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Shi X, Seidle KA, Simms KJ, Dong F, Chilian WM, Zhang P. Endothelial progenitor cells in the host defense response. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108315. [PMID: 36436689 PMCID: PMC9944665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive injury of endothelial cells in blood vasculature, especially in the microcirculatory system, frequently occurs in hosts suffering from sepsis and the accompanied systemic inflammation. Pathological factors, including toxic components derived from invading microbes, oxidative stress associated with tissue ischemia/reperfusion, and vessel active mediators generated during the inflammatory response, are known to play important roles in mediating endothelial injury. Collapse of microcirculation and tissue edema developed from the failure of endothelial barrier function in vital organ systems, including the lung, brain, and kidney, are detrimental, which often predict fatal outcomes. The host body possesses a substantial capacity for maintaining vascular homeostasis and repairing endothelial damage. Bone marrow and vascular wall niches house endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In response to septic challenges, EPCs in their niche environment are rapidly activated for proliferation and angiogenic differentiation. In the meantime, release of EPCs from their niches into the blood stream and homing of these vascular precursors to tissue sites of injury are markedly increased. The recruited EPCs actively participate in host defense against endothelial injury and repair of damage in blood vasculature via direct differentiation into endothelial cells for re-endothelialization as well as production of vessel active mediators to exert paracrine and autocrine effects on angiogenesis/vasculogenesis. In recent years, investigations on significance of EPCs in host defense and molecular signaling mechanisms underlying regulation of the EPC response have achieved substantial progress, which promotes exploration of vascular precursor cell-based approaches for effective prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced vascular injury as well as vital organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kelly A Seidle
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Simms
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America.
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Block LN, Schmidt JK, Keuler NS, McKeon MC, Bowman BD, Wiepz GJ, Golos TG. Zika virus impacts extracellular vesicle composition and cellular gene expression in macaque early gestation trophoblasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7348. [PMID: 35513694 PMCID: PMC9072346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection at the maternal-placental interface is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including fetal demise and pregnancy loss. To determine how infection impacts placental trophoblasts, we utilized rhesus macaque trophoblast stem cells (TSC) that can be differentiated into early gestation syncytiotrophoblasts (ST) and extravillous trophoblasts (EVT). TSCs and STs, but not EVTs, were highly permissive to productive infection with ZIKV strain DAK AR 41524. The impact of ZIKV on the cellular transcriptome showed that infection of TSCs and STs increased expression of immune related genes, including those involved in type I and type III interferon responses. ZIKV exposure altered extracellular vesicle (EV) mRNA, miRNA and protein cargo, including ZIKV proteins, regardless of productive infection. These findings suggest that early gestation macaque TSCs and STs are permissive to ZIKV infection, and that EV analysis may provide a foundation for identifying non-invasive biomarkers of placental infection in a highly translational model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N. Block
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1223 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI 53715-1299 USA ,grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Present Address: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jenna Kropp Schmidt
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1223 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI 53715-1299 USA
| | - Nicholas S. Keuler
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Megan C. McKeon
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Brittany D. Bowman
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1223 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI 53715-1299 USA ,grid.266813.80000 0001 0666 4105Present Address: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Gregory J. Wiepz
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1223 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI 53715-1299 USA
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1223 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI 53715-1299 USA ,grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA ,grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
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3
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Li X, Li X, Sun R, Gao M, Wang H. Cadmium exposure enhances VE‑cadherin expression in endothelial cells via suppression of ROCK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:355. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Li
- Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Rong Sun
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Mei Gao
- Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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4
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Tanaka T, Mori M, Sekino M, Higashijima U, Takaki M, Yamashita Y, Kakiuchi S, Tashiro M, Morimoto K, Tasaki O, Izumikawa K. Impact of plasma 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a serotonin metabolite, on clinical outcome in septic shock, and its effect on vascular permeability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14146. [PMID: 34238999 PMCID: PMC8266895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is characterized by dysregulated vascular permeability. We hypothesized that the vascular permeability of endothelial cells (ECs) would be regulated by serotonin via serotonin-Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling. We aimed to determine the impact of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) on septic shock as a novel biomarker. Plasma 5-HIAA levels and disease severity indices were obtained from 47 patients with sepsis. The association between 5-HIAA levels and severity indices was analyzed. Permeability upon serotonin stimulation was determined using human pulmonary microvascular ECs. 5-HIAA were significantly higher in septic shock patients than in patients without shock or healthy controls (p = 0.004). These elevated levels were correlated with severity indexes (SOFA score [p < 0.001], APACHE II [p < 0.001], and PaO2:FiO2 [p = 0.02]), and longitudinally associated with worse clinical outcomes (mechanical ventilation duration [p = 0.009] and ICU duration [p = 0.01]). In the experiment, serotonin increased the permeability of ECs, which was inhibited by the ROCK inhibitor (p < 0.001). Serotonin increases vascular permeability of ECs via ROCK signaling. This suggests a novel mechanism by which serotonin disrupts endothelial barriers via ROCK signaling and causes the pathogenesis of septic shock with a vascular leak. Serotonin serves as a novel biomarker of vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tanaka
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Mori
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Motohiro Sekino
- Division of Intensive Care, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Ushio Higashijima
- Division of Intensive Care, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Yamashita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Konosuke Morimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Tasaki
- Acute and Critical Care Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Porcine Sapovirus-Induced Tight Junction Dissociation via Activation of RhoA/ROCK/MLC Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00051-21. [PMID: 33692204 PMCID: PMC8139687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00051-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are a major barrier and also an important portal of entry for different pathogens. Porcine sapovirus (PSaV) induces early disruption of the TJ integrity of polarized LLC-PK cells, allowing it to bind to the buried occludin co-receptors hidden beneath the TJs on the basolateral surface. However, the signaling pathways involved in the PSaV-induced TJ dissociation are not yet known. Here, we found that the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway was activated in polarized LLC-PK cells during the early infection of PSaV Cowden strain in the presence of bile acid. Specific inhibitors of RhoA, ROCK, and MLC restored PSaV-induced reduction of transepithelial resistance, increase of paracellular flux, intracellular translocation of occludin, and lateral membrane lipid diffusion. Moreover, each inhibitor significantly reduced PSaV replication, as evidenced by a reduction in viral protein synthesis, genome copy number, and progeny viruses. The PKC/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK/MYPT signaling pathways, known to dissociate TJs, were not activated during early PSaV infection. Among the above signaling pathways, the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway was only activated by PSaV in the absence of bile acid, and specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway restored early TJ dissociation. Our findings demonstrate that PSaV binding to cell surface receptors activates the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway, which in turn disrupts TJ integrity via the contraction of the actomyosin ring. Our study contributes to understanding how PSaV enters the cells and will aid in developing efficient and affordable therapies against PSaV and other calicivirus infections.IMPORTANCEPorcine sapovirus (PSaV), one of the most important enteric pathogens, is known to disrupt tight junction (TJ) integrity to expose its buried co-receptor occludin in polarized LLC-PK cells. However, the cellular signaling pathways that facilitate TJ dissociation are not yet completely understood. Here, we demonstrate that early infection of PSaV in polarized LLC-PK cells in either the presence or absence of bile acids activates the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway, whose inhibitors reverse the early PSaV infection-induced early dissociation of TJs and reduce PSaV replication. However, early PSaV infection did not activate the PKC/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK/MYPT signaling pathways, which are also known to dissociate TJs. This study provides a better understanding of the mechanism involved in early PSaV infection-induced disruption of TJs, which is important for controlling or preventing PSaV and other calicivirus infections.
