Effects of Self-care Health Behaviors on Quality of Life Mediated by Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Path analysis of self-care amongst community-dwelling pre-ageing and older adults with chronic diseases: A salutogenic model

With the trend towards ageing population globally, the salutogenic model can be integrated in interventions for pre-ageing and older adults to better support healthy ageing. However, there is limited research examining the salutogenic model's pathway amongst pre-ageing and older adults. Hence, this study aims to investigate pathways of the salutogenic model amongst pre-ageing and older adults with chronic diseases. Two hundred and eight pre-ageing and older adults were recruited from 11 Senior Activity Centres in Singapore. Data was collected using a self-reported questionnaire and analysed using path analyses. The indirect pathway from Subjective Cognitive Complaints to self-care abilities via sense of coherence and health practices were significant. Participants with higher sense of coherence may have increased capacities to execute more complex forms of self-care. Future interventions integrating the salutogenic model could enhance pre-ageing and older adults' self-care abilities to cope with chronic diseases and contribute to healthy ageing.

Relationship between chronic disease resource utilization and quality of life in coronary heart disease patients: A latent profile analysis

AIMS

This study aimed to identify different profiles of chronic disease resource utilization among patients with coronary heart disease in Tibet and explore the relationship between these profiles and quality of life.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

METHODS

Patients with coronary heart disease who were treated in a tertiary hospital in Tibet and its cooperative points from January 2021 to July 2021 were selected as the study participants. All participants completed a general information questionnaire, the Chronic Disease Resource Utilization Questionnaire (CIRS) and the Health Status Survey Short Form (SF-36). Chronic disease resource utilization was profiled, and its relationship to quality of life was explored using hierarchical linear regression.

RESULTS

A total of 382 patients were enrolled in this study. Regarding chronic disease resource utilization, the participants were divided into three latent profiles: 'Poor utilization group' (n = 151), 'Effective utilization group' (n = 155) and 'Full utilization group' (n = 76). Different profiles of chronic disease resource utilization of patients were significantly associated with quality of life (R2 = .126, p < .001).

CONCLUSION

Healthcare providers should identify patients with different profiles, define their utilization features of chronic disease resources and adopt targeted interventions to guide them in acquiring enough disease support resources to improve their quality of life.

IMPLICATION

Understanding different resources using preferences of coronary heart disease patients can help healthcare providers and related sectors to provide other supports based on different profiles of patients, thus enhancing their quality of life.

REPORTING METHOD

The study followed the STROBE guideline.

NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

There was no patient or public involvement in the design of the study.

Influence of Illness Uncertainty on Health Behavior in Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease: A Path Analysis

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the influence of uncertainty-related factors on the health behavior of individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) based on Mishel's uncertainty in illness theory (UIT).

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study and path analysis to investigate uncertainty and factors related to health behavior. The study participants were 228 CAD patients who visited the outpatient cardiology department between September 2020 and June 2021. We used SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 software to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The final model demonstrated a good fit with the data. Eleven of the twelve paths were significant. Uncertainty positively affected danger and negatively affected self-efficacy and opportunity. Danger had a positive effect on perceived risk. Opportunity positively affected social support, self-efficacy, perceived benefit and intention, whereas it negatively affected perceived risk. Social support, self-efficacy, perceived benefit and intention had a positive effect on health behavior. We found that perceived benefit and intention had the most significant direct effects, whereas self-efficacy indirectly affected the relationship between uncertainty and health behavior.

CONCLUSION

The path model is suitable for predicting the health behavior of CAD patients who experience uncertainty. When patients experience uncertainty, interventions to increase their self-efficacy are required first. Additionally, we need to develop programs that quickly shift to appraisal uncertainty as an opportunity, increase perceived benefits of health behavior, and improve intentions.

Health Educational Methods for Improving Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Scoping Review

Background

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries. Self-efficacy (SE) is an essential element that affects a patients ability to manage their care, and low SE levels in patients with CHD can lead to poor health outcomes and quality of life. Planning suitable methods to improve SE in CHD patients is essential.

Purpose

This review explores health education methods to improve SE in patients with CHD.

