the skeleton. Clinical literature, which largely focuses on soft tissue, provides limited efficacy for interpreting fully skeletonized cases. Interpretation of skeletal blast trauma is hampered by the low number of fully skeletonized case studies and experimental replication studies, which mainly use nonhuman proxies. The purpose of this study is to discuss fracture patterns on two individuals from WWII as a means to better understand and identify fracture patterns associated with blast trauma. Existing clinical and anthropological criteria are reviewed and applied to two World War II cases, both presumed to exhibit blast trauma based on historical contexts. These case studies exhibit combinations of complicated and extensive signs of blunt-force and projectile trauma, reflecting the diversity of skeletal trauma resulting from blast-related events. This analysis emphasizes the arguably impossible task of establishing a diagnosis based on the available literature and lack of prior knowledge about specific losses. Ultimately, analysts must consider the totality of skeletal trauma, combining biomechanical theory and relevant clinical and anthropological literature to arrive at useful yet defensible assessments of trauma. However, refined criteria and additional studies are needed to assess complicated trauma from blast-related events in anthropological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle McCormick
- Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Laboratory, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, USA
| | - Andrea Palmiotto
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurel E Freas
- Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Laboratory, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, USA
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4
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Ex Vivo Pulmonary Oedema after In Vivo Blast-Induced Rat Lung Injury: Time Dependency, Blast Intensity and Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Role. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112930. [PMID: 36428498 PMCID: PMC9687465 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Current treatments for blast-induced lung injury are limited to supportive procedures including mechanical ventilation. The study aimed to investigate the role of post-trauma-induced oedema generation in the function of time and trauma intensity and the probable role of beta 2-adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) agonists on pulmonary oedema. The study is conducted using an ex vivo model after an experimental in vivo blast-induced thorax trauma in rats. Methods: Rats were randomised and divided into two groups, blast and sham. The blast group were anaesthetised and exposed to the blast wave (3.16 ± 0.43 bar) at a distance of 3.5 cm from the thorax level. The rats were sacrificed 10 min after the blast, the lungs explanted and treated with terbutaline, formoterol, propranolol or amiloride to assess the involvement of sodium transport. Other groups of rats were exposed to distances of 5 and 7 cm from the thorax to reduce the intensity of the injury. Further, one group of rats was studied after 180 min and one after 360 min after a 3.5 cm blast injury. Sham controls were exposed to identical procedures except for receiving blast overpressure. Results: Lung injury and oedema generation depended on time after injury and injury intensity. Perfusion with amiloride resulted in a further increase in oedema formation as indicated by weight gain (p < 0.001), diminished tidal volume (Tv) (p < 0.001), and increased airway resistance (p < 0.001). Formoterol caused a significant increase in the Tv (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in the airway resistance (p < 0.01), while the lung weight was not influenced. Trauma-related oedema was significantly reduced by terbutaline in terms of lung weight gain (p < 0.01), Tv (p < 0.001), and airway resistance (p < 0.01) compared to control blast-injured lungs. Terbutaline-induced effects were completely blocked by the β-receptor antagonist propranolol (p < 0.05). Similarly, amiloride, which was added to terbutaline perfusion, reversed terbutaline-induced weight gain reduction (p < 0.05). Conclusions: β2-adrenoceptor stimulation had a beneficial impact by amiloride-dependent sodium and therefore, fluid transport mechanisms on the short-term ex vivo oedema generation in a trauma-induced in vivo lung injury of rats.
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Abstract
Epidemiological aspects of explosion-related deaths in a civilian setting may bring comprehensive knowledge that is important for prevention efforts. This Swedish national study aimed to describe the extent of such deaths, circumstances and fatal injuries. Data, including all explosion-related deaths in Sweden from 2000 through 2018, were retrieved from the register of the National Board of Forensic Medicine. Among all 87 cases found, accidental deaths accounted for 62%, suicides for 21%, homicides for 7% and undetermined manner of death for the remaining 10% of cases. Most victims died on site. Adult males dominated in the study material, but explosions also killed four children. Explosives were most commonly involved in occupational blast deaths, suicides and homicides, followed by flammable gases and fluids. The incidence showed a significant decrease since the 1980s, based on the incidence rate from this study and a previous Swedish study (1979-1984). As already rare occurrences, blast-related deaths are challenging to prevent. Prevention efforts are needed to restrict the availability of explosives and focus on lowering the occupational risk for injury. In addition, child deaths must not be neglected. A vision of no fatalities is an appropriate goal for acting against explosion-related deaths in a civilian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mensura Junuzovic
- Mensura Junuzovic, Department of Community
Medicine and Rehabilitation, Forensic Medicine, Umeå University, SE-907 12 Umeå, Sweden.
