1
|
Vagin AA, Borisenko MS, Solovskii MV, Tarabukina EB. Synthesis and Properties of Polymeric Rifabutin Forms with Different Types of Polymer–Antibiotic Bonding. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
2
|
Titanji BK, Pillay D, Jolly C. Combination antiretroviral therapy and cell-cell spread of wild-type and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus-1. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:821-834. [PMID: 28141491 PMCID: PMC5657029 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) disseminates between T cells either by cell-free infection or by highly efficient direct cell–cell spread. The high local multiplicity that characterizes cell–cell infection causes variability in the effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs applied as single agents. Whereas protease inhibitors (PIs) are effective inhibitors of HIV-1 cell–cell and cell-free infection, some reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) show reduced potency; however, antiretrovirals are not administered as single agents and are used clinically as combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Here we explored the efficacy of PI- and RTI-based cART against cell–cell spread of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 strains. Using a quantitative assay to measure cell–cell spread of HIV-1 between T cells, we evaluated the efficacy of different clinically relevant drug combinations. We show that combining PIs and RTIs improves the potency of inhibition of HIV-1 and effectively blocks both cell-free and cell–cell spread. Combining drugs that alone are poor inhibitors of cell–cell spread markedly improves HIV-1 inhibition, demonstrating that clinically relevant combinations of ART can inhibit this mode of HIV-1 spread. Furthermore, comparison of wild-type and drug-resistant viruses reveals that PI- and RTI-resistant viruses have a replicative advantage over wild-type virus when spreading by cell–cell means in the presence of cART, suggesting that in the context of inadequate drug combinations or drug resistance, cell–cell spread could potentially allow for ongoing viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boghuma Kabisen Titanji
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Deenan Pillay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Africa Centre for Health and Population Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brako F, Mahalingam S, Rami-Abraham B, Craig DQM, Edirisinghe M. Application of nanotechnology for the development of microbicides. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:052001. [PMID: 28032619 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/28/5/052001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The vaginal route is increasingly being considered for both local and systemic delivery of drugs, especially those unsuitable for oral administration. One of the opportunities offered by this route but yet to be fully utilised is the administration of microbicides. Microbicides have an unprecedented potential for mitigating the global burden from HIV infection as heterosexual contact accounts for most of the new infections occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the highest prevalent rates. Decades of efforts and massive investment of resources into developing an ideal microbicide have resulted in disappointing outcomes, as attested by several clinical trials assessing the suitability of those formulated so far. The highly complex and multi-level biochemical interactions that must occur among the virus, host cells and the drug for transmission to be halted means that a less sophisticated approach to formulating a microbicide e.g. conventional gels, etc may have to give way for a different formulation approach. Nanotechnology has been identified to offer prospects for fabricating structures with high capability of disrupting HIV transmission. In this review, predominant challenges seen in microbicide development have been highlighted and possible ways of surmounting them suggested. Furthermore, formulations utilising some of these highly promising nanostructures such as liposomes, nanofibres and nanoparticles have been discussed. A perspective on how a tripartite collaboration among governments and their agencies, the pharmaceutical industry and academic scientists to facilitate the development of an ideal microbicide in a timely manner has also been briefly deliberated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Brako
