1
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Deng C, Wang X, Wang T, Liu W, Yuan X, Huang Y, Cao S. Virtual screening and molecular growth guide the design of inhibitors for the influenza virus drug-resistant mutant M2-V27A/S31N. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5253-5267. [PMID: 37424098 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2233026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The influenza A virus matrix protein 2 (AM2) protein is a proton-gated, proton-selective ion channel essential for influenza replication that has been identified as an antiviral target. The drug-resistance of the M2-V27A/S31N strain, which has been growing more prevalent in recent years and has the potential to spread globally, prevents current amantadine inhibitors from having the desired impact. In this study, we compiled the most common influenza A virus strains from 2001-2020 from the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information database and hypothesized that M2-V27A/S31N would become a common strain. The lead compound ZINC299830590 was screened for M2-V27A/S31N in the ZINC15 database using a pharmacophore model and molecular descriptors. This lead compound was then optimized by molecular growth, which allowed us to identify important amino acid residues and create interactions with them to produce compound 4. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the complex of compound 4 and M2-V27A/S31N had certain degrees of stability and flexibility. The binding free energy of compound 4 was calculated using the MM/PB(GB)SA method and totaled -106.525 kcal/mol. Finally, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles were predicted using the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity model, which indicated the good bioavailability of compound 4. These results provide the basis for further in vivo and in vitro studies to demonstrate that compound 4 is a promising drug candidate against M2-V27A/S31N.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Tangle Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Kumar G, Sakharam KA. Tackling Influenza A virus by M2 ion channel blockers: Latest progress and limitations. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116172. [PMID: 38330869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Influenza outbreaks cause pandemics in millions of people. The treatment of influenza remains a challenge due to significant genetic polymorphism in the influenza virus. Also, developing vaccines to protect against seasonal and pandemic influenza infections is constantly impeded. Thus, antibiotics are the only first line of defense against antigenically distinct strains or new subtypes of influenza viruses. Among several anti-influenza targets, the M2 protein of the influenza virus performs several activities. M2 protein is an ion channel that permits proton conductance through the virion envelope and the deacidification of the Golgi apparatus. Both these functions are critical for viral replication. Thus, targeting the M2 protein of the influenza virus is an essential target. Rimantadine and amantadine are two well-known drugs that act on the M2 protein. However, these drugs acquired resistance to influenza and thus are not recommended to treat influenza infections. This review discusses an overview of anti-influenza therapy, M2 ion channel functions, and its working principle. It also discusses the M2 structure and its role, and the change in the structure leads to mutant variants of influenza A virus. We also shed light on the recently identified compounds acting against wild-type and mutated M2 proteins of influenza virus A. These scaffolds could be an alternative to M2 inhibitors and be developed as antibiotics for treating influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India.
| | - Kakade Aditi Sakharam
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
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3
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Romeo R, Legnani L, Chiacchio MA, Giofrè SV, Iannazzo D. Antiviral Compounds to Address Influenza Pandemics: An Update from 2016-2022. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2507-2549. [PMID: 37691217 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230907093501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the world has gained experience of the dangerous effects of pandemic events caused by emerging respiratory viruses. In particular, annual epidemics of influenza are responsible for severe illness and deaths. Even if conventional influenza vaccines represent the most effective tool for preventing virus infections, they are not completely effective in patients with severe chronic disease and immunocompromised and new small molecules have emerged to prevent and control the influenza viruses. Thus, the attention of chemists is continuously focused on the synthesis of new antiviral drugs able to interact with the different molecular targets involved in the virus replication cycle. To date, different classes of influenza viruses inhibitors able to target neuraminidase enzyme, hemagglutinin protein, Matrix-2 (M2) protein ion channel, nucleoprotein or RNAdependent RNA polymerase have been synthesized using several synthetic strategies comprising the chemical modification of currently used drugs. The best results, in terms of inhibitory activity, are in the nanomolar range and have been obtained from the chemical modification of clinically used drugs such as Peramivir, Zanamivir, Oseltamir, Rimantadine, as well as sialylated molecules, and hydroxypyridinone derivatives. The aim of this review is to report, covering the period 2016-2022, the most recent routes related to the synthesis of effective influenza virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Laura Legnani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Salvatore V Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio, Messina, 98166, Italy
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4