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6
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Rutter B, Song H, DePalma RG, Hubler G, Cui J, Gu Z, Johnson CE. Shock Wave Physics as Related to Primary Non-Impact Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury. Mil Med 2021; 186:601-609. [PMID: 33499439 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blast overpressure exposure, an important cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI), may occur during combat or military training. TBI, most commonly mild TBI, is considered a signature injury of recent combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. Low intensity primary blast-induced TBI (bTBI), caused by exposure to an explosive shock wave, commonly leaves no obvious physical external signs. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand its biological effects; however, the role of shock wave energy as related to bTBI remains poorly understood. This report combines shock wave analysis with established biological effects on the mouse brain to provide insights into the effects of shock wave physics as related to low intensity bTBI outcomes from both open-air and shock tube environments. METHODS Shock wave peak pressure, rise time, positive phase duration, impulse, shock velocity, and particle velocity were measured using the Missouri open-air blast model from 16 blast experiments totaling 122 mice to quantify physical shock wave properties. Open-air shock waves were generated by detonating 350-g 1-m suspended Composition C-4 charges with targets on 1-m elevated stands at 2.15, 3, 4, and 7 m from the source. RESULTS All mice sustained brain injury with no observable head movement, because of mice experiencing lower dynamic pressures than calculated in shock tubes. Impulse, pressure loading over time, was found to be directly related to bTBI severity and is a primary shock physics variable that relates to bTBI. DISCUSSION The physical blast properties including shock wave peak pressure, rise time, positive phase duration, impulse, shock velocity, and particle velocity were examined using the Missouri open-air blast model in mice with associated neurobehavioral deficits. The blast-exposed mice sustained ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondria, myelinated axons, and synapses, implicating that primary low intensity blast leads to nanoscale brain damage by providing the link to its pathogenesis. The velocity of the shock wave reflected back from the target stand was calculated from high-speed video and compared with that of the incident shock wave velocity. Peak incident pressure measured from high sample rate sensors was found to be within 1% of the velocity recorded by the high-speed camera, concluding that using sensors in or close to an animal brain can provide useful information regarding shock velocity within the brain, leading to more advanced knowledge between shock wave physics and tissue damage that leads to bTBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rutter
- Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401, USA
| | - Hailong Song
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ralph G DePalma
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, Office of Research and Development, NW 20420, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Graham Hubler
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Catherine E Johnson
- Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401, USA
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Wang H, Zhang W, Liu J, Gao J, Fang LE, Liu Z, Xia B, Fan X, Li C, Lu Q, Qian A. NF-κB and FosB mediate inflammation and oxidative stress in the blast lung injury of rats exposed to shock waves. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:283-293. [PMID: 33677486 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast lung injury (BLI) is the major cause of death in explosion-derived shock waves; however, the mechanisms of BLI are not well understood. To identify the time-dependent manner of BLI, a model of lung injury of rats induced by shock waves was established by a fuel air explosive. The model was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and pathological score. The inflammation and oxidative stress of lung injury were also investigated. The pathological scores of rats' lung injury at 2 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days post-blast were 9.75±2.96, 13.00±1.85, 8.50±1.51, and 4.00±1.41, respectively, which were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (1.13±0.64; P<0.05). The respiratory frequency and pause were increased significantly, while minute expiratory volume, inspiratory time, and inspiratory peak flow rate were decreased in a time-dependent manner at 2 and 24 h post-blast compared with those in the control group. In addition, the expressions of inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, FosB, and NF-κB were increased significantly at 2 h and peaked at 24 h, which gradually decreased after 3 days and returned to normal in 2 weeks. The levels of total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased 24 h after the shock wave blast. Conversely, the malondialdehyde level reached the peak at 24 h. These results indicated that inflammatory and oxidative stress induced by shock waves changed significantly in a time-dependent manner, which may be the important factors and novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of BLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jinren Liu
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Junhong Gao
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - L e Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 521 Hospital of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Baoqing Xia
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Cunzhi Li
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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8
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Beauthier F, Van de Voorde W, Lefevre P, Beauthier JP. Belgium experience in disaster victim identification applied in handling terrorist attack at Brussels Airport 2016. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 5:223-231. [PMID: 33209506 PMCID: PMC7646600 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1775932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Belgian disaster victim identification (DVI) team is involved in many investigations in our country. Indeed, this specialized team of the federal police oversees searching for and investigating criminally buried dead bodies, identification of unknown putrefied corpses, and more. The Belgian DVI team also assists with the identification of victims of mass disasters (natural, accidental, and mass murders). In this article, we consider the contributions of different teams (forensic pathology, anthropology, and odontology, federal police, and crime scene investigation) both on the scene of the attack at the Brussels National Airport (Zaventem) and in the laboratory work (autopsies, sample studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- François Beauthier
- Medicolegal and Forensic Anthropology Unit, Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Wim Van de Voorde
- Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lefevre
- Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pol Beauthier
- Medicolegal and Forensic Anthropology Unit, Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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9