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK. University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Akil A, Devlin B, Cost M, Rohan LC. Increased Dapivirine tissue accumulation through vaginal film codelivery of dapivirine and Tenofovir. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1533-41. [PMID: 24693866 PMCID: PMC4018102 DOI: 10.1021/mp4007024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 replication inhibitor dapivirine (DPV) is one of the most promising drug candidates being used in topical microbicide products for prevention of HIV-1 sexual transmission. To be able to block HIV-1 replication, DPV must have access to the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme. The window for DPV to access the enzyme happens during the HIV-1 cellular infection cycle. Thus, in order for DPV to exert its anti-HIV activity, it must be present in the mucosal tissue or cells where HIV-1 infection occurs. A dosage form containing DPV must be able to deliver the drug to the tissue site of action. Polymeric films are solid dosage forms that dissolve and release their payload upon contact with fluids. Films have been used as vaginal delivery systems of topical microbicide drug candidates including DPV. For use in topical microbicide products containing DPV, polymeric films must prove their ability to deliver DPV to the target tissue site of action. Ex vivo exposure studies of human ectocervical tissue to DPV film revealed that DPV was released from the film and did diffuse into the tissue in a concentration dependent manner indicating a process of passive diffusion. Analysis of drug distribution in the tissue revealed that DPV accumulated mostly at the basal layer of the epithelium infiltrating the upper part of the stroma. Furthermore, as a combination microbicide product, codelivery of DPV and TFV from a polymeric film resulted in a significant increase in DPV tissue concentration [14.21 (single entity film) and 31.03 μg/g (combination film)], whereas no impact on TFV tissue concentration was found. In vitro release experiments showed that this observation was due to a more rapid DPV release from the combination film as compared to the single entity film. In conclusion, the findings of this study confirm the ability of polymeric films to deliver DPV and TFV to human ectocervical tissue and show that codelivery of the two agents has a significant impact on DPV tissue accumulation. These findings support the use of polymeric films for topical microbicide products containing DPV and/or TFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Akil
- Magee-Womens Research Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Férir G, Huskens D, Palmer KE, Boudreaux DM, Swanson MD, Markovitz DM, Balzarini J, Schols D. Combinations of griffithsin with other carbohydrate-binding agents demonstrate superior activity against HIV Type 1, HIV Type 2, and selected carbohydrate-binding agent-resistant HIV Type 1 strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1513-23. [PMID: 22607556 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) are potential HIV microbicidal agents with a high genetic barrier to resistance. We wanted to evaluate whether two mannose-specific CBAs, recognizing multiple and often distinct glycan structures on the HIV envelope gp120, can interact synergistically against HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-1 strains that were selected for resistance against particular CBAs [i.e., 2G12 mAb and microvirin (MVN)]. Paired CBA/CBA combinations mainly showed synergistic activity against both wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-2 but also 2G12 mAb- and MVN-resistant HIV-1 strains as based on the median effect principle with combination indices (CIs) ranging between 0.29 and 0.97. Upon combination, an increase in antiviral potency of griffithsin (GRFT) up to ∼12-fold (against HIV-1), ∼8-fold (against HIV-2), and ∼6-fold (against CBA-resistant HIV-1) was observed. In contrast, HHA/GNA combinations showed additive activity against wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains, but remarkable synergy with HHA and GNA was observed against 2G12 mAb- and MVN-resistant HIV-1 strains (CI, 0.64 and 0.49, respectively). Overall, combinations of GRFT and other CBAs showed synergistic activity against HIV-1, HIV-2, and even against certain CBA-resistant HIV-1 strains. The CBAs tested appear to have distinct binding patterns on the gp120 envelope and therefore do not necessarily compete with each other's glycan binding sites on gp120. As a result, there might be no steric hindrance between two different CBAs in their competition for glycan binding (except for the HHA/GNA combination). These data are encouraging for the use of paired CBA combinations in topical microbicide applications (e.g., creams, gels, or intravaginal rings) to prevent HIV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Huskens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth E. Palmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel M. Boudreaux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael D. Swanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David M. Markovitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
There is an urgent need control the spread of the global HIV pandemic. A microbicide, or topical drug applied to the mucosal environment to block transmission, is a promising HIV prevention strategy. The development of a safe and efficacious microbicide requires a thorough understanding of the mucosal environment and its role in HIV transmission. Knowledge of the key events in viral infection identifies points at which the virus might be most effectively targeted by a microbicide. The cervicovaginal and rectal mucosa play an important role in the innate defense against HIV, and microbicides must not interfere with these functions. In this review, we discuss the current research on HIV microbicide development.
