Évaluation des marqueurs p63 et p504s dans le diagnostic du cancer de prostate

Comparison of Dual-Tracer PET and CT Features to Conventional Risk Categories in Assessing Response to 177Lu-PSMA-617 Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma with Urinary Bladder Involvement

The present communication details the imaging characteristics, peculiarities, and response to ¹⁷⁷Lu-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-617-targeted radioligand therapy (PRLT) in accordance with Gleason score and use of dual-tracer PET (⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 and ¹⁸F-FDG) in patients with urinary bladder invasion or metastasis by prostate cancer, including the prognostic value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET in predicting response to treatment. The CT attenuation units (Hounsfield units) correlated with the prostate primary in the case of direct tumor extension from the prostate, whereas in hematogenous metastatic seeding the Hounsfield units were lower than in the primary prostatic tumor. A favorable outcome to ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617 PRLT was observed in patients with low or no baseline ¹⁸F-FDG uptake despite a high Gleason score and a high-risk National Comprehensive Cancer Network prognostic category and did not correlate with the latter alone, whereas a high SUV_max on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT was associated with an adverse outcome. These findings suggest a promising role for ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in predicting therapeutic outcomes more confidently, and hence the concept of dual-tracer PET appears to hold good in prostate adenocarcinoma theranostics.

Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma posing as urothelial carcinoma of the right ureter: a case report and literature review

This is a case report of a 67-year-old patient with distant metastasis of prostate cancer to the right ureter which caused hydronephrosis. At the beginning, both of the cytology of the morning urine and imaging findings were consistent with urothelial carcinoma. Nephroureterectomy was subsequently performed. Interestingly, the pathological examination of the excised ureter revealed that the malignancy was derived from the prostate. No skeletal metastasis was detected. However, after four months of follow-up, several abnormal signal shadows were reported in skeletal scintigraphy and the prostate specific antigen (PSA) was gradually increasing. We present such a case for its unique presentation. A review of the literature is also provided.

Cancer biomarker discovery: the entropic hallmark

Background

It is a commonly accepted belief that cancer cells modify their transcriptional state during the progression of the disease. We propose that the progression of cancer cells towards malignant phenotypes can be efficiently tracked using high-throughput technologies that follow the gradual changes observed in the gene expression profiles by employing Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. Methods based on Information Theory can then quantify the divergence of cancer cells' transcriptional profiles from those of normally appearing cells of the originating tissues. The relevance of the proposed methods can be evaluated using microarray datasets available in the public domain but the method is in principle applicable to other high-throughput methods.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Using melanoma and prostate cancer datasets we illustrate how it is possible to employ Shannon Entropy and the Jensen-Shannon divergence to trace the transcriptional changes progression of the disease. We establish how the variations of these two measures correlate with established biomarkers of cancer progression. The Information Theory measures allow us to identify novel biomarkers for both progressive and relatively more sudden transcriptional changes leading to malignant phenotypes. At the same time, the methodology was able to validate a large number of genes and processes that seem to be implicated in the progression of melanoma and prostate cancer.

Conclusions/Significance

We thus present a quantitative guiding rule, a new unifying hallmark of cancer: the cancer cell's transcriptome changes lead to measurable observed transitions of Normalized Shannon Entropy values (as measured by high-througput technologies). At the same time, tumor cells increment their divergence from the normal tissue profile increasing their disorder via creation of states that we might not directly measure. This unifying hallmark allows, via the the Jensen-Shannon divergence, to identify the arrow of time of the processes from the gene expression profiles, and helps to map the phenotypical and molecular hallmarks of specific cancer subtypes. The deep mathematical basis of the approach allows us to suggest that this principle is, hopefully, of general applicability for other diseases.