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6
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Igarashi N, Honjo M, Kaburaki T, Aihara M. Effects of ROCK Inhibitors on Apoptosis of Corneal Endothelial Cells in CMV-Positive Posner-Schlossman Syndrome Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:5. [PMID: 32749463 PMCID: PMC7441372 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the role of aqueous tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)–RhoA–Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced apoptosis and the barrier function of cultured human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs) in CMV-positive Posner–Schlossman syndrome (CMV+/PSS) patients. Methods Aqueous levels of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, and several other cytokines in 19 CMV+/PSS patients and 20 healthy control subjects were quantitated using a multiplex assay. The expression of active RhoA in hCECs post-CMV infection was determined using western blotting (WB). The expression levels of TNF-α and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in CMV-infected hCECs were examined by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and WB with and without ROCK inhibitors. The apoptotic rate and barrier integrity in CMV-infected hCECs were also examined. Results The expression levels of TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8, and IL-10 were upregulated in the aqueous humor of CMV+/PSS patients, and among these upregulated cytokines aqueous TNF-α was negatively correlated with the number of corneal endothelial cells. In CMV-infected hCECs, upregulation of TNF-α and NF-κB was determined by WB and ICC. In hCECs, CMV infection induced apoptosis and significantly impaired cell–cell contacts, effects that were attenuated by treatment with a ROCK inhibitor. Conclusions Aqueous TNF-α was upregulated in CMV+/PSS patients, which may have triggered corneal endothelial cell loss. Modulation of TNF-α, including its downstream Rho–ROCK signaling, could serve as a novel treatment modality for corneal endothelial cell loss in CMV+/PSS patients.
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7
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Junaid A, Tang H, van Reeuwijk A, Abouleila Y, Wuelfroth P, van Duinen V, Stam W, van Zonneveld AJ, Hankemeier T, Mashaghi A. Ebola Hemorrhagic Shock Syndrome-on-a-Chip. iScience 2019; 23:100765. [PMID: 31887664 PMCID: PMC6941864 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus, for which we lack effective countermeasures, causes hemorrhagic fever in humans, with significant case fatality rates. Lack of experimental human models for Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a major obstacle that hinders the development of treatment strategies. Here, we model the Ebola hemorrhagic syndrome in a microvessel-on-a-chip system and demonstrate its applicability to drug studies. Luminal infusion of Ebola virus-like particles leads to albumin leakage from the engineered vessels. The process is mediated by the Rho/ROCK pathway and is associated with cytoskeleton remodeling. Infusion of Ebola glycoprotein (GP1,2) generates a similar phenotype, indicating the key role of GP1,2 in this process. Finally, we measured the potency of a recently developed experimental drug FX06 and a novel drug candidate, melatonin, in phenotypic rescue. Our study confirms the effects of FX06 and identifies melatonin as an effective, safe, inexpensive therapeutic option that is worth investigating in animal models and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi Junaid
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Huaqi Tang
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Anne van Reeuwijk
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Yasmine Abouleila
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent van Duinen
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Wendy Stam
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands.
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Rotavirus-Induced Early Activation of the RhoA/ROCK/MLC Signaling Pathway Mediates the Disruption of Tight Junctions in Polarized MDCK Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13931. [PMID: 30224682 PMCID: PMC6141481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJ) are a major barrier restricting the entry of various harmful factors including pathogens; however, they also represent an important entry portal for pathogens. Although the rotavirus-induced early disruption of TJ integrity and targeting of TJ proteins as coreceptors are well-defined, the precise molecular mechanisms involved remain unknown. In the present study, infection of polarized MDCK cells with the species A rotavirus (RVA) strains human DS-1 and bovine NCDV induced a redistribution of TJ proteins into the cytoplasm, a reversible decrease in transepithelial resistance, and an increase in paracellular permeability. RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling was identified as activated at an early stage of infection, while inhibition of this pathway prevented the rotavirus-induced early disruption of TJ integrity and alteration of TJ protein distribution. Activation of pMYPT, PKC, or MLCK, which are known to participate in TJ dissociation, was not observed in MDCK cells infected with either rotavirus strain. Our data demonstrated that binding of RVA virions or cogent VP8* proteins to cellular receptors activates RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling, which alters TJ protein distribution and disrupts TJ integrity via contraction of the perijunctional actomyosin ring, facilitating virion access to coreceptors and entry into cells.
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways have been successfully targeted to inhibit proliferation and angiogenesis for cancer therapy. However, kinase deregulation has been firmly demonstrated to play an essential role in virtually all major disease areas. Kinase inhibitor drug discovery programmes have recently broadened their focus to include an expanded range of kinase targets and therapeutic areas. In this Review, we provide an overview of the novel targets, biological processes and disease areas that kinase-targeting small molecules are being developed against, highlight the associated challenges and assess the strategies and technologies that are enabling efficient generation of highly optimized kinase inhibitors.