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Balewski Ł, Plech T, Korona-Głowniak I, Hering A, Szczesio M, Olczak A, Bednarski PJ, Kokoszka J, Kornicka A. Copper(II) Complexes with 1-(Isoquinolin-3-yl)heteroalkyl-2-ones: Synthesis, Structure and Evaluation of Anticancer, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:8. [PMID: 38203181 PMCID: PMC10779222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Four copper(II) complexes, C1-4, derived from 1-(isoquinolin-3-yl)heteroalkyl-2-one ligands L1-4 were synthesized and characterized using an elemental analysis, IR spectroscopic data as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction data for complex C1. The stability of complexes C1-4 under conditions mimicking the physiological environment was estimated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The antiproliferative activity of both ligands L1-4 and copper(II) compounds C1-4 were evaluated using an MTT assay on four human cancer cell lines, A375 (melanoma), HepG2 (hepatoma), LS-180 (colon cancer) and T98G (glioblastoma), and a non-cancerous cell line, CCD-1059Sk (human normal skin fibroblasts). Complexes C1-4 showed greater potency against HepG2, LS180 and T98G cancer cell lines than etoposide (IC50 = 5.04-14.89 μg/mL vs. IC50 = 43.21->100 μg/mL), while free ligands L1-4 remained inactive in all cell lines. The prominent copper(II) compound C2 appeared to be more selective towards cancer cells compared with normal cells than compounds C1, C3 and C4. The treatment of HepG2 and T98G cells with complex C2 resulted in sub-G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest, respectively, which was accompanied by DNA degradation. Moreover, the non-cytotoxic doses of C2 synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, including etoposide, 5-fluorouracil and temozolomide, in HepG2 and T98G cells. The antimicrobial activities of ligands L2-4 and their copper(II) complexes C2-4 were evaluated using different types of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast species. No correlation was found between the results of the antiproliferative and antimicrobial experiments. The antioxidant activities of all compounds were determined using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging methods. Antiradical tests revealed that among the investigated compounds, copper(II) complex C4 possessed the strongest antioxidant properties. Finally, the ADME technique was used to determine the physicochemical and drug-likeness properties of the obtained complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Balewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Tomasz Plech
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Korona-Głowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Hering
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Szczesio
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Andrzej Olczak
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Patrick J. Bednarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, F.-L. Jahn Strasse 17, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Jakub Kokoszka
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Anita Kornicka
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (Ł.B.); (J.K.)
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5
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Hadinejad F, Morad H, Jahanshahi M, Zarrabi A, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Mostafavi E. A Novel Vision of Reinforcing Nanofibrous Masks with Metal Nanoparticles: Antiviral Mechanisms Investigation. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1-45. [PMID: 37361103 PMCID: PMC10088653 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of spreading viral respiratory disease, especially in case of a pandemic such as coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), has been proved impossible without considering obligatory face mask-wearing protocols for both healthy and contaminated populations. The widespread application of face masks for long hours and almost everywhere increases the risks of bacterial growth in the warm and humid environment inside the mask. On the other hand, in the absence of antiviral agents on the surface of the mask, the virus may have a chance to stay alive and be carried to different places or even put the wearers at risk of contamination when touching or disposing the masks. In this article, the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of some of the potent metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in the role of promising virucidal agents have been reviewed, and incorporation of them in an electrospun nanofibrous structure has been considered an applicable method for the fabrication of innovative respiratory protecting materials with upgraded safety levels. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Hadinejad
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noushirvani University of Technology, Babol, 4714873113 Iran
| | - Hamed Morad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1475886973 Iran
- Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, 4691710001 Iran
| | - Mohsen Jahanshahi
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noushirvani University of Technology, Babol, 4714873113 Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396 Turkey
| | - Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535 Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535 Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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6
