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Zimmerman BS, Esteva FJ. Next-Generation HER2-Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:800. [PMID: 38398191 PMCID: PMC10887217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in 20% of breast cancers and associated with a less favorable prognosis compared to HER2-negative disease. Patients have traditionally been treated with a combination of chemotherapy and HER2-targeted monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab and pertuzumab. The HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) represent a novel class of therapeutics in breast cancer. These drugs augment monoclonal antibodies with a cytotoxic payload, which is attached by a linker, forming the basic structure of an ADC. Novel combinations and sequential approaches are under investigation to overcome resistance to T-DM1 and T-DXd. Furthermore, the landscape of HER2-targeted therapy is rapidly advancing with the development of ADCs designed to attack cancer cells with greater precision and reduced toxicity. This review provides an updated summary of the current state of HER2-targeted ADCs as well as a detailed review of investigational agents on the horizon. Clinical trials are crucial in determining the optimal dosing regimens, understanding resistance mechanisms, and identifying patient populations that would derive the most benefit from these treatments. These novel ADCs are at the forefront of a new era in targeted cancer therapy, holding the potential to improve outcomes for patients with HER2-positive and HER2-Low breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney S. Zimmerman
- Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA;
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA
| | - Francisco J. Esteva
- Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA;
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA
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Marchiò C, Criscitiello C, Scatena C, Santinelli A, Graziano P, Malapelle U, Cursano G, Venetis K, Fanelli GN, Pepe F, Berrino E, De Angelis C, Perrone G, Curigliano G, Fusco N. Think "HER2" different: integrative diagnostic approaches for HER2-low breast cancer. Pathologica 2023; 115:292-301. [PMID: 38180137 PMCID: PMC10767801 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This work explores the complex field of HER2 testing in the HER2-low breast cancer era, with a focus on methodological aspects. We aim to propose clear positions to scientific societies, institutions, pathologists, and oncologists to guide and shape the appropriate diagnostic strategies for HER2-low breast cancer. The fundamental question at hand is whether the necessary tools to effectively translate our knowledge about HER2 into practical diagnostic schemes for the lower spectrum of expression are available. Our investigation is centered on the significance of distinguishing between an immunohistochemistry (IHC) score 0 and score 1+ in light of the clinical implications now apparent, as patients with HER2-low breast cancer become eligible for trastuzumab-deruxtecan treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the definition of HER2-low beyond its conventional boundaries and assess the reliability of established diagnostic procedures designed at a time when therapeutic perspectives were non-existent for these cases. In this regard, we examine potential complementary technologies, such as gene expression analysis and liquid biopsy. Ultimately, we consider the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of digital pathology and its integration into HER2 testing, with a particular emphasis on its application in the context of HER2-low breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Marchiò
- Division of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Scatena
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, Anatomic Pathology 1 Universitaria, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfredo Santinelli
- Anatomic Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale di Pesaro-Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Graziano
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale ‘Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza’, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Cursano
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Nicolò Fanelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, Anatomic Pathology 1 Universitaria, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pepe
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Berrino
- Division of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perrone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Anatomical Pathology Operative Research Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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