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Wang Y, Tong Y, Zhang Z, Zheng R, Huang D, Yang J, Zong H, Tan F, Xie Y, Huang H, Zhang X. ViMIC: a database of human disease-related virus mutations, integration sites and cis-effects. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D918-D927. [PMID: 34500462 PMCID: PMC8728280 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of virus-related diseases involve multiple factors, including viral mutation accumulation and integration of a viral genome into the host DNA. With increasing attention being paid to virus-mediated pathogenesis and the development of many useful technologies to identify virus mutations (VMs) and viral integration sites (VISs), much research on these topics is available in PubMed. However, knowledge of VMs and VISs is widely scattered in numerous published papers which lack standardization, integration and curation. To address these challenges, we built a pilot database of human disease-related Virus Mutations, Integration sites and Cis-effects (ViMIC), which specializes in three features: virus mutation sites, viral integration sites and target genes. In total, the ViMIC provides information on 31 712 VMs entries, 105 624 VISs, 16 310 viral target genes and 1 110 015 virus sequences of eight viruses in 77 human diseases obtained from the public domain. Furthermore, in ViMIC users are allowed to explore the cis-effects of virus-host interactions by surveying 78 histone modifications, binding of 1358 transcription regulators and chromatin accessibility on these VISs. We believe ViMIC will become a valuable resource for the virus research community. The database is available at http://bmtongji.cn/ViMIC/index.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuantao Tong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongbin Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Danqi Huang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinxuan Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Zong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fanglin Tan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yujia Xie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Honglian Huang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Zou W, Qian F, Jin F, Li D, Chen J. Characterization of mutations in the reverse transcriptase region of hepatitis B virus in treated and untreated chronic hepatitis B patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:870-877. [PMID: 33236067 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reverse transcriptase (RT) region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the target of antiviral treatment. However, the discrepancy in RT mutations between nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-treated and -untreated chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is un clear. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 119 NA-treated and 135 NA-untreated patients. The sampling time was decided by the clinician. Full-length HBV RT regions were amplified using nest polymerase chain reaction. The mutations within the RT region were analysed by direct sequencing. RESULTS The incidence of RT mutations in treated patients was higher than that in untreated patients (p<0.05). The classic drug-resistant mutations were detected in 44.5% (53/119) of treated patients, which was significantly higher than in untreated patients (6.7% [9/135]) (p<0.05). The non-classical mutations showed their complexity and diversity in both patient groups. Multiple mutations (three or more) were more frequent in treated patients than in untreated patients (p<0.05). Several novel mutations might be related to NA resistance. CONCLUSIONS The selection pressures of NAs accelerated the development of RT mutations, especially within the functional domain. Mutations in the RT region occurred not only at classical sites, but also at other non-classical sites, which might be related to drug resistance and/or viral replication. The biological function and fitness of HBV isolates harbouring these novel mutations need further in vitro and in vivo verification experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fuchu Qian
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongli Li
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Marlet J, Lier C, Roch E, Moreau A, Combe B, Handala L, Lefeuvre S, Maugey M, Elkrief L, d'Alteroche L, Potier P, Brand D, Gaudy-Graffin C. Evolution and phenotypic characterization of whole HBV genome in compliant patients experiencing unexplained entecavir treatment failure. Antiviral Res 2021; 192:105106. [PMID: 34214504 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Entecavir treatment failure can be observed in compliant patients despite an absence of detectable resistance mutations by Pol/RT Sanger sequencing. We hypothesized that these unexplained treatment failures could rely on other mechanisms of viral resistance, especially on mutations selected outside of the Pol/RT domain. Partial virological response to entecavir was observed in three patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs, without selection of Pol/RT resistance mutations. Mutations selected in the whole HBV genome during entecavir treatment and potentially associated with resistance were searched for using deep sequencing and characterized using a phenotypic resistance assay. Mutations Q206K (pre-core/core), Q120K (pre-S1/pre-S2, T-cell epitope) and A300E (spacer domain) were selected during entecavir treatment in patient #1 but were not associated with an increased level of resistance to entecavir or an increase in HBV replication capacity. Core promoter mutations T1753G, A1762T and G1764A were present as major mutations before and after treatment in patient #1. HBs Ag immune escape mutations were present as major mutations before and after treatment in patients #2 (sK122R, sT126I, sP127S and sG145R) and #3 (sM133I). We demonstrated that PVR to entecavir does not require selection of any resistance mutation in the whole HBV genome. Our results demonstrate that major mutations can be selected outside of the Pol/RT domain before or during entecavir treatment. These mutations could contribute to entecavir treatment failure by other mechanisms than an increased level of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Marlet
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France; Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHRU de Tours, France.