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Ltaief H, Ali SB, Mahroug A, Ferretti V, Graça MPF, Belhouchet M. A new copper hybrid compound based on 3,3'-diaminodiphenylsulfone as ligand: Growth, crystal structure, spectroscopic analysis, and thermal behavior. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Synthesis, Structure and Cytotoxic Properties of Copper(II) Complexes of 2-Iminocoumarins Bearing a 1,3,5-Triazine or Benzoxazole/Benzothiazole Moiety. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27217155. [PMID: 36363982 PMCID: PMC9659224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of copper(II) complexes of 2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl-1,3,5-triazines 2a-h, 3-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-imines 4a-b, and 3-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-imines 6a-c were obtained by reacting of appropriate 2-iminocoumarin ligands L1a-h, L3a-b, and L5a-c with 3-fold molar excess of copper(II) chloride. The structure of these compounds was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (2f, 2g, 2h, and 6c). All the synthesized complexes were screened for their activity against five human cancer cell lines: DAN-G, A-427, LCLC-103H, SISO, and RT-4 by using a crystal violet microtiter plate assay and relationships between structure and in vitro cytotoxic activity are discussed. The coordination of 2-iminocoumarins with copper(II) ions resulted in complexes 2a-h, 4a-b, and 6a-c with significant inhibitory properties toward tested tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.04 μM to 15.66 μM. In comparison to the free ligands L1a-h, L3a-b, and L5a-c, the newly prepared Cu(II) complexes often displayed increased activity. In the series of copper(II) complexes of 2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl-1,3,5-triazines 2a-h the most potent compound 2g contained a 4-phenylpiperazine moiety at position 6 of the 1,3,5-triazine ring and an electron-donating diethylamino group at position 7' of the 2-iminocoumarin scaffold. Among the Cu(II) complexes of 3-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-imines 4a-b and 3-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-imines 6a-c the most active was benzoxazole-2-iminocoumarin 4b that also possessed a diethylamino group at position 7' of the 2-iminocoumarin moiety. Moreover, compound 4b was found to be the most prominent agent and displayed the higher potency than cisplatin against tested cell lines.
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8
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Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Sun D, Mao S, Huang J, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhu D, Jia R, Liu M, Zhao XX, Gao Q, Tian B. Functions of Viroporins in the Viral Life Cycle and Their Regulation of Host Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890549. [PMID: 35720341 PMCID: PMC9202500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are virally encoded transmembrane proteins that are essential for viral pathogenicity and can participate in various stages of the viral life cycle, thereby promoting viral proliferation. Viroporins have multifaceted effects on host cell biological functions, including altering cell membrane permeability, triggering inflammasome formation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and evading immune responses, thereby ensuring that the virus completes its life cycle. Viroporins are also virulence factors, and their complete or partial deletion often reduces virion release and reduces viral pathogenicity, highlighting the important role of these proteins in the viral life cycle. Thus, viroporins represent a common drug-protein target for inhibiting drugs and the development of antiviral therapies. This article reviews current studies on the functions of viroporins in the viral life cycle and their regulation of host cell responses, with the aim of improving the understanding of this growing family of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
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9
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McGorman B, Fantoni NZ, O'Carroll S, Ziemele A, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Kellett A. Enzymatic Synthesis of Chemical Nuclease Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotides with Gene-Silencing Applications. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5467-5481. [PMID: 35640595 PMCID: PMC9177962 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) are short, single-stranded oligomers that hybridise to a specific sequence of duplex DNA. TFOs can block transcription and thereby inhibit protein production, making them highly appealing in the field of antigene therapeutics. In this work, a primer extension protocol was developed to enzymatically prepare chemical nuclease TFO hybrid constructs, with gene-silencing applications. Click chemistry was employed to generate novel artificial metallo-nuclease (AMN)-dNTPs, which were selectively incorporated into the TFO strand by a DNA polymerase. This purely enzymatic protocol was then extended to facilitate the construction of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modified TFOs that displayed increased thermal stability. The utility of the enzymatically synthesised di-(2-picolyl)amine (DPA)-TFOs was assessed and compared to a specifically prepared solid-phase synthesis counterpart through gel electrophoresis, quantitative PCR, and Sanger sequencing, which revealed similar recognition and damage properties to target genes. The specificity was then enhanced through coordinated designer intercalators-DPQ and DPPZ-and high-precision DNA cleavage was achieved. To our knowledge, this is the first example of the enzymatic production of an AMN-TFO hybrid and is the largest base modification incorporated using this method. These results indicate how chemical nuclease-TFOs may overcome limitations associated with non-molecularly targeted metallodrugs and open new avenues for artificial gene-editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríonna McGorman
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK
| | - Sinéad O'Carroll
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Anna Ziemele
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK.,Department of Science and Mathematics, Suez University, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining, Engineering, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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10
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Kumar S, Choudhary M. Copper(II) Schiff base complex derived from salen ligand: structural investigation, Hirshfeld surface analysis, anticancer and anti-SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-24. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2076155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
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11