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Urbano RL, Furia C, Basehore S, Clyne AM. Stiff Substrates Increase Inflammation-Induced Endothelial Monolayer Tension and Permeability. Biophys J 2017; 113:645-655. [PMID: 28793219 PMCID: PMC5550298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness and inflammation are associated with atherosclerosis, and each have individually been shown to increase endothelial monolayer tension and permeability. The objective of this study was to determine if substrate stiffness enhanced endothelial monolayer tension and permeability in response to inflammatory cytokines. Porcine aortic endothelial cells were cultured at confluence on polyacrylamide gels of varying stiffness and treated with either tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) or thrombin. Monolayer tension was measured through vinculin localization at the cell membrane, traction force microscopy, and phosphorylated myosin light chain quantity and actin fiber colocalization. Cell permeability was measured by cell-cell junction confocal microscopy and a dextran permeability assay. When treated with TNFα or thrombin, endothelial monolayers on stiffer substrates showed increased traction forces, vinculin at the cell membrane, and vinculin phosphorylation, suggesting elevated monolayer tension. Interestingly, VE-cadherin shifted toward a smaller molecular weight in endothelial monolayers on softer substrates, which may relate to increased VE-cadherin endocytosis and degradation. Phosphorylated myosin light chain colocalization with actin stress fibers increased in endothelial monolayers treated with TNFα or thrombin on stiffer substrates, indicating elevated cell monolayer contractility. Endothelial monolayers also developed focal adherens intercellular junctions and became more permeable when cultured on stiffer substrates in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines. Whereas each of these effects was likely mitigated by Rho/ROCK, Rho/ROCK pathway inhibition via Y27632 disrupted cell-cell junction morphology, showing that cell contractility is required to maintain adherens junction integrity. These data suggest that stiff substrates change intercellular junction protein localization and degradation, which may counteract the inflammation-induced increase in endothelial monolayer tension and thereby moderate inflammation-induced junction loss and associated endothelial monolayer permeability on stiffer substrates.
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Sato H, Coburn J. Leptospira interrogans causes quantitative and morphological disturbances in adherens junctions and other biological groups of proteins in human endothelial cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005830. [PMID: 28750011 PMCID: PMC5549773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira transmits from animals to humans, causing the zoonotic life-threatening infection called leptospirosis. This infection is reported worldwide with higher risk in tropical regions. Symptoms of leptospirosis range from mild illness to severe illness such as liver damage, kidney failure, respiratory distress, meningitis, and fatal hemorrhagic disease. Invasive species of Leptospira rapidly disseminate to multiple tissues where this bacterium damages host endothelial cells, increasing vascular permeability. Despite the burden in humans and animals, the pathogenic mechanisms of Leptospira infection remain to be elucidated. The pathogenic leptospires adhere to endothelial cells and permeabilize endothelial barriers in vivo and in vitro. In this study, human endothelial cells were infected with the pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni or the saprophyte L. biflexa serovar Patoc to investigate morphological changes and other distinctive phenotypes of host cell proteins by fluorescence microscopy. Among those analyzed, 17 proteins from five biological classes demonstrated distinctive phenotypes in morphology and/or signal intensity upon infection with Leptospira. The affected biological groups include: 1) extracellular matrix, 2) intercellular adhesion molecules and cell surface receptors, 3) intracellular proteins, 4) cell-cell junction proteins, and 5) a cytoskeletal protein. Infection with the pathogenic strain most profoundly disturbed the biological structures of adherens junctions (VE-cadherin and catenins) and actin filaments. Our data illuminate morphological disruptions and reduced signals of cell-cell junction proteins and filamentous actin in L. interrogans-infected endothelial cells. In addition, Leptospira infection, regardless of pathogenic status, influenced other host proteins belonging to multiple biological classes. Our data suggest that this zoonotic agent may damage endothelial cells via multiple cascades or pathways including endothelial barrier damage and inflammation, potentially leading to vascular hyperpermeability and severe illness in vivo. This work provides new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of Leptospira infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sato
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Jenifer Coburn