Methods

Scoping review is reported based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A literature search was conducted using relevant keywords from six primary databases, such as CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine, Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were full-text articles in English that were accessible, research articles with experimental designs. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, and data synthesis was used thematically with an explorative, descriptive approach.

Results

Fifteen articles were found and included in the review. There are two types of interventions such as traditional and digital-based health education. The media used in traditional health education are booklets, pamphlets, posters, and workbooks. In addition, digital-based health education generally uses websites, social platforms, mobile applications, video players and sound clips.

Conclusion

This review found that traditional health education and digital-based interventions improve SE, knowledge, self-esteem and health literacy levels, in CHD patients. Health professionals, including nurses, may used both methods in improving self efficacy in CHD patients.

A Scoping Review of Predictors Associated with Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Self-efficacy (SE) is the main predictor of self-care behaviour in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Several studies identified factors that influence SE in CHD patients. However, review studies have yet to synthesize these results systematically. This review aims to identify SE and the factors influencing SE in CHD patients. This scoping review is reported based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched using relevant keywords using five databases: CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine: Google Scholar, which was accessed on June 23, 2023. Articles with an observational design were included without date restrictions. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, and data synthesis used thematic analysis. We found 11 articles discussing SE and the factors influencing SE in CHD patients. In this review, most studies reported that the SE level of CHD patients tends to be low to moderate. Factors associated with SE in this population are classified into three categories (low, moderate, and high). Cardiac knowledge and patient activation are the most influential predictors of SE in CHD patients. Public health interventions such as raising awareness about heart disease, modifying health behaviours, early screening, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are critical to improving SE and cardiac care outcomes.

The effect of telephone counseling based on Orem's model on adherence to treatment and resilience of patients with coronary angioplasty: a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the effect of telephone counseling based on Orem's Self-Care Model on adherence to treatment and resilience of patients with coronary angioplasty.

METHODS

This randomized clinical trial was performed on 80 patients in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 40 (intervention and control). Questionnaires on adherence to treatment of chronic patients and resilience for patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were filled out before and 8 weeks after the intervention. In the intervention group, the telephone call schedule consisted of three calls per week for 8 weeks.

RESULTS

Before the intervention, no significant difference was found between the groups about adherence to treatment and resilience. However, after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the groups as to adherence to treatment and resilience (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Nursing consultation using telephone calls based on Orem's model increases the adherence to treatment and resilience of patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Telephone counseling can help the patients adhere to their treatment plans and develop resilience skills.

The effect of stoma self-efficacy of people with stoma on their sexual function and satisfaction

AIM

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of stoma self-efficacy of people with stoma on their sexual function and satisfaction.

METHOD

This descriptive research was carried out between November 2022 and May 2023. One hundred and forty people with stoma were included in the research. A descriptive information form, a visual analogue scale (VAS) for satisfaction with sexual life, the Stoma Self-Efficacy Scale (Stoma SE) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) were used for the research.

RESULTS

According to the findings of the research, it was established that 90% of the participants had sexual dysfunction according to the ASEX. The average VAS satisfaction with sexual life score was 2.77 ± 3.19, the average Stoma SE Total score was 76.26 ± 19.63 and the average ASEX score was 21.62 ± 7.88. The VAS-satisfaction with sexual life score of the participants had a positive relationship with the social self-efficacy score and a negative relationship with the ASEX score. There was a negative relationship between the social self-efficacy score and the ASEX score of the participants. It has been determined that the social self-efficacy scores of the participants affect their ASEX and VAS-satisfaction with sexual life scores.

CONCLUSION

Development of care self-efficacy is as critical as the development of social self-efficacy for people with stoma. Development of social self-efficacy by people with stoma can contribute to their sexual function and satisfaction with sexual life.

Self-Efficacy in Self-Care and Its Related Factors Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in Indonesia: A Rasch Analysis

Background

Low self-efficacy (SE) can impact decreasing health status, poor self-care, and quality of life among patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Many factors can affect SE. However, studies on SE in CHD patients with Rasch Model analysis have not been carried out widely.