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Kirin V, Demkin A, Sukhikh T, Ilyicheva T, Maksakov V. Cobalt complexes with biguanide derivatives – Synthesis, structure and antiviral activity. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Ha T, Pham TTM, Kim M, Kim YH, Park JH, Seo JH, Kim KM, Ha E. Antiviral Activities of High Energy E-Beam Induced Copper Nanoparticles against H1N1 Influenza Virus. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020268. [PMID: 35055284 PMCID: PMC8779327 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 in the year of 2020 that drastically changed everyone's life has raised the urgent and intense need for the development of more efficacious antiviral material. This study was designed to develop copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) as an antiviral agent and to validate the antiviral activities of developed copper NP. The Cu NPs were synthesized using a high energy electron beam, and the characteristic morphologies and antiviral activities of Cu NPs were evaluated. We found that Cu NPs are of spherical shape and uniformly distributed, with a diameter of around 100 nm, as opposed to the irregular shape of commercially available copper microparticles (Cu MPs). An X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of Cu and no copper oxide II and I in the Cu NPs. A virus inactivation assay revealed no visible viral DNA after 10- and 30-min treatment of H1N1 virus with the Cu NPs. The infectivity of the Cu NPs-treated H1N1 virus significantly decreased compared with that of the Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. The viability of A549 bronchial and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells infected with Cu NPs-treated H1N1 was significantly higher than those infected with Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. We also found cells infected with Cu NPs-treated H1N1 virus exhibited a markedly decreased presence of virus nucleoprotein (NuP), an influenza virus-specific structural protein, compared with cells infected with Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. Taken together, our study shows that Cu NPs are a more effective and efficacious antiviral agent compared with Cu MPs and offer promising opportunities for the prevention of devastatingly infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesung Ha
- Department of Nano Chemical Materials Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea;
- Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Thi Tuyet Mai Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Department of Nano Chemical Materials Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-M.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Eunyoung Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.-M.K.); (E.H.)
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13
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Abstract
Influenza poses a significant burden on society and health care systems. Although antivirals are an integral tool in effective influenza management, the potential for the emergence of antiviral-resistant viruses can lead to uncertainty and hesitation among front-line prescribers and policy makers. Here, we provide an overview of influenza antiviral resistance in context, exploring the key concepts underlying its development and clinical impact. Due to the acute nature of influenza in immunocompetent patients, resistant viruses that develop during antiviral treatment of a single patient ("treatment-emergent resistance") are usually cleared in a relatively short time, with no impact on future antiviral efficacy. In addition, although available data are limited by small numbers of patients, they show that antiviral treatment still provides clinical benefit to the patient within whom resistance emerges. In contrast, the sustained community transmission of resistant variants in the absence of treatment ("acquired resistance") is of greater concern and can potentially render front-line antivirals ineffective. Importantly, however, resistant viruses are usually associated with reduced fitness such that their widespread transmission is relatively rare. Influenza antivirals are an essential part of effective influenza management due to their ability to reduce the risk of complications and death in infected patients. Although antiviral resistance should be taken seriously and requires continuous careful monitoring, it is not comparable to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which can become permanent and widespread, with far-reaching medical consequences. The benefits of antiviral treatment far outweigh concerns of potential resistance, which in the vast majority of cases does not have a significant clinical impact.
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14
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de Paiva REF, Marçal Neto A, Santos IA, Jardim ACG, Corbi PP, Bergamini FRG. What is holding back the development of antiviral metallodrugs? A literature overview and implications for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and future viral outbreaks. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16004-16033. [PMID: 33030464 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In light of the Covid-19 outbreak, this review brings together historical and current literature efforts towards the development of antiviral metallodrugs. Classical compounds such as CTC-96 and auranofin are discussed in depth, as pillars for future metallodrug development. From the recent literature, both cell-based results and biophysical assays against potential viral biomolecule targets are summarized here. The comprehension of the biomolecular targets and their interactions with coordination compounds are emphasized as fundamental strategies that will foment further development of metal-based antivirals. We also discuss other possible and unexplored methods for unveiling metallodrug interactions with biomolecules related to viral replication and highlight the specific challenges involved in the development of antiviral metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael E F de Paiva
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP - 05508-000, Brazil.
