1
|
Li N, Zhang E, Li Z, Lv S, Zhao X, Ke Q, Zou Q, Li W, Wang Y, Guo H, Song T, Sun L. The P53-P21-RB1 pathway promotes BRD4 degradation in liver cancer through USP1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105707. [PMID: 38309505 PMCID: PMC10907170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is notoriously refractory to conventional therapeutics. Tumor progression is governed by the interplay between tumor-promoting genes and tumor-suppressor genes. BRD4, an acetyl lysine-binding protein, is overexpressed in many cancer types, which promotes activation of a pro-tumor gene network. But the underlying mechanism for BRD4 overexpression remains incompletely understood. In addition, understanding the regulatory mechanism of BRD4 protein level will shed insight into BRD4-targeting therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the potential relation between BRD4 protein level and P53, the most frequently dysregulated tumor suppressor. By analyzing the TCGA datasets, we first identify a strong negative correlation between protein levels of P53 and BRD4 in liver cancer. Further investigation shows that P53 promotes BRD4 protein degradation. Mechanistically, P53 indirectly represses the transcription of USP1, a deubiquitinase, through the P21-RB1 axis. USP1 itself is also overexpressed in liver cancer and we show USP1 deubiquitinates BRD4 in vivo and in vitro, which increases BRD4 stability. With cell proliferation assays and xenograft model, we show the pro-tumor role of USP1 is partially mediated by BRD4. With functional transcriptomic analysis, we find the USP1-BRD4 axis upholds expression of a group of cancer-related genes. In summary, we identify a functional P53-P21-RB1-USP1-BRD4 axis in liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Erlei Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suli Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingli Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haocheng Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tanjing Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Lidong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu J, Gui GSW, Yang C, Zhu S, Chen Z, Ma SLB, Yang C, Bu CRL, Zhu Y, Xu W. USP3 inhibition is Active Against Chemo-resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Anchorage-independent Growth via Suppressing Wnt/β-catenin. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:667-675. [PMID: 37921189 DOI: 10.2174/0115665240258296231024112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND USPs are a family of enzymes that regulate protein degradation, and their dysregulation has been implicated in the development and progression of cancer. AIMS This study aimed to determine whether ubiquitin-specific proteases 3 (USP3) could be a potential target for therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), particularly in resistant HCC. This study systematically investigated the role of USP3 in HCC, with a focus on chemo-resistant HCC cells. METHODS The level of USP3 from clinical samples was measured using an ELISA assay. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and anchorage-independent colony formation assays were performed. Transfection was performed to knock down USP3 expression and measure β-catenin activity, and real-time PCR was used to measure levels of MYC and CYCLIN D1 genes. RESULTS USP3 protein was upregulated in HCC tissues, but its upregulation was not associated with clinicopathology. USP3 knockdown had a similar inhibitory effect on growth in both sensitive and resistant HCC cells, did not affect migration, and induced apoptosis in sensitive but not resistant HCC cells. Furthermore, USP3 knockdown was more effective in suppressing anchorage-independent colony formation in chemoresistant HCC cells compared to their chemo-sensitive counterparts. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between USP3 and CTNNB1, and consistently, USP3 knockdown reduced the levels and activities of β-catenin in HCC cells. Using a Wnt activator (lithium) in rescue studies significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of USP3 knockdown. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that inhibiting USP3 is an effective strategy against cancer stem cells and chemo-resistant HCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Xu
- Department of Liver Disease Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge Sang Wang Gui
- Medical Department, Chayu County People's Hospital, Chayu, Xizang, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuchen Zhu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zemin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Suo Lang Bai Ma
- Medical Department, Chayu County People's Hospital, Chayu, Xizang, China
| | - Ci Yang
- Medical Department, Chayu County People's Hospital, Chayu, Xizang, China
| | - Ci Ren Luo Bu
- Medical Department, Chayu County People's Hospital, Chayu, Xizang, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Medical Department, Chayu County People's Hospital, Chayu, Xizang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Zhang F, Zhang X, Li Z, Li Q, Ni T, Wang R, Liu L, He Y, Zhao Y. Transcriptomic analysis of hepatocytes reveals the association between ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1 and yes-associated protein 1 during liver regeneration. Regen Ther 2023; 24:256-266. [PMID: 37534236 PMCID: PMC10391600 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The liver has an excellent ability to regenerate, and disrupted liver regeneration after various injuries leads to an unfavorable prognosis for patients. In this study, we sought to identify novel therapeutic hallmarks that are associated with yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1)-mediated hepatocyte proliferation during the process of liver regeneration. Methods Partial hepatectomy was conducted to induce liver regeneration in rats. Primary hepatocytes were isolated and cultured. Hepatocyte proliferation was assessed using immunohistochemistry staining, and expression of YAP1 was detected. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to search for potential regulators of YAP1. The association between ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1 (USP1) and YAP1 was validated using in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results YAP1 was significantly elevated in regenerative hepatocytes, especially in the nucleus. Knockdown of YAP1 using small interfering RNA or pharmacological inhibition using verteporfin significantly attenuated the proliferation of hepatocytes. The bioinformatics analysis results revealed that USP1 was associated with YAP1-mediated hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. ML-323, a specific inhibitor of USP1-USP1 associated factor 1 (UAF1), significantly decreased the expression of YAP1, Cyclin D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, while these decreased expressions could be rescued by YAP1 overexpression. Furthermore, ML-323 treatment significantly inhibited liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. Conclusions In conclusion, we identified USP1 as a novel biomarker that is associated with YAP1-mediated hepatocyte proliferation in liver regeneration. Pharmacological inhibition of USP1 by ML-323 substantially impairs hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruojing Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liangru Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingli He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingren Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang P, Wang Y, Zhang P, Li Q. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1: assessing its role in cancer therapy. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2953-2966. [PMID: 37093451 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein ubiquitination represents an essential determinator of cellular homeostasis, and the ubiquitin-specific enzymes, particularly deubiquitinases (DUBs), are emerging as promising targets for drug development. DUBs are composed of seven different subfamilies, out of which ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) are the largest family with 56 members. One of the well-characterized USPs is USP1, which contributes to several cellular biological processes including DNA damage response, immune regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. USP1 levels and activity are regulated by multiple mechanisms, including transcription regulation, phosphorylation, autocleavage, and proteasomal degradation, ensuring that the cellular function of USP1 is performed in a suitably modulated spatio-temporal manner. Moreover, USP1 with deregulated expression and activity are found in several human cancers, indicating that targeting USP1 is a feasible therapeutic approach in anti-cancer treatment. In this review, we highlight the essential role of USP1 in cancer development and the regulatory landscape of USP1 activity, which might provide novel insights into cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - YuHan Wang
- Department of Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - PengFei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baek JH, Kim MS, Jung HR, Hwang MS, Lee CH, Han DH, Lee YH, Yi EC, Im SS, Hwang I, Kim K, Chung JY, Chun KH. Ablation of the deubiquitinase USP15 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01036-7. [PMID: 37394587 PMCID: PMC10394025 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs due to the accumulation of fat in the liver, leading to fatal liver diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying NAFLD is critical for its prevention and therapy. Here, we observed that deubiquitinase USP15 expression was upregulated in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and liver biopsies of patients with NAFLD or NASH. USP15 interacts with lipid-accumulating proteins such as FABPs and perilipins to reduce ubiquitination and increase their protein stability. Furthermore, the severity of NAFLD induced by an HFD and NASH induced by a fructose/palmitate/cholesterol/trans-fat (FPC) diet was significantly ameliorated in hepatocyte-specific USP15 knockout mice. Thus, our findings reveal an unrecognized function of USP15 in the lipid accumulation of livers, which exacerbates NAFLD to NASH by overriding nutrients and inducing inflammation. Therefore, targeting USP15 can be used in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Sup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryeon Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dai Hoon Han
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Eugene C Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Ilseon Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyungeun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 03181, South Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bo W, Chen Y. Lenvatinib resistance mechanism and potential ways to conquer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1153991. [PMID: 37153782 PMCID: PMC10157404 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1153991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenvatinib (LVN) has been appoved to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma, differentiated thyroid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma. Further other cancer types also have been tried in pre-clinic and clinic without approvation by FDA. The extensive use of lenvastinib in clinical practice is sufficient to illustrate its important therapeutic role. Although the drug resistance has not arised largely in clinical, the studies focusing on the resistance of LVN increasingly. In order to keep up with the latest progress of resistance caused by LVN, we summerized the latest studies from identify published reports. In this review, we found the latest report about resistance caused by lenvatinib, which were contained the hotspot mechanism such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ferroptosis, RNA modification and so on. The potential ways to conquer the resistance of LVN were embraced by nanotechnology, CRISPR technology and traditional combined strategy. The latest literature review of LVN caused resistance would bring some ways for further study of LVN. We call for more attention to the pharmacological parameters of LVN in clinic, which was rarely and would supply key elements for drug itself in human beings and help to find the resistance target or idea for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Bo
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao J, Guo J, Wang Y, Ma Q, Shi Y, Cheng F, Lu Q, Fu W, Ouyang G, Zhang J, Xu Q, Hu X. Research Progress of DUB Enzyme in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920287. [PMID: 35875077 PMCID: PMC9303014 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to GLOBOCAN 2021 cancer incidence and mortality statistics compiled by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy in the human liver and one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Although there have been great advances in the treatment of HCC, such as regofenib, sorafenib, and lomvatinib, which have been developed and approved for the clinical treatment of advanced or metastatic HCC. However, they only prolong survival by a few months, and patients with advanced liver cancer are susceptible to tumor invasion metastasis and drug resistance. Ubiquitination modification is a type of post-translational modification of proteins. It can affect the physiological activity of cells by regulating the localization, stability and activity of proteins, such as: gene transcription, DNA damage signaling and other pathways. The reversible process of ubiquitination is called de-ubiquitination: it is the process of re-releasing ubiquitinated substrates with the participation of de-ubiquitinases (DUBs) and other active substances. There is growing evidence that many dysregulations of DUBs are associated with tumorigenesis. Although dysregulation of deuquitinase function is often found in HCC and other cancers, The mechanisms of action of many DUBs in HCC have not been elucidated. In this review, we focused on several deubiquitinases (DUBs) associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, including their structure, function, and relationship to hepatocellular carcinoma. hepatocellular carcinoma was highlighted, as well as the latest research reports. Among them, we focus on the USP family and OTU family which are more studied in the HCC. In addition, we discussed the prospects and significance of targeting DUBs as a new strategy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. It also briefly summarizes the research progress of some DUB-related small molecule inhibitors and their clinical application significance as a treatment for HCC in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Guo
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiancheng Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiliang Lu
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Fu
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Ji Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoge Hu, ; Qiuran Xu,
| | - Xiaoge Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoge Hu, ; Qiuran Xu,
| |
Collapse
|