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Shawky H, El-Shenawy R, Helmy NM. Circulating macrophage inflammatory protein-1β/IL-12p40 ratio predicts sofosbuvir-based treatment outcome in HCV- genotype 4 patients. Hum Antibodies 2021; 29:263-274. [PMID: 34511496 DOI: 10.3233/hab-211504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of baseline macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β/IL12p40 ratio for antiviral treatment outcome in HCV genotype 4 patients. METHODS Sera of 450 treatment-naïve chronic HCV patients and 50 healthy individuals were collected. Liver transaminases, total bilirubin and albumin were biochemically tested, viral RNA was quantified, and circulating MIP-1β and IL-12p40 were estimated using human anti-MIP-1β and IL-12p40 antibodies in Sandwich ELISA. RESULTS No difference was observed in the baseline chemokines levels between responders and relapsers, but the later had a significantly higher MIP-1β/IL-12p40 ratio (P< 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis of baseline characteristics showed that gender, age, viral load, albumin level and chemokine ratios can significantly predict treatment outcome (P= 0.0114, 0.0095, 0.042, 0.0004 and < 0.0001; respectively). Accordingly, a predictive threshold of baseline chemokine ratio was calculated and it showed an AUC of 0.6917 (P= 0.0108; 95% CI: 0.5566 to 0.8268). The calculated threshold for predicting virologic response was 8.245, with positive and negative predictive values of 92.98% and 100%; respectively. The chemokine ratios had significant correlations with liver transaminases in treated groups whether pre or post-treatment. CONCLUSION Baseline MIP-1β/IL-12p40 ratio represents a non-invasive prognostic biomarker that would provide shorter treatment duration and minimizes the emergence of drug-resistant variants in HCV genotype 4-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Shawky
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries and Drug Research, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem El-Shenawy
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naiera M Helmy
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Boldeanu MV, Siloşi I, Bărbulescu AL, Sandu RE, Geormăneanu C, Pădureanu V, Popescu-Drigă MV, Poenariu IS, Siloşi CA, Ungureanu AM, Dijmărescu AL, Boldeanu L. Host immune response in chronic hepatitis C infection: involvement of cytokines and inflammasomes. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:33-43. [PMID: 32747893 PMCID: PMC7728117 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major health issue worldwide and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is evidence that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is correlated with immune senescence by way of immune activation and chronic inflammation, which lead to increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk, as well as progressive liver damage. Both the innate and adaptive immunity are firmly tied to the prognosis of an infection with HCV and its response to antiviral therapy. HCV is therefore associated with increased pro-inflammatory status, heightened production of cytokines, prolonged systemic inflammation, as well as increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to the progression of hepatic fibrosis and HCC, but also secondary to cardiovascular diseases. Viral hepatic pathology is increasingly considered a disease that is no longer merely limited to the liver, but one with multiple metabolic consequences. Numerous in vitro studies, using experimental models of acute or chronic inflammation of the liver, has brought new information on immunopathological mechanisms resulting from viral infections and have highlighted the importance of involving complex structures, inflammasomes complex, in these mechanisms, in addition to the involvement of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. Beyond obtaining a sustained viral response and halting the aforementioned hepatic fibrosis, the current therapeutic “treat-to-target” strategies are presently focused on immune-mediated and metabolic disorders, to improve the quality of life and long-term prognosis of CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Virgil Boldeanu
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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Khare S, Gokulan K, Williams K, Bai S, Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ. Irreversible effects of trichloroethylene on the gut microbial community and gut-associated immune responses in autoimmune-prone mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:209-220. [PMID: 30187502 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The developing immune system is particularly sensitive to immunotoxicants. This study assessed trichloroethylene (TCE)-induced effects on the gut microbiome and cytokine production during the development in mice. Mice were exposed to TCE (0.05 or 500 μg/mL) at the levels that approximate to environmental or occupational exposure, respectively. Mice were subjected to a continuous developmental exposure to these doses encompassing gestation, lactation and continuing directly in the drinking water postnatally for 154 days (PND154) or PND259. To observe persistence of the effect TCE was removed from the drinking water in a subset of mice on PND154 and were provided regular drinking water until the study terminus (PND259). Abundance of total tissue-associated bacteria reduced only in mice exposed to TCE until PND259. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes did not alter during this continuos exposure; however, cessation of high-dose TCE at PND154 resulted in the increased abundance Bacteroidetes at PND259. Furthermore, high-dose TCE exposure until PND259 resulted in a lower abundance of the genera Bacteroides and Lactobaccilus and increased abundance of genus Bifidobactrium and bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae. TCE exposure until PND154 showed significant changes in the production of interleukin-33; that might play a dual role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis between commensal microbiota and mucosal health. At PND259, interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Eotaxin were altered in both, the continuous exposure and cessation groups, whereas only a cessation group had a higher level of KC that may facilitate infiltration of neutrophils. The irreversible effects of TCE after a period of exposure cessation suggested a unique programming and potential toxicity of TCE even at the environmental level exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Katherine Williams
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Shasha Bai
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gilbert
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Sarah J Blossom
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
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4