Collapse
|
7
|
Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Quiterio M, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and anti-HIV activities of glutamate and peptide conjugates of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2672-87. [PMID: 22352809 DOI: 10.1021/jm201551m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mono-, di-, and trinucleoside conjugates of glutamate or peptide scaffolds containing nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. Among dinucleoside glutamate ester derivatives, N-myristoylated derivatives showed significantly higher anti-HIV activity than the corresponding N-acetylated conjugates against cell-free virus. Myristoyl-Glu(3TC)-FLT (46, EC(50) = 0.3-0.6 μM) and myristoyl-Glu(FTC)-FLT (47, EC(50) = 0.1-0.4 μM) derivatives were the most active glutamate-dinucleoside conjugates. A trinucleoside glutamate derivative containing AZT, FLT, and 3TC (34, EC(50) = 0.9-1.4 μM) exhibited higher anti-HIV activity than AZT and 3TC against cell-free virus. Compound 34 also exhibited higher anti-HIV activity against multidrug (IC(50) = 5.9 nM) and NNRTI (IC(50) = 12.9 nM) resistant viruses than parent nucleosides. The physical mixture containing FLT-succinate, AZT, 3TC, and glutamic acid exhibited 115-fold less activity against cell associated virus (EC(50) = 91.9 μM) when compared to 34 (EC(50) = 0.8 μM). Other conjugates showed less or comparable potency to that of the corresponding physical mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ketas TJ, Holuigue S, Matthews K, Moore JP, Klasse PJ. Env-glycoprotein heterogeneity as a source of apparent synergy and enhanced cooperativity in inhibition of HIV-1 infection by neutralizing antibodies and entry inhibitors. Virology 2011; 422:22-36. [PMID: 22018634 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We measured the inhibition of infectivity of HIV-1 isolates and derivative clones by combinations of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and other entry inhibitors in a single-cycle-replication assay. Synergy was analyzed both by the current linear and a new non-linear method. The new method reduced spurious indications of synergy and antagonism. Synergy between NAbs was overall weaker than between other entry inhibitors, and no stronger where one ligand is known to enhance the binding of another. However, synergy was stronger for a genetically heterogeneous HIV-1 R5 isolate than for its derivative clones. Enhanced cooperativity in inhibition by combinations, compared with individual inhibitors, correlated with increased synergy at higher levels of inhibition, while being less variable. Again, cooperativity enhancement was stronger for isolates than clones. We hypothesize that genetic, post-translational or conformational heterogeneity of the Env protein and of other targets for inhibitors can yield apparent synergy and increased cooperativity between inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065-4896, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baranova EO, Shastina NS, Shvets VI. Polyanionic inhibitors of HIV adsorption. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:592-608. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
10
|
HIV microbicides: state-of-the-art and new perspectives on the development of entry inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1141-59. [PMID: 21426161 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV at the beginning of the 1980s, numerous efforts have been devoted to the search of an efficient vaccine. There are at least 25 drugs available for HIV treatment, but no cure is available. The observation that therapy for HIV disease is life long and that these drugs are associated with a number of side effects underlines the need for approaches aimed at preventing rather than treating infection. Additionally, the economic burden of treatment for the HIV infection occupies an increasing share of healthcare expenditure, making current practices likely to become difficult to sustain in the long run. Unfortunately, no effective vaccine for this disease is foreseeable in the near future. Microbicides could be an alternate way to build preventative approaches to HIV infection. Strategies based on preventing the virus from reaching its target cells seem to have some room for development and application. In this review we explore the state-of-the-art of available microbicides, focusing on HIV entry inhibitors. In addition, we discuss new compounds that show anti-HIV activity, which could be effective candidates.
Collapse
|
11
|
Combinatorial approaches to the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1831-42. [PMID: 21343462 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00976-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1982 soon led to the identification and development of antiviral compounds to be used in treatment strategies for infected patients. Early in the epidemic, drug monotherapies frequently led to treatment failures because the virus quickly developed resistance to the single drug. Following the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, dramatic improvements in HIV-1-infected patient health and survival were realized as more refined combination therapies resulted in reductions in viral loads and increases in CD4+ T-cell counts. In the absence of an effective vaccine, prevention of HIV-1 infection has also gained traction as an approach to curbing the pandemic. The development of compounds as safe and effective microbicides has intensified and has focused on blocking the transmission of HIV-1 during all forms of sexual intercourse. Initial preclinical investigations and clinical trials of microbicides focused on single compounds effective against HIV-1. However, the remarkable successes achieved using combination therapy to treat systemic HIV-1 infection have subsequently stimulated the study and development of combination microbicides that will simultaneously inhibit multiple aspects of the HIV-1 transmission process by targeting incoming viral particles, virus-infected cells, and cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on existing and developing combination therapies, covering preclinical development, in vitro and in vivo efficacy studies, and subsequent clinical trials. The shift in focus within the microbicide development field from single compounds to combination approaches is also explored.