| | - Clément Lier
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France; Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHRU de Tours, France
| | | | - Alain Moreau
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Benjamin Combe
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Lynda Handala
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France
| | | | - Morgan Maugey
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Laure Elkrief
- Service D'Hépato-gastroentérologie, CHRU de Tours, France
| | | | - Pascal Potier
- Service D'Hépato-gastroentérologie, CHR D'Orléans, France
| | - Denys Brand
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France; Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Catherine Gaudy-Graffin
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France; Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHRU de Tours, France
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Zhou TC, Liu FW, Fan JH, Zhang SH, Lv SQ, Yu ZY, Zhang YM, Zhang L, Wei J. The association of the heterogeneity of HBV reverse transcriptase quasispecies with antiviral efficacy after treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues for 10 years. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104706. [PMID: 33418145 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the heterogeneity of HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) quasispecies during 10 years of antiviral therapy and their association with antiviral efficacy. Nineteen patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) were enrolled. Based on the antiviral efficacy after 1 year of treatment, 5 patients were grouped into an early virologic response (EVR) group, while 8 patients were grouped into a late virologic response (LVR) group. Furthermore, 6 CHB patients that had undergone antiviral treatment for 10 years were grouped into a virologic breakthrough (VBT) group. The HBV RT from each patient were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. The complexity of the RT gene in the EVR group was significantly higher than that in the LVR (P = 0.0393) and VBT groups (P = 0.0141). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the average branch length of the EVR and LVR groups were significantly greater than that of VBT group (P < 0.001). The complexity (at the nucleotide level) of the RT quasispecies was negatively correlated with the corresponding HBV DNA load (P = 0.0163) at one year post-antiviral treatment. Moreover, both the LVR and VBT groups accumulated more deleterious mutations than the EVR group. After 1 year of NAs treatment, the increased HBV quasispecies complexity and evolutionary topologies, coupled with less deleterious mutations, are likely associated with a favorable efficacy during long-term antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Cheng Zhou
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Feng-Wei Liu
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jing-Hua Fan
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Si-Hang Zhang
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Song-Qin Lv
- Clinical Lab, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Central Lab, Liver Disease Research Center, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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Huang BX, Liu Y, Fan ZP, Si LL, Chen RJ, Wang J, Luo D, Wang FS, Xu DP, Liu XG. Investigation of immune escape-associated mutations of hepatitis B virus in patients harboring hepatitis B virus drug-resistance mutations. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5314-5327. [PMID: 32994690 PMCID: PMC7504243 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i35.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether immune escape-associated mutations in the major hydrophilic region of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) are associated with nucleoside/nucleotide analog resistance.
AIM To evaluate the association between immune escape-associated mutations and nucleoside/nucleotide analog resistance mutations.
METHODS In total, 19440 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, who underwent resistance testing at the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital between July 2007 and December 2017, were enrolled. As determined by sequence analysis, 6982 patients harbored a virus with resistance mutations and 12458 harbored a virus lacking resistance mutations. Phenotypic analyses were performed to evaluate HBsAg production, replication capacity, and drug-induced viral inhibition of patient-derived drug-resistant mutants with or without the coexistence of sA159V.
RESULTS The rate of immune escape-associated mutation was significantly higher in 9 of the 39 analyzed mutation sites in patients with resistance mutations than in patients without resistance mutations. In particular, these mutations were sQ101H/K/R, sS114A/L/T, sT118A/K/M/R/S/V, sP120A/L/Q/S/T, sT/I126A/N/P/S, sM133I/L/T, sC137W/Y, sG145A/R, and sA159G/V. Among these, sA159V was detected in 1.95% (136/6982) of patients with resistance mutations and 1.08% (134/12,458) of patients lacking resistance mutations (P < 0.05). The coexistence of sA159V with lamivudine (LAM) and entecavir (ETV)-resistance mutations in the same viral genome was identified during follow-up in some patients with drug resistance. HBsAg production was significantly lower and the replication capacity was significantly higher, without a significant difference in LAM/ETV susceptibility, in sA159V-containing LAM/ETV-resistant mutants than in their sA159V-lacking counterparts.