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Cheng G, Yuan X, Wang F, Sun Q, Xin Q, Li K, Sun C, Lin Z, Luan Y, Xu Y, Li P, Kong F, Xu D. Association Between the Telomerase rs2736098_TT Genotype and a Lower Risk of Chronic Hepatitis B and Cirrhosis in Chinese Males. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e79. [PMID: 28300824 PMCID: PMC5387758 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is caused by infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and liver cirrhosis (LC) is its most common complication. The accumulated evidence indicates a genetic context of HBV infection phenotypes. Here we determine a potential association of CHB/LC with the genetic variant of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), a key player in aging including immune-senescence. METHODS The study included 227 Chinese CHB patients and 315 sex/age-matched healthy controls. TERT rs2736098 and rs2736100 genotyping was performed using pre-designed TaqMan SNP genotyping assay kits. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was determined using quantitative PCR. RESULTS The rs2736098_CT/CC genotypes were significantly associated with risk of CHB compared to the TT one (OR 2.265, 95% CI 1.202-4.269, P=0.015). A similar association was also found in CHB patients with cirrhosis (CT/CC vs TT: OR 2.398, 95% CI 1.168-4.922, P=0.02). Further analyses showed that the rs2736098_TT genotype difference occurred between male controls and patients (P=0.008) and male CT/CC-carriers exhibited highly increased risk of CHB compared to male controls (CT+CC vs TT, OR 3.182, 95% CI 1.350-7.500, P=0.01). There was no difference in the rs2736100 variants between controls and CHB patients. LTL was not different between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS The TERT rs2736098_TT genotype is associated with a lower CHB and LC risk in Chinese males, which may have implications in CHB pathogenesis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Cheng
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Yuan
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fang Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qing Sun
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qian Xin
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Kailin Li
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chao Sun
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhaomin Lin
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yun Luan
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Feng Kong
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Dawei Xu
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen Y, Shen C, Guha D, Ding M, Kulich S, Ashimkhanova A, Rinaldo C, Seaberg E, Margolick JB, Stosor V, Martínez-Maza O, Gupta P. Identification of the transcripts associated with spontaneous HCV clearance in individuals co-infected with HIV and HCV. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:693. [PMID: 27875997 PMCID: PMC5120459 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the outcome and natural disease progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. While the majority of HCV mono-infected and HCV/HIV co-infected subjects develop chronic HCV infection, 20-46% of mono- and co-infected subjects spontaneously clear HCV infection. The mechanism underlying viral clearance is not clearly understood. Analysis of differential cellular gene expression (mRNA) between HIV-infected patients with persistent HCV infection or spontaneous clearance could provide a unique opportunity to decipher the mechanism of HCV clearance. METHODS Plasma RNA from HIV/HCV co-infected subjects who cleared HCV and those who remained chronically infected with HCV was sequenced using Ion Torrent technology. The sequencing results were analyzed to identify transcripts that are associated with HCV clearance by measuring differential gene expression in HIV/HCV co-infected subjects who cleared HCV and those who remained chronically infected with HCV. RESULTS We have identified plasma mRNA, the levels of which are significantly elevated (at least 5 fold, False Discovery Rate (FDR) <0.05) before HCV infection in subjects who cleared HCV compared to those who remained chronically infected. Upon further analysis of these differentially expressed genes, before and after HCV infection, we found that before HCV infection 12 genes were uniquely upregulated in the clearance group compared to the chronically infected group. Importantly, a number of these 12 genes and their upstream regulators (such as CCL3, IL17D, LBP, SOCS3, NFKBIL1, IRF) are associated with innate immune response functions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that subjects who spontaneously clear HCV may express these unique genes associated with innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA.
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Debjani Guha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Scott Kulich
- Department of Pathology, VA Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa, USA
| | - Aiymkul Ashimkhanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Charles Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Eric Seaberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valentina Stosor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
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Genetic Variation in the IL-6 and HLA-DQB1 Genes Is Associated with Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6530436. [PMID: 27340680 PMCID: PMC4909898 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6530436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Millions of people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide and 30% spontaneously clear the infection. Reasons for HCV clearance without antiviral treatment are not well understood. Methods. Blood was collected for DNA analysis from patients with chronic HCV infection or evidence of spontaneous clearance. To overcome anticipated limitations of small sample size, primary analyses consisted of a candidate gene analysis of 12 preselected genes based on known association with host immunologic response to HCV infection. To further reduce the impact of multiple testing on power, a single likelihood ratio test was conducted for each gene using all associated SNPs assayed on the Illumina Quad 610/660W chip. Step-down permutation methods were used to adjust for multiple testing in all analyses. Results. Ninety-five and 62 patients with HCV chronic infection or spontaneous clearance, respectively, were included for analysis. HLA-DQB1 (p = 1.76⁎10(-5)) and IL-6 (p = 0.0007) genes were significantly associated with spontaneous HCV clearance. IL-28B was not significantly associated with spontaneous clearance (p = 0.17). Conclusion. Our whole-gene analytic strategy identified a previously unreported association of IL-6 with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. We also confirmed the finding that HLA-DQB1 is associated with spontaneous resolution of HCV infection.