Collapse
|
12
|
Agarwal HK, Kumar A, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis, antiviral and contraceptive activities of nucleoside–sodium cellulose sulfate acetate and succinate conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6993-7. [PMID: 20965725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Polzer S, van Yperen M, Kirst M, Schwalbe B, Schaal H, Schreiber M. Neutralization of X4- and R5-tropic HIV-1 NL4-3 variants by HOCl-modified serum albumins. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:155. [PMID: 20525179 PMCID: PMC2887905 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an important element of the microbicidal activity of neutrophils, generates hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from H2O2 and chloride, which is released into body fluids. Besides its direct microbicidal activity, HOCl can react with amino acid residues and HOCl-modified proteins can be detected in vivo. Findings This report is based on binding studies of HOCl-modified serum albumins to HIV-1 gp120 and three different neutralization assays using infectious virus. The binding studies were carried out by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and by standard ELISA techniques. Virus neutralization assays were carried out using HIV-1 NL4-3 virus and recombinant strains with CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptor usage. Viral infection was monitored by a standard p24 or X-gal staining assay. Our data demonstrate that HOCl-modified mouse-, bovine- and human serum albumins all bind to the HIV-1 NL4-3 gp120 (LAV) glycoprotein in contrast to non-modified albumin. Binding of HOCl-modified albumin to gp120 correlated to the blockade of CD4 as well as that of V3 loop specific monoclonal antibody binding. In neutralization experiments, HOCl-modified serum albumins inhibited replication and syncytium formation of the X4- and R5-tropic NL4-3 isolates in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions Our data indicate that HOCl-modified serum albumin veils the binding site for CD4 and the V3 loop on gp120. Such masking of the viral gp120/gp41 envelope complex might be a simple but promising strategy to inactivate HIV-1 and therefore prevent infection when HOCl-modified serum albumin is applied, for example, as a topical microbicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Polzer
- Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gold nanoparticles capped with sulfate-ended ligands as anti-HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2718-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Krashias G, Simon AK, Wegmann F, Kok WL, Ho LP, Stevens D, Skehel J, Heeney JL, Moghaddam AE, Sattentau QJ. Potent adaptive immune responses induced against HIV-1 gp140 and influenza virus HA by a polyanionic carbomer. Vaccine 2010; 28:2482-9. [PMID: 20132920 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbopol is a polyanionic carbomer gel used in man for a variety of topical applications and drug delivery purposes. Here we show that subcutaneous administration of carbopol with glycoprotein antigens elicits unusually strong specific adaptive immune responses in mice. Recombinant soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-based antigen formulated in carbopol was at least as potent at stimulating Env-specific B and T cell responses as Freund's Complete Adjuvant, and significantly more potent than aluminium salts. The antigen-specific T cell immune response elicited both Th1 and Th2 cytokines including high titers of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4, and drove a Th1 isotype-switched antibody response. Mice immunized with a low dose of purified influenza HA in carbopol generated high titers of anti-HA antibodies and were protected from lethal challenge and disease with live virus. Similarly, immunization of mice with the melanoma cell line B16F10 formulated in carbopol significantly delayed tumor growth. We propose that carbopol, or related cross-linked polyacrylic acid analogues, may have promise for use as systemic vaccine adjuvants in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Krashias
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
HIV infection rates in the developing world remain a serious problem. One potential approach to reduce infection rates is to use products known as microbicides, referred to herein as microbicide drug products (MDPs). These are drugs capable of, when administered topically to the vagina (or rectum), interfering with infection by one or more mechanisms. This review article covers the latest pharmaceutical developments in the area of microbicides dosage forms and delivery systems. These products are principally designed for use in the developing world and must therefore address cultural and societal issues generally unknown in the developed world. The first-generation microbicides evaluated clinically were principally polyanions. These drugs, administered intravaginally as gels, were found to be ineffective in preventing transmission of HIV from men to women. Second-generation drugs such as tenofovir, dapivirine, and UC781 are reverse transcriptase inhibitors developed as gels formulations and intravaginal rings (IVRs). Gels are considered coitally-related products while IVRs are coitally-independent systems designed to release the drug over a four-week period or possibly longer (up to 3 or 4 months). Other dosage forms under development include fast dissolving films, tablets/capsules, and possibly vaginal sponges. Dual protection systems are also under development. These systems include formulations capable of preventing HIV infection along with a second drug capable of preventing conception or other viral infections such as HSV.