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Philip AM, Wang Y, Mauro A, El-Rass S, Marshall JC, Lee WL, Slutsky AS, dos Santos CC, Wen XY. Development of a zebrafish sepsis model for high-throughput drug discovery. Mol Med 2017; 23:134-148. [PMID: 28598490 PMCID: PMC5522968 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Current treatment modalities remain largely supportive. Intervention strategies focused on inhibiting specific mediators of the inflammatory host response have been largely unsuccessful, a consequence of an inadequate understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of the innate immune response. Moreover, the conventional drug development pipeline is time consuming and expensive and the low success rates associated with cell-based screens underline the need for whole organism screening strategies, especially for complex pathological processes. Here, we established an LPS-induced zebrafish endotoxemia model, which exhibits the major hallmarks of human sepsis including, edema and tissue/organ damage, increased vascular permeability and vascular leakage accompanied by an altered expression of cellular junction proteins, increased cytokine expression, immune cell activation and ROS production, reduced circulation and increased platelet aggregation. We tested the suitability of the model for phenotype-based drug screening using three primary readouts: mortality, vascular leakage, and ROS production. Preliminary screening identified fasudil, a drug known to protect against vascular leakage in murine models, as a lead hit thereby validating the utility of our model for sepsis drug screens. This zebrafish sepsis model has the potential to rapidly analyze sepsis associated pathologies and cellular processes in the whole organism, as well as to screen and validate large numbers of compounds that can modify sepsis pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju M Philip
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youdong Wang
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio Mauro
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzan El-Rass
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Marshall
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur S Slutsky
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia C dos Santos
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Under a traditional paradigm, only those with the expected background knowledge consume academic literature. The lay press, as well as government and non-government agencies, play a complementary role of extracting findings of high interest or importance and translating them for general viewing. The need for accurate reporting and public advising is paramount when attempting to tackle epidemic outbreaks through behavior change. Yet, public trust in media outlets is at a historic low. The Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model for media reporting on public health emergencies was established in 2005 and has subsequently been used to analyze media reporting on outbreaks of influenza and measles as well as smoking habits and medication compliance. However, no media analysis had yet been performed on the 2013–2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. This study compared the EVD information relayed by lay press sources with general review articles in the academic literature through a mixed-methods analysis. These findings suggest that comprehensive review articles could not serve as a source to clarify and contextualize the uncertainties around the EVD outbreak, perhaps due to adherence to technical accuracy at the expense of clarity within the context of outbreak conditions. This finding does not imply inferiority of the academic literature, nor does it draw direct causation between confusion in review articles and public misunderstanding. Given the erosion of the barriers siloing academia, combined with the demands of today’s fast-paced media environment, contemporary researchers should realize that no study is outside the public forum and to therefore consider shifting the paradigm to take personal responsibility in the process of accurately translating their scientific words into public policy actions to best serve as a source of clarity.
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14
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Fine N, Dimitriou ID, Rullo J, Sandí MJ, Petri B, Haitsma J, Ibrahim H, La Rose J, Glogauer M, Kubes P, Cybulsky M, Rottapel R. GEF-H1 is necessary for neutrophil shear stress-induced migration during inflammation. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:107-119. [PMID: 27738004 PMCID: PMC5057286 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In their work, Fine et al. demonstrate that GEF-H1 is required for the spreading and crawling of neutrophils in response to intravascular blood flow. They uncover a novel mechanism that couples shear stress with Rho-dependent migratory behavior of neutrophils during inflammation. Leukocyte crawling and transendothelial migration (TEM) are potentiated by shear stress caused by blood flow. The mechanism that couples shear stress to migration has not been fully elucidated. We found that mice lacking GEF-H1 (GEF-H1−/−), a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), displayed limited migration and recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed tissues. GEF-H1−/− leukocytes were deficient in in vivo crawling and TEM in the postcapillary venules. We demonstrated that although GEF-H1 deficiency had little impact on the migratory properties of neutrophils under static conditions, shear stress triggered GEF-H1–dependent spreading and crawling of neutrophils and relocalization of GEF-H1 to flotillin-2–rich uropods. Our results identify GEF-H1 as a component of the shear stress response machinery in neutrophils required for a fully competent immune response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1L7, Canada Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Ioannis D Dimitriou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1L7, Canada
| | - Jacob Rullo
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - María José Sandí
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jack Haitsma
- Department of Anesthesiology, VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hisham Ibrahim
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Jose La Rose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Myron Cybulsky
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1L7, Canada Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1L7, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1L7, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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