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15
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Mechanism and Kinetics of Copper Complexes Binding to the Influenza A M2 S31N and S31N/G34E Channels. Biophys J 2020; 120:168-177. [PMID: 33248127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper(II) is known to bind in the influenza virus His37 cluster in the homotetrameric M2 proton channel and block the proton current needed for uncoating. Copper complexes based on iminodiacetate also block the M2 proton channel and show reduced cytotoxicity and zebrafish-embryo toxicity. In voltage-clamp oocyte studies using the ubiquitous amantadine-insensitive M2 S31N variant, the current block showed fast and slow phases, in contrast to the single phase found for amantadine block of wild-type M2. Here, we evaluate the mechanism of block by copper adamantyl iminodiacitate and copper cyclooctyl iminodiacitate complexes and address whether the complexes can coordinate with one or more of the His37 imidazoles. The current traces were fitted to parametrized master equations. The energetics of binding and the rate constants suggest that the first step is copper complex binding within the channel, and the slow step in the current block is the formation of a Cu-histidine coordination complex. Solution-phase isothermal titration calorimetry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that imidazole binds to the copper complexes. Structural optimization using DFT reveals that the complexes fit inside the channel and project the Cu(II) toward the His37 cluster, allowing one imidazole to form a coordination complex with Cu(II). Electrophysiology and DFT studies also show that the complexes block the G34E amantadine-resistant mutant despite some crowding in the binding site by the glutamates.
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16
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Watkins LC, DeGrado WF, Voth GA. Influenza A M2 Inhibitor Binding Understood through Mechanisms of Excess Proton Stabilization and Channel Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17425-17433. [PMID: 32933245 PMCID: PMC7564090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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Prevalent resistance to inhibitors
that target the influenza A
M2 proton channel has necessitated a continued drug design effort,
supported by a sustained study of the mechanism of channel function
and inhibition. Recent high-resolution X-ray crystal structures present
the first opportunity to see how the adamantyl amine class of inhibitors
bind to M2 and disrupt and interact with the channel’s water
network, providing insight into the critical properties that enable
their effective inhibition in wild-type M2. In this work, we examine
the hypothesis that these drugs act primarily as mechanism-based inhibitors
by comparing hydrated excess proton stabilization during proton transport
in M2 with the interactions revealed in the crystal structures, using
the Multiscale Reactive Molecular Dynamics (MS-RMD) methodology. MS-RMD,
unlike classical molecular dynamics, models the hydrated proton (hydronium-like
cation) as a dynamic excess charge defect and allows bonds to break
and form, capturing the intricate interactions between the hydrated
excess proton, protein atoms, and water. Through this, we show that
the ammonium group of the inhibitors is effectively positioned to
take advantage of the channel’s natural ability to stabilize
an excess protonic charge and act as a hydronium mimic. Additionally,
we show that the channel is especially stable in the drug binding
region, highlighting the importance of this property for binding the
adamantane group. Finally, we characterize an additional hinge point
near Val27, which dynamically responds to charge and inhibitor binding.
Altogether, this work further illuminates a dynamic understanding
of the mechanism of drug inhibition in M2, grounded in the fundamental
properties that enable the channel to transport and stabilize excess
protons, with critical implications for future drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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17
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Eremina JA, Lider EV, Sukhikh TS, Klyushova LS, Perepechaeva ML, Sheven' DG, Berezin AS, Grishanova AY, Potkin VI. Water-soluble copper(II) complexes with 4,5-dichloro-isothiazole-3-carboxylic acid and heterocyclic N-donor ligands: Synthesis, crystal structures, cytotoxicity, and DNA binding study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Comparative Analyses of the Antiviral Activities of IgG and IgA Antibodies to Influenza A Virus M2 Protein. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070780. [PMID: 32698456 PMCID: PMC7411592 DOI: 10.3390/v12070780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 (M2) protein is an antigenically conserved viral envelope protein that plays an important role in virus budding together with another envelope protein, hemagglutinin (HA). An M2-specific mouse monoclonal IgG antibody, rM2ss23, which binds to the ectodomain of the M2 protein, has been shown to be a non-neutralizing antibody, but inhibits plaque formation of IAV strains. In this study, we generated chimeric rM2ss23 (ch-rM2ss23) IgG and IgA antibodies with the same variable region and compared their antiviral activities. Using gel chromatography, ch-rM2ss23 IgA were divided into three antibody subsets: monomeric IgA (m-IgA), dimeric IgA (d-IgA), and trimeric and tetrameric IgA (t/q-IgA). We found that t/q-IgA had a significantly higher capacity to reduce the plaque size of IAVs than IgG and m-IgA, most likely due to the decreased number of progeny virus particles produced from infected cells. Interestingly, HA-M2 colocalization was remarkably reduced on the infected cell surface in the presence of ch-rM2ss23 antibodies. These results indicate that anti-M2 polymeric IgA restricts IAV budding more efficiently than IgG and suggest a role of anti-M2 IgA in cross-protective immunity to IAVs.