CONCLUSION In summary, we observed a close link between the increase in certain immune escape-associated mutations and the development of resistance mutations. sA159V might increase the fitness of LAM/ETV-resistant mutants under environmental pressure in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xia Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics/Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhen-Ping Fan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lan-Lan Si
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rong-Juan Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dong-Ping Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics/Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
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Chen R, Liu Y, Luo D, Si L, Huang B, Wang J, Li X, Cheng F, Xu D, Duan C. Hepatitis B virus mutation pattern rtA181S+T184I+M204I may contribute to multidrug resistance in clinical practice: Analysis of a large cohort of Chinese patients. Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104852. [PMID: 32569703 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to characterize the prevalence and virological features of the rtA181S + T184I + M204I mutant in a large cohort of patients with chronic HBV infection. In total, 22,009 nucleoside/nucleotide analog-treated patients who underwent resistance testing at the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital between 2007 and 2016 were enrolled. Serum samples were collected for HBV reverse-transcriptase gene sequencing. Phenotypic analysis of the viral replication capacity and drug susceptibility was performed. The rtA181S mutation was detected in 0.82% (180/22,009) of samples. rtA181S-positive patients had significantly higher lamivudine (LAM), adefovir (ADV), and entecavir (ETV) exposure than rtA181S-negative patients. Of 180 rtA181S-positive patients, 42 had no coexistent resistance mutations, 34 had coexisting LAM-resistance mutation (LAMr), 17 had coexisting ADV-resistance mutation (ADVr), and 86 had coexisting ETV-resistance mutation (ETVr), and one had ADVr + ETVr. rtA181S + T184I + M204I occurred in 79.1% (68/86) of patients with rtA181S + ETVr and 37.8% (68/180) of all rtA181S-positive patients. Longitudinal analysis of the clinical course of resistant mutant evolution for four representative cases showed that rtA181S + T184I + M204I developed in all patients who had received LAM/telbivudine ± ADV and was receiving ETV or ADV + ETV. Compared with wild-type, the rtA181S + T184I + M204I mutant had 53.7% lower replication capacity and >1000-, 3.9-, and 383.3-fold greater LAM, ADV, and ETV resistance, respectively, but remained sensitive to tenofovir. Artificial elimination of rtA181S from the rtA181S + T184I + M204I mutant restored viral susceptibility to ADV but decreased viral replication capacity. Our study presented the first evidence that HBV rtA181S + T184I + M204I mutation had features of multidrug-resistance that contributed to resistance to both nucleoside and nucleotide analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Lanlan Si
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bixia Huang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fengjuan Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dongping Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Changzhu Duan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Luo D, Liu Y, Chen R, Niu M, Liu L, Li X, Li Q, Huang B, Wang J, Xu D, Lin S. Investigation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) rtS78T/sC69* mutation in a large cohort of chronic HBV-infected patients with nucleoside/nucleotide analogue treatment. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104579. [PMID: 31398372 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate clinical occurrence and significance of the rtS78T/sC69* mutation of hepatitis B virus (HBV). A total of 22,009 consecutive chronic HBV-infected patients who underwent resistance testing at the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Original name Beijing 302 Hospital) from 2007 to 2016 were enrolled. Serum samples were collected for sequence analysis of HBV reverse-transcriptase (RT) and S regions. Phenotypic analysis was performed to evaluate the viral replication capacity and drug susceptibility. The rtS78T mutation was detected in 0.83% (182/22,009) of the patients' samples. All mutations simultaneously created a stop codon at sC69 (sC69*). The prevalence of rtS78T/sC69* did not differ significantly between the patients with and without entecavir/tenofovir treatment. Of the 182 mutation-positive samples, 41 (22.5%) were detected with signature drug-resistance mutations to adefovir (n = 26), lamivudine (n = 11), entecavir (n = 3), and lamivudine plus adefovir (n = 1). The HBV DNA and RNA levels of the rtS78T/sC69* mutant were significantly increased compared to the wild-type; while the mutant had undetectable secreted and intracellular HBsAg, and its half maximal effective concentration to lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, and tenofovir were 3.73-, 1.61-, 4.76-, and 3.71-fold of the wild-type, respectively. Artificial elimination of the rtS78T mutation had a limited effect on the drug susceptibilities. The data obtained in the present study suggested that the emergence of the rtS78T/sC69* mutation was not closely related to entecavir/tenofovir treatment and itself appeared insufficient to confer drug resistance unless it coexisted with signature drug-resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rongjuan Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Lujie Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bixia Huang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Dongping Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing 302 Hospital), Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Shumei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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