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Wang H, Zhang WJ, Gao JH, Liu JR, Liu ZY, Xia BQ, Fan XL, Li CZ, Qian AR. Global gene expression profiling of blast lung injury of goats exposed to shock wave. Chin J Traumatol 2020; 23:249-257. [PMID: 32917472 PMCID: PMC7567904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Blast lung injury (BLI) is the most common damage resulted from explosion-derived shock wave in military, terrorism and industrial accidents. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BLI induced by shock wave are still unclear. METHODS In this study, a goat BLI model was established by a fuel air explosive power. The key genes involved in were identified. The goats of the experimental group were fixed on the edge of the explosion cloud, while the goats of the control group were 3 km far away from the explosive environment. After successful modeling for 24 h, all the goats were sacrificed and the lung tissue was harvested for histopathological observation and RNA sequencing. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to identify the main enriched biological functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the consistency of gene expression. RESULTS Of the sampled goat lungs, 895 genes were identified to be significantly differentially expressed, and they were involved in 52 significantly enriched GO categories. KEGG analysis revealed that DEGs were highly enriched in 26 pathways, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, antifolate resistance, arachidonic acid metabolism, amoebiasis and bile secretion, JAK-STAT, and IL-17 signaling pathway. Furthermore, 15 key DEGs involved in the biological processes of BLI were confirmed by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with RNA sequencing. CONCLUSION Gene expression profiling provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of BLI, which will help to set strategy for treating lung injury and preventing secondary lung injury induced by shock wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China,Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Wen-Juan Zhang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jun-Hong Gao
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Jin-Ren Liu
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liu
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China,Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Bao-Qing Xia
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Fan
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Li
- Research Center for Toxicological and Biological Effects, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Ai-Rong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China,Corresponding author.
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10
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McCabe JT, Tucker LB. Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Modeling of Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:541050. [PMID: 33101170 PMCID: PMC7554632 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.541050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to furthering our understanding of the bioeffects, behavioral changes, and treatment options following exposure to blast are a worldwide priority. Of particular need is a more concerted effort to employ animal models to determine possible sex differences, which have been reported in the clinical literature. In this review, clinical and preclinical reports concerning blast injury effects are summarized in relation to sex as a biological variable (SABV). The review outlines approaches that explore the pertinent role of sex chromosomes and gonadal steroids for delineating sex as a biological independent variable. Next, underlying biological factors that need exploration for blast effects in light of SABV are outlined, including pituitary, autonomic, vascular, and inflammation factors that all have evidence as having important SABV relevance. A major second consideration for the study of SABV and preclinical blast effects is the notable lack of consistent model design—a wide range of devices have been employed with questionable relevance to real-life scenarios—as well as poor standardization for reporting of blast parameters. Hence, the review also provides current views regarding optimal design of shock tubes for approaching the problem of primary blast effects and sex differences and outlines a plan for the regularization of reporting. Standardization and clear description of blast parameters will provide greater comparability across models, as well as unify consensus for important sex difference bioeffects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T McCabe
- Pre-clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, IL, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura B Tucker
- Pre-clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, IL, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Li N, Geng C, Hou S, Fan H, Gong Y. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Their Signaling Pathways in Primary Blast Lung Injury: New Research Progress and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176303. [PMID: 32878118 PMCID: PMC7504526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary blast lung injury (PBLI) is a common cause of casualties in wars, terrorist attacks, and explosions. It can exist in the absence of any other outward signs of trauma, and further develop into acute lung injury (ALI) or a more severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The pathogenesis of PBLI at the cellular and molecular level has not been clear. Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) is a general term for endogenous danger signals released by the body after injury, including intracellular protein molecules (HMGB1, histones, s100s, heat shock proteins, eCIRP, etc.), secretory protein factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, VEGF, complements, etc.), purines and pyrimidines and their derived degradation products (nucleic acids, ATP, ADP, UDPG, uric acid, etc.), and extracellular matrix components (hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, heparin sulfate, biglycan, etc.). DAMPs can be detected by multiple receptors including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The study of DAMPs and their related signaling pathways, such as the mtDNA-triggered cGAS-YAP pathway, contributes to revealing the molecular mechanism of PBLI, and provides new therapeutic targets for controlling inflammatory diseases and alleviating their symptoms. In this review, we focus on the recent progress of research on DAMPs and their signaling pathways, as well as the potential therapeutic targets and future research directions in PBLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chenhao Geng
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanhua Gong
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (Y.G.)
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Weppner J, Linsenmeyer M, Ide W. Military Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-019-00241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Westrol MS, Donovan CM, Kapitanyan R, Lacy CR. In reply. Ann Emerg Med 2017. [PMID: 28645387 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Westrol
- The Department of Emergency Medicine and EMS, AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center, Atlantic City, NJ
| | - Colleen M Donovan
- The Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; University Center for Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Raffi Kapitanyan
- The Department of Emergency Medicine, Brunswick Urgent Care, Franklin Park, NJ
| | - Clifton R Lacy
- University Center for Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
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