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19
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Banti C, Kourkoumelis N, Hatzidimitriou A, Antoniadou I, Dimou A, Rallis M, Hoffmann A, Schmidtke M, McGuire K, Busath D, Kolocouris A, Hadjikakou S. Amantadine copper(II) chloride conjugate with possible implementation in influenza virus inhibition. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Jalily PH, Duncan MC, Fedida D, Wang J, Tietjen I. Put a cork in it: Plugging the M2 viral ion channel to sink influenza. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104780. [PMID: 32229237 PMCID: PMC7102647 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing threat of seasonal and pandemic influenza to human health requires antivirals that can effectively supplement existing vaccination strategies. The M2 protein of influenza A virus (IAV) is a proton-gated, proton-selective ion channel that is required for virus replication and is an established antiviral target. While licensed adamantane-based M2 antivirals have been historically used, M2 mutations that confer major adamantane resistance are now so prevalent in circulating virus strains that these drugs are no longer recommended. Here we review the current understanding of IAV M2 structure and function, mechanisms of inhibition, the rise of drug resistance mutations, and ongoing efforts to develop new antivirals that target resistant forms of M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria H Jalily
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maggie C Duncan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - David Fedida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA
| | - Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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To J, Torres J. Viroporins in the Influenza Virus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070654. [PMID: 31261944 PMCID: PMC6679168 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious virus that causes seasonal epidemics and unpredictable pandemics. Four influenza virus types have been identified to date: A, B, C and D, with only A–C known to infect humans. Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for seasonal influenza epidemics in humans and are responsible for up to a billion flu infections annually. The M2 protein is present in all influenza types and belongs to the class of viroporins, i.e., small proteins that form ion channels that increase membrane permeability in virus-infected cells. In influenza A and B, AM2 and BM2 are predominantly proton channels, although they also show some permeability to monovalent cations. By contrast, M2 proteins in influenza C and D, CM2 and DM2, appear to be especially selective for chloride ions, with possibly some permeability to protons. These differences point to different biological roles for M2 in types A and B versus C and D, which is also reflected in their sequences. AM2 is by far the best characterized viroporin, where mechanistic details and rationale of its acid activation, proton selectivity, unidirectionality, and relative low conductance are beginning to be understood. The present review summarizes the biochemical and structural aspects of influenza viroporins and discusses the most relevant aspects of function, inhibition, and interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jaume Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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22
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Ma C, Wang J. Functional studies reveal the similarities and differences between AM2 and BM2 proton channels from influenza viruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:272-280. [PMID: 29106970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AM2 and BM2 proton channels are attractive antiviral drug targets due to their essential roles during influenza virus replication. Although both AM2 and BM2 are proton-selective ion channels, they share little sequence similarity except for the HXXXW sequence, which suggests that their proton conductance properties might differ. To test this hypothesis, we applied two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiological assays to study the specific conductance, leakage current, channel activation, and inhibition of AM2 and BM2 proton channels. It was found that BM2 channel has a higher specific conductance than AM2 channel at pH5.5. Unlike AM2 channel, whose proton conductance is asymmetric (from viral exterior to interior), BM2 channel is capable of conducting proton in both directions. Moreover, BM2 requires a more acidic pH for channel activation than AM2, as revealed by its lower pKa values. Finally, both AM2 and BM2 can be inhibited by Cu(II) and Cu(I). Overall, the results from this side-by-side comparison of AM2 and BM2 channels reveal the structure-function relationships of these two viroporins, and such information might be important for the designing of novel ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Ma
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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