Purpose

This study aims to identify the SE in self-care and its related factors that correlate SE among CHD patients.

Patients and Methods

Cross-sectional study was conducted on 104 adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with CHD. Selection of the sample using convenience sampling technique with several predetermined criteria. SE was measured using the SEQ-CHDM questionnaire, with high validity and reliability results. Data were analyzed using the Rasch model and chi-square test.

Results

The results showed that most respondents had a moderate SE (51.5%). Care units (p=0.003) and duration of illness (p=0.049) were significantly correlated to SE among patients with CHD. "Maintaining an ideal body weight" is the most challenging thing. On the other hand, stop smoking is the most confident thing to be performed by the respondents.

Conclusion

We conclude that CHD patients in the acute care unit and patients with a duration of illness >6 months have a lower tendency for SE. Health interventions such as raising awareness about the disease, modifying health behavior, and immediately screening can improve patients' SE. Besides that, proper diagnosis and ongoing treatment are crucial to improving SE and CHD care outcomes.

Effectivity of Health Education with Telenursing on the Self-care Ability of Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) develops chronically and progressively, causes recurrence and premature death, so a good knowledge of changes in self-care behavior by patients is needed. Telenursing can be a medium for health education to allow patients to receive information and for nurses to follow up on health conditions without being obstructed by distance, place, time, and carried out sustainably. So far, telenursing has not been reviewed as a recent intervention to deliver education to CAD patients. AIM: This systematic review aimed to determine the effectiveness of health education interventions with telenursing on the self-care of CAD patients based on the implementation media. METHODS: Systematic reviews were conducted based on items found in CINAHL EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from 2008 to 2019. The combination of keywords used Indonesian and English language. All articles were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for randomized controlled trial (RCT) and quasi-experiment. After that, the study found was synthesized narratively. RESULTS: A total of 11.319 titles were identified, and seven studies met inclusion criteria with 3313 participants. Six studies were RCT studies, and one was a quasi-experimental study. The results of the narrative synthesis conducted on seven articles showed that health education by telenursing was effective in improving self-care ability, such as maintaining blood pressure, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c levels, fasting blood glucose, and low-density lipoprotein within normal limits. In addition, there was also an increase in physical activity, dietary compliance (consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish), control of salt intake, smoking, and alcohol cessation. The media used were phone calls and text messages. CONCLUSION: This review provides evidence that health education interventions effectively improve the self-care abilities of CAD patients with the media used are text messages and telephone calls.

Development and Pilot Testing of a Smartphone-Based Self-Care Program for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

The purpose of this study is to develop a smartphone-based self-care program (Hep B Care^®) for patients with the chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). To pilot test the feasibility of Hep B Care^®, 63 participants with chronic HBV were recruited from an outpatient clinic at S hospital, Seoul, South Korea (experimental group [EG]: n = 30, control group [CG]: n = 33) between February and July 2016. Hep B Care^® was developed based on the theory of self-care whilst having a chronic illness. During the 12-week intervention period, the application: (1) provided information about the disease, medication, nutrition, and exercise; (2) encouraged taking medication and exercise using alarms; and (3) enabled the exchange of messages between healthcare providers and patients. Salivary cortisol, fatigue, depression, anxiety, knowledge of the HBV, quality of life, and medication adherence were all measured as outcomes. Cortisol levels were significantly increased, knowledge of the HBV was improved, and the mean anxiety score was significantly decreased in the EG. Thus, Hep B Care ^® partially improved health outcomes in the EG. We recommend that large trials be conducted among patients with the HBV. The smartphone-based self-care program for providing education and coaching is effective for improving knowledge and reducing anxiety among patients with the HBV.

Quality of Life in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Structure and related factors focusing on illness uncertainty

AIM

Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have a low quality of life (QOL) and illness uncertainty. This study examined the structure of QOL and associated factors, including illness uncertainty, among individuals with NAFLD.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire for outpatients with NAFLD. QOL was measured using the Short Form-8. Dietary habits, physical activity level, illness uncertainty, health locus of control, and knowledge of NAFLD were assessed. Path analysis was used to study the associated factors of QOL and their structure, including uncertainty of disease.