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight promising areas of research and preview future generations of microbicides, this review will focus on reports that described new cellular or viral targets, drug substances, or strategies that are specifically intended for topical microbicides. Those reports that dealt with the design, discovery, and synthesis of anti-HIV agents for use in oral or parenteral formulations, while important for the microbicide field, are beyond the scope of this review. RECENT FINDINGS Drug substances intended for topical microbicides are becoming increasingly target specific and, structurally, more complex. New production methods might reduce the cost of microbicides that contain these complex molecules. Genetically engineered probiotic vaginal bacteria express an even wider range of antiviral compounds, perhaps resulting in uninterrupted, coitally independent protection. Combination microbicides that contain two or more drug substances frequently act synergistically. The discovery of new cellular targets such as syndecan-3 might lead to more effective microbicides. SUMMARY Future generations of microbicides will likely contain one or more complex or highly specific drug substances, resulting in safer and more effective products. Since compliance issues continue to confound HIV and herpes simplex virus trials, efforts to bring practical, coitally independent microbicides to developing countries will become a top priority.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jenabian MA, Saïdi H, Charpentier C, Van Herrewege Y, Son JC, Schols D, Balzarini J, Vanham G, Bélec L. In vitro synergistic activity against CCR5-tropic HIV-1 with combinations of potential candidate microbicide molecules HHA, KRV2110 and enfuvirtide (T20). J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:1192-5. [PMID: 19875507 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To block the different mechanisms of HIV mucosal transmission, it is likely that use of several microbicide molecules will lead to the best protection against HIV transmission. Indeed, the combination of microbicides with complementary mechanisms of action is expected to increase the antiviral potency of the formulation. METHODS The gp120-interacting plant lectin HHA ('Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin'), the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor KRV2110 and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T20) were combined in 12 drug associations by using the Ray combination design method. Their activity against HIV-1(BaL) was assessed by the lymphocyte infectivity reduction assay and by the single-cycle BaL pseudovirus (PV) assay. In addition, their cell tolerance was evaluated for HEC-1 and HeLa epithelial cell lines, both originating from genital tissue. RESULTS All evaluated combinations showed synergistic activity in both lymphocyte infectivity reduction and single-cycle BaL PV assays. The combination HHA + KRV2110 resulted in the highest cell viability, whereas the combinations including T20 exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, demonstrating the differential tolerance of epithelial cell lines to the combinations. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide a rational basis for in vitro testing of microbicide candidate molecule combinations, including anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxic cellular assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Université Paris Descartes (Paris V), and Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
De Clercq E. Antiviral drug discovery: Ten more compounds, and ten more stories (part B). Med Res Rev 2009; 29:571-610. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
20
|
Macri RV, Karlovská J, Doncel GF, Du X, Maisuria BB, Williams AA, Sugandhi EW, Falkinham JO, Esker AR, Gandour RD. Comparing anti-HIV, antibacterial, antifungal, micellar, and cytotoxic properties of tricarboxylato dendritic amphiphiles. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3162-8. [PMID: 19307123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three series of homologous dendritic amphiphiles--RCONHC(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(3), 1(n); ROCONHC(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(3), 2(n); RNHCONHC(CH(2)CH(2)COOH)(3), 3(n), where R = n-C(n)H(2n+1) and n = 13-22 carbon atoms--were assayed for their potential to serve as antimicrobial components in a topical vaginal formulation. Comparing epithelial cytotoxicities to the ability of these homologues to inhibit HIV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Candida albicans provided a measure of their prophylactic/therapeutic potential. Measurements of the ability to inhibit Lactobacillus plantarum, a beneficial bacterium in the vagina, and critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), an indicator of the potential detergency of these amphiphiles, provided additional assessments of safety. Several amphiphiles from each homologous series had modest anti-HIV activity (EC(50) = 110-130 microM). Amphiphile 2(18) had the best anti-Neisseria activity (MIC =65 microM), while 1(19) and 1(21) had MICs against C. albicans of 16 and 7.7 microM, respectively. Two measures of safety showed promise as all compounds had relatively low cytotoxic activity (EC(50) = 210-940 microM) against epithelial cells and low activity against L. plantarum, 1(n), 2(n), and 3(n) had MICs490, 1300, and 940 microM, respectively. CMCs measured in aqueous triethanolamine and in aqueous potassium hydroxide showed linear dependences on chain length. As expected, the longest chain in each series had the lowest CMC-in triethanolamine: 1(21), 1500 microM; 2(22), 320 microM; 3(22), 340 microM, and in potassium hydroxide: 1(21), 130 microM; 3(22), 40 microM. The CMC in triethanolamine adjusted to pH 7.4 was 400 microM for 1(21) and 3900 microM for 3(16). The promising antifungal activity, low activity against L. plantarum, relatively high CMCs, and modest epithelial cytotoxicity in addition to their anti-Neisseria properties warrant further design studies with dendritic amphiphiles to improve their safety indices to produce suitable candidates for antimicrobial vaginal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Macri
- Department of Chemistry (0212), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