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Cytokine Response Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Clearance in HIV Coinfected Patients Initiating Peg Interferon-α Based Therapy. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016; 8:e2016003. [PMID: 26740864 PMCID: PMC4696469 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2016.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection based on peginterferon-α (pegIFNα) and ribavirin induces important changes in cytokine release and T cell activation. Objective Immune response to pegIFNα-ribavirin therapy was explored in patients coinfected by HCV and HIV. Methods Concentrations of 25 cytokines and CD8+ T cell activation were monitored in HCV/HIV coinfected patients classified as sustained virological responders (SVR, n=19) and non-responders (NR, n=11). Results High pretreatment concentrations of IP-10 (CXCL-10) and MCP-1 (CCL-2) were associated with a poor anti-HCV response. PegIFNα-ribavirin therapy increased CD8+ T cell activation and induced significant changes in levels of eleven cytokines related to both Th1 and Th2 responses in SVR (IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12p40/70, IL-13, IP-10, eotaxin, MCP-1) but of only six cytokines in NR (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-12p40/70, IL-13, eotaxin). The highest rise in MIP-1β and MCP-1 levels was observed four weeks after anti-HCV treatment initiation in SVR compared to NR (p=0.002 and p=0.03, respectively), whereas a decrease in IL-8 concentration was associated with treatment failure (p= 0.052). Conclusions Higher and broader cytokine responses to pegIFNα-ribavirin therapy were observed in SVR patients compared to NR. Changes in IL-8, MIP-1β, and MCP-1 serum concentrations may be associated with efficacy of pegIFNα- and ribavirin-based therapies in patients coinfected by HCV and HIV.
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Zhang S, Zhao Y, Yan H, Wu H, Wei L, Zhang Y, Chen X. Pretreatment serum macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 levels predict sustained virological responses to re-treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 33:15-21. [PMID: 25461236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few predictors of the virological response in patients who are re-treated with antiviral therapies. In this study, we evaluated the levels of chemokines that bind to C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and their impact on combination therapy in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Longitudinal analysis of CCR5 chemokines was performed using the multiplex Bio-Rad 27-plex assay in 56 treatment-naïve and 24 treatment-experienced patients with chronic HCV infection during combination therapy with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. A group of healthy donors was included as the control (n=11). RESULTS The pretreatment level of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1) was determined to be an independent predictor, with an ideal predictive threshold for sustained virological response of 95.23 pg/ml. A rapid decline in HCV RNA was observed in patients with a pretreatment MIP-1 level of <95.23 pg/ml, while a slow reduction was measured in patients with levels of ≥95.23 pg/ml (p=0.014). Of note, the dynamics of MIP-1 further indicated that a lower level at baseline and at treatment week 12 was significantly associated with a favorable outcome of antiviral therapy (p=0.014), especially in treatment-experienced patients (p=0.04), while a higher level of MIP-1beta correlated with the elevation of transaminases. CONCLUSIONS Serum MIP-1 is an independent and effective predictor of early and sustained virological response in chronically HCV-infected patients undergoing re-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100000, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100000, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Yan
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100000, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100000, Beijing, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100000, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100000, Beijing, China.
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Liu YL, Du XF, Chen XY, Ma LN, Guo DD, Lu JF, Cao ZH, Zhang YH. Bone marrow suppression or active proliferation? An analysis of neutropenia after pegylated interferon treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 45:939-43. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.835067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variant rs12252-C is associated with severe influenza in Chinese individuals. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1418. [PMID: 23361009 PMCID: PMC3562464 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNP rs12252-C allele alters the function of interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 increasing the disease severity of influenza virus infection in Caucasians, but the allele is rare. However, rs12252-C is much more common in Han Chinese. Here we report that the CC genotype is found in 69% of Chinese patients with severe pandemic influenza A H1N1/09 virus infection compared with 25% in those with mild infection. Specifically, the CC genotype was estimated to confer a sixfold greater risk for severe infection than the CT and TT genotypes. More importantly, because the risk genotype occurs with such a high frequency, its effect translates to a large population-attributable risk of 54.3% for severe infection in the Chinese population studied compared with 5.4% in Northern Europeans. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variants could, therefore, have a strong effect of the epidemiology of influenza in China and in people of Chinese descent. A variant in the IFITM3gene increases the risk of severe influenza, but homozygosity is rare in Caucasians. The authors show that the variant gene is homozygous in 25% of healthy Chinese people, and 69% of those with severe pandemic influenza, suggesting that this gene influences the epidemiology of influenza in South-East Asia.![]()
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