RESULTS

Path analysis of 168 NAFLD patients indicated that a high Physical Component Summary score on the Short Form-8-representing physical QOL-was predicted by a body mass index <25 kg/m2 and high educational level. A high Mental Component Summary score-representing mental QOL-was predicted by being male, good dietary habits, low illness uncertainty, and presence of consultants. The model showed satisfactory goodness-of-fit without being rejected by the chi-square test (goodness-of-fit index = .947, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = .917, comparative fit index = .967, root mean square error of approximation = 0.023).

CONCLUSIONS

Nurses need to work closely with NAFLD patients as consultants, providing adequate information about the causes, treatments, and dietary habits, and focusing on the individual's perception of health. This could reduce illness uncertainty and contribute to the improvement of QOL.

Self-care and related factors associated with left ventricular systolic function in patients under follow-up after myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Recent advances in treatment have led to long-term survival after myocardial infarction (MI), but subsequent complications such as heart failure have also increased, and, therefore, the relationship between prognosis and self-care needs to be investigated.

AIMS

This study aimed to confirm the relationship of potential variables affecting self-care of patients after MI and to determine whether self-care predicts left ventricular systolic function.

METHODS

Using a descriptive study design, a hypothetical model was constructed based on previous studies, and 191 post-MI patients were recruited from three university hospital outpatient clinics in Korea. The modified model was verified by constructing a structural equation model using AMOS version 24.0. The exogenous variables were illness perception, social support, and depression symptoms. The endogenous variables were self-efficacy, self-care compliance, and changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

RESULTS

The average patient age and disease duration were 66.3 (±11.5) years and 62.1 (±56.6) months, respectively. Self-care compliance was directly influenced by self-efficacy and indirectly affected by social support. Self-care compliance had a direct effect on LVEF changes, which was indirectly associated with illness perception, social support, and self-efficacy.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed the direct effect of self-care compliance on changes in LVEF in patients under follow-up after MI. It is necessary to periodically monitor the degree of self-care in outpatients who are undergoing follow-up after MI to prevent a decrease in cardiac function. Counseling and education may be effective forms of social support to improve disease awareness and self-efficacy among patients with low self-care compliance.

Perceptions of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention on pre-operative education in China: A qualitative study

Objectives

To explore the perceptions of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) regarding their pre‐operative health education.

Methods

A qualitative study using semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews was conducted in one cardiology unit in China from July 2019 to December 2019. Purposeful sampling of 17 patients undergoing PCI was interviewed about their perceptions of pre‐operative health education. Thematic analysis of the transcribed data was then used to identify the themes.

Results

Four themes emerged from the data:(a) triple roles of pre‐operative education with the categories of relief (reliving fear); burden (leading to stress); and meaningless (changing nothing); (b) family member involvement with the categories of shared responsibility and family members’ duty; (c) facilitators in the process of pre‐operative health education with the categories of emotional support, plain language and individualized pre‐operative education; (d) inhibitors in the process of pre‐operative health education with the categories of contradiction and threatening words.

Conclusions

Pre‐operative health education for patients undergoing PCI should be aligned with the individual patients’ information‐seeking styles and personal differences, emphasizing individualized patient education. Traditional Chinese philosophy should be considered in the practice of pre‐operative education for patients undergoing PCI, which emphasizes family member involvement; at the same time, patient empowerment and self‐care should also be stressed. In addition, emotional support and plain language from health professionals are important in pre‐operative health education for patients undergoing PCI; contradiction should be avoided, and threatening words should be used with caution and with consideration for cultural variations during pre‐operative education for patients undergoing PCI.