McCormack S, Taylor D, Richardson B, Darbyshire J, Sattentau Q, Karim QA, Karim SSA, Kharsany A, Lacey C, Nunn A, Weber J. Re: "Enhancement of HIV infection by cellulose sulfate," by Tao et al. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:373; author reply 375-6. [PMID: 19292591 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Doug Taylor
- Family Health International, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barbra Richardson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Quentin Sattentau
- Department of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Salim S. Abdool Karim
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ayesha Kharsany
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew Nunn
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Weber
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Richards C, Tao W, Hamer D. Reply to Dr. McCormack and Colleagues. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Richards
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesday, Maryland 20892
| | - Wang Tao
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesday, Maryland 20892
| | - Dean Hamer
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesday, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fenyö EM, Heath A, Dispinseri S, Holmes H, Lusso P, Zolla-Pazner S, Donners H, Heyndrickx L, Alcami J, Bongertz V, Jassoy C, Malnati M, Montefiori D, Moog C, Morris L, Osmanov S, Polonis V, Sattentau Q, Schuitemaker H, Sutthent R, Wrin T, Scarlatti G. International network for comparison of HIV neutralization assays: the NeutNet report. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4505. [PMID: 19229336 PMCID: PMC2640999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibody assessments play a central role in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine development but it is unclear which assay, or combination of assays, will provide reliable measures of correlates of protection. To address this, an international collaboration (NeutNet) involving 18 independent participants was organized to compare different assays. METHODS Each laboratory evaluated four neutralizing reagents (TriMab, 447-52D, 4E10, sCD4) at a given range of concentrations against a panel of 11 viruses representing a wide range of genetic subtypes and phenotypes. A total of 16 different assays were compared. The assays utilized either uncloned virus produced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (virus infectivity assays, VI assays), or their Env-pseudotyped (gp160) derivatives produced in 293T cells (PSV assays) from molecular clones or uncloned virus. Target cells included PBMC and genetically-engineered cell lines in either a single- or multiple-cycle infection format. Infection was quantified by using a range of assay read-outs that included extracellular or intracellular p24 antigen detection, RNA quantification and luciferase and beta-galactosidase reporter gene expression. FINDINGS PSV assays were generally more sensitive than VI assays, but there were important differences according to the virus and inhibitor used. For example, for TriMab, the mean IC50 was always lower in PSV than in VI assays. However, with 4E10 or sCD4 some viruses were neutralized with a lower IC50 in VI assays than in the PSV assays. Inter-laboratory concordance was slightly better for PSV than for VI assays with some viruses, but for other viruses agreement between laboratories was limited and depended on both the virus and the neutralizing reagent. CONCLUSIONS The NeutNet project demonstrated clear differences in assay sensitivity that were dependent on both the neutralizing reagent and the virus. No single assay was capable of detecting the entire spectrum of neutralizing activities. Since it is not known which in vitro assay correlates with in vivo protection, a range of neutralization assays is recommended for vaccine evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fenyö
- Department of Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alan Heath
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Harvey Holmes
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Unit of Human Virology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen Donners
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jose Alcami
- Unidad de Immunopatologia del SIDA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vera Bongertz
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Crusz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Malnati
- Unit of Human Virology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christiane Moog
- Pathogénie des infections persistantes, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saladin Osmanov
- WHO-UNAIDS HIV Vaccine Initiative (IVR/HVI), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Polonis
- Department of Vaccine Research, Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruengpung Sutthent
- Faculty of Microbiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, National HIV Repository and Bioinformatic Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Candidate polyanionic microbicides inhibit human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 receptor interactions, cell-free infection, and cell-cell spread. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:678-87. [PMID: 19047654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01550-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of adult T-cell leukemia and inflammatory diseases including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. HTLV-1 can be transmitted through sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission, and exposure to contaminated blood. Microbicides are agents that interfere with microbial infectivity at mucous membranes, and candidates are under development for use against sexually transmitted viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We previously demonstrated that cell surface polyanionic heparan sulfate proteoglycans bind the HTLV-1 envelope glycoprotein surface subunit gp46, facilitating cell-cell and cell-free virus spread in vitro. We now show, using assays for Env-receptor binding inhibition, Env-induced cell-cell fusion, cell-cell virus spread, and pseudotype HTLV-1 infectivity, that the soluble polyanions PRO 2000 and dextran sulfate are potent inhibitors of HTLV-1 spread in vitro, with PRO 2000 being the more promising candidate. The results of these studies suggest that candidate topical microbicides may be of use in reducing HTLV-1 sexual transmission.