Predictors of cardiac self-efficacy among patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease in tertiary hospitals in Nepal

Background: Cardiac self-efficacy determines how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave with regards to improving their cardiac health subsequently preventing complications of coronary artery disease (CAD). Given almost one-third of global death is contributed by CAD with 10% of disability adjusted life years lost in low- and middle-income countries (including Nepal), it is important to identify factors that can promote cardiac self-efficacy. There are no studies in Nepal focusing on predictors of self-efficacy. Therefore, we aim to determine the predictors of cardiac self-efficacy of CAD patients in Nepal. Design and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study where we recruited 170 patients (≥30 years) diagnosed with CAD from two tertiary level hospitals. Multiple linear regression model was used to identify the predictors of cardiac self-efficacy. Results: The mean age of the participants was 60.45±10.39 years (range, 31-83). Most of the participants were diagnosed as myocardial infarction (91.2%), rest with unstable angina (6.5%) and stable angina (2.4%). The multivariate analysis shows age (p<0.001), health behaviors (p<0.001) and knowledge of the disease (p<0.001) were statistically significant predictors to cardiac self-efficacy. Every 1-year increase in age was associated with 0.23 units increase in cardiac self-efficacy score. Similarly, every unit increase in health behavior score and knowledge of disease score was associated with 0.432 units and 0.475 units increase in cardiac self-efficacy score respectively. Conclusion: Age and health behaviors were the strongest predictors of cardiac self-efficacy followed by knowledge of the disease. We conclude that those with poor health behavior are at a greater risk of poorer cardiac self-efficacy compared to those with relatively good level of self-efficacy. Public health interventions such as awareness raising about cardiac disease and health behavior modification along with early screening, diagnosis and appropriate care are essential to improving self-efficacy and cardiac care outcomes.

Self-Efficacy and Health Status in Coronary Artery Disease Patients

Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) impairs all aspects of the patient's life due to the decrease in physical function and lower quality of life, indicating an overall decreased health status. Self-efficacy as a psychological factor plays an important role in individuals maintaining a healthy lifestyle and improving their health status. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between self-efficacy and the health status of coronary artery disease patients.Methods: This study used an observational analytic research design with a cross-sectional approach. This study involved 112 respondents who were coronary artery disease patients in RSD Dr. Soebandi Jember obtained through the incidental sampling method. The data was collected using Cardiac Self-Efficacy (CSE) and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). The data analysis used the Spearman rank test with a 95% CI.Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between self-efficacy and health status (p = 0,001, r = 0.307, α = 0,05). Self-efficacy was in good category (71,41 points) while health status was also in the good category (79,56 points).Conclusion: The low positive correlation between the two variables shows that the higher the value of self-efficacy, the higher the value of health status. Good self-efficacy through healthy living behaviors can increase the health status of coronary heart disease patients. It is important for nurses to improve the psychological aspect of the patients including self-efficacy when optimizing their self-care and health status.

Developing and testing a model of quality of life among chronically-ill, community-dwelling older adults: A structural equation model

PURPOSE

Although healthy ageing aims for better quality of life, the inability of older adults to adequately care for themselves and their health impair the realization of such objective. Moreover, in a collectivist community like the Philippines, the family, community, and Transcendent are inseparable in promoting quality of life. This study developed and tested a model of quality of life (QoL) among chronically-ill, community-dwelling older adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From August to November 2017, a cross-sectional study of 304 chronically-ill, community-dwelling older adults from selected rural communities in the Philippines was conducted. Respondents completed a five-part survey packet composed of the socio-demographic profile, modified Older People's Quality of Life, Spirituality Assessment Scale, Hypertension Self-Care Profile, and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Socio-demographics, community satisfaction, spirituality, and disease self-management accounted 29.00% of QoL, generating a good model (χ²/df = 1.44, RMSEA = 0.038, and PNFI = 0.64). Spirituality (β = 0.34, p < 0.01) was the strongest predictor of QoL, while community satisfaction had both direct (β = 0.26, p < 0.01) and indirect (β = 0.08, p < 0.01) effects. Disease self-management directly (β = 0.15, p = 0.016) influenced QoL. In contrast, longer chronicity and larger family size impair QoL.

CONCLUSION

Quality of life among chronically-ill, community-dwelling older adults is a multi-faceted health construct influenced by socio-demographics, disease self-management, community satisfaction, and spirituality. The presented model highlights the positive effect of disease self-management, community satisfaction, and spirituality which can be utilized in developing appropriate community-based geriatric strategies, policies, and programs. Further, forming collaborative groups with socially-active community elderly and community-based self-care programs can be ventured to address the needs of older adults.

Effectiveness of nurse-led patient-centered care behavioral risk modification on secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Despite establishment of advocacies centered on using patient-centered care to improve disease-related behavioral changes and health outcomes, studies have seldom discussed incorporation of patient-centered care concept in the design of secondary cardiac prevention.

OBJECTIVES

This review aimed to identify, appraise, and examine existing evidence on the effectiveness of nurse-led patient-centered care for secondary cardiac prevention in patients with coronary heart disease.

DESIGN

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials focusing on nurse-led patient-centered care for secondary cardiac prevention was conducted. Primary outcomes were behavioral risks (e.g. smoking, physical activity), secondary outcomes were clinically relevant physiological parameters (e.g. body weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipoproteins), health-related quality of life, mortality, and self efficacy.

DATA SOURCES

Twenty-three English and seven Chinese electronic databases were searched to identify the trials.

REVIEW METHODS

The studies' eligibility and methodological quality were assessed by two reviewers independently according to the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Statistical heterogeneities of the included studies were assessed by Higgins I2 and quantitative pooling was performed when studies showed sufficient comparability.

RESULTS

15 articles on 12 randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Methodological quality of the included studies was fair. Based on the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for experimental studies, the included studies had met a mean of six criteria out the ten in this appraisal tool. The meta-analyses of the included studies revealed that nurse-led patient-centered care had significantly improved patients' smoking habits, adherence toward physical activity advices, and total cholesterol level with medical regime optimization, in short- to medium-term. The intervention was also favorable in improving the patients' health-related quality of life in several domains of SF-36. Furthermore, from single-study results, the intervention was favorable in improving the patients' weight management and alcohol consumption. However, it did not show significant effects on improving the patient's dietary habits, certain cardiac physiological parameters, mortality and self-efficacy. Currently, no addition long-term benefit of the intervention on secondary cardiac prevention was identified.

CONCLUSION

This review has systematically analyzed the effects of nurse-led patient-centered care on patients' behavioral risks, cardiac physiological parameters, mortality, health-related quality of life and self-efficacy. Given limited quantity of existing evidence regarding certain outcomes and long-term follow-up period; cross-trial heterogeneity of the interventions, measurement methods and statistical results; high or unclear risk of bias in some quality dimensions, the effectiveness of the intervention on secondary cardiac prevention remains inconclusive and subject to additional trials and evidences.

Confrontation as a Mediator between Sense of Coherence and Self-management Behaviors among Elderly Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in North China

PURPOSE

Self-management is critical to improve health outcomes of elderly patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Sense of coherence (SOC) is found to be linked with self-management behaviors. However, their deeper relationship is not clear. The purposes of this study were to investigate the association between SOC and self-management behaviors among elderly CHD patients in China, and whether confrontation mediates this association.

METHODS

A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 275 elderly patients with CHD recruited from the cardiology department in a general hospital in North China were surveyed from October 2015 to April 2016. SOC, confrontation, and self-management behaviors were measured using the Chinese version of the SOC scale, subscale of Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire-Confrontation, and the CHD self-management scale, respectively. Correlation analysis and path analysis were conducted to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The mean (±standard deviation) scores of SOC, confrontation, and self-management behaviors were 62.20 (±9.61), 19.55 (±3.15), and 76.17 (±10.63), respectively. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, confrontation, and self-management behaviors were significantly correlated with each other. Path analysis indicated that SOC exerted a direct effect on self-management behaviors, whereas could affect self-management indirectly via confrontation. Bootstrap test result showed that confrontation played a mediating role (β = .20, p < .001) in the relationship between SOC and self-management behaviors.

CONCLUSION

SOC was related to self-management behaviors, whereas confrontation mediated the effect of SOC on self-management behaviors. In practice, the role of confrontation coping should be valued when developing strategies to strengthen SOC and to improve self-management practice among elderly CHD patients.