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghosh T, Chattopadhyay K, Marschall M, Karmakar P, Mandal P, Ray B. Focus on antivirally active sulfated polysaccharides: from structure-activity analysis to clinical evaluation. Glycobiology 2008; 19:2-15. [PMID: 18815291 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many compounds having potent antiviral activity in cell culture have been detected and some of these compounds are currently undergoing either preclinical or clinical evaluation. Among these antiviral substances, naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharides and those from synthetic origin are noteworthy. Recently, several controversies over the molecular structures of sulfated polysaccharides, viral glycoproteins, and cell-surface receptors have been resolved, and many aspects of their antiviral activity have been elucidated. It has become clear that the antiviral properties of sulfated polysaccharides are not only a simple function of their charge density and chain length but also their detailed structural features. The in vivo efficacy of these compounds mostly corresponds to their ability to inhibit the attachment of the virion to the host cell surface although in some cases virucidal activity plays an additional role. This review summarizes experimental evidence indicating that sulfated polysaccharides might become increasingly important in drug development for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, University of Burdwan, WB 713 104, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Field HJ, De Clercq E. Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's Current Antiviral Agents FactFile (2nd Edition): DNA Viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:51-62. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020801900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although most of the recent attempts to develop new antiviral agents have been focussed on RNA viruses (in particular, HIV and hepatitis C virus), a few new compounds are now awaiting their entry into the field of DNA viruses, particularly poxviruses, such as variola virus, because of the bioterrorist context, and herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus, where the market scene has for many years been dominated by acyclovir, penciclovir and ganciclovir and their respective orally bioavailable prodrugs: valaciclovir, famciclovir and valganciclovir. Here, we review the current ‘state of the art’ with old compounds ready to rotate off and new compounds eagerly awaiting to appear on the continuously evolving scene of antiviral drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J Field
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
De Clercq E, Field HJ. Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's Current Antiviral Agents FactFile (2nd Edition): Retroviruses and Hepadnaviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:75-105. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020801900205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are at present exactly 25 compounds that have been formally approved for the treatment of retrovirus (that is HIV) infections: seven nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), one nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI), four non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 10 protease inhibitors (PIs), one core-ceptor inhibitor (CRI), one fusion inhibitor (FI) and one integrase inhibitor (INI). Other compounds expected to be approved for the treatment of HIV infections in the near future are the NNRTI rilpivirine, the CRI vicriviroc and the INI elvitegravir. To obtain synergistic activity, enable lower dosage levels, thus minimizing toxic side effects, and particularly to reduce the risk of drug resistance development, common wisdom dictates that the HIV inhibitors should be used in drug combination regimens. Although, given the number of compounds available, the drug combinations that could be concocted are uncountable, only one triple-drug combination has so far been formulated as single pill to be taken orally once daily, namely Atripla® containing the NtRTI tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, the NRTI emtricitabine and the NNRTI efavirenz. Here, we document these approved compounds along with other HIV-active compounds and, for the first time, compounds whose principal activity is against hepatitis B virus. The logic of this new division being the enzymatic similarity between the reverse transcriptase of HIV and hepatitis B virus; the strategies for the development of antiviral agents to combat them have much in common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugh J Field
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The development of a vaginal (and perhaps a rectal) microbicide would be of major benefit for slowing the global spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). A microbicide is a gel or related device that, when inserted vaginally or rectally, acts to prevent infection of a woman or a man by HIV-1 during sexual intercourse. A practical microbicide must be not only effective, safe, and user-friendly but also economically affordable in the developing world. To date, the performance of microbicide candidates in efficacy trials has been disappointing, but next-generation concepts now in or approaching clinical trials offer improved prospects for efficacy. The most plausible approaches involve topical application of antiretroviral agents with specific activity against HIV-1, compounds similar to drugs used to treat HIV-1 infection. How these inhibitors are applied may also be critical, with sustained-release formulations and vaginal ring delivery systems now becoming a high priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|