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Teixeira SC, de Souza G, Junior JPDL, Rosini AM, Martínez AFF, Fernandes TADM, Ambrósio SR, Veneziani RCS, Bastos JK, Martins CHG, Barbosa BF, Ferro EAV. Copaifera spp. oleoresins and two isolated compounds (ent-kaurenoic and ent-polyalthic acid) inhibit Toxoplasma gondii growth in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2024; 262:108771. [PMID: 38723847 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis affects about one-third of the world's population. The disease treatment methods pose several side effects and do not efficiently eliminate the parasite, making the search for new therapeutic approaches necessary. We aimed to assess the anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of four Copaifera oleoresins (ORs) and two isolated diterpene acids, named ent-kaurenoic and ent-polyalthic acid. We used HeLa cells as an experimental model of toxoplasmosis. Uninfected and infected HeLa cells were submitted to the treatments, and the parasite intracellular proliferation, cytokine levels and ROS production were measured. Also, tachyzoites were pre-treated and the parasite invasion was determined. Finally, an in silico analysis was performed to identify potential parasite targets. Our data show that the non-cytotoxic concentrations of ORs and diterpene acids controlled the invasion and proliferation of T. gondii in HeLa cells, thus highlighting the possible direct action on parasites. In addition, some compounds tested controlled parasite proliferation in an irreversible manner. An additional and non-exclusive mechanism of action involves the modulation of host cell components, by affecting the upregulation of the IL-6. Additionally, molecular docking suggested that ent-polyalthic acid has a high affinity for the active site of the TgCDPK1 protein. Copaifera ORs have great antiparasitic activity against T. gondii, and this effect can be partially explained by the presence of the isolated compounds ent-kaurenoic and ent-polyalthic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Joed Pires de Lima Junior
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Monteiro Rosini
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Aryani Felixa Fajardo Martínez
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Ricardo Ambrósio
- Nucleus of Research in Technological and Exact Sciences, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Elmahallawy EK, Ali FAZ, Raya-Álvarez E, Fehaid A, Abd El-Razik KA, El Fadaly HAM, El-Khadragy MF, Sayed ASM, Soror AH, Alhegaili AS, Saleh AA, Alkhaldi AAM, Madboli AENA, Agil A, Barakat AM. Ameliorative effects of propolis and wheat germ oil on acute toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected mice are associated with reduction in parasite burden and restoration of histopathological changes in the brain, uterus, and kidney. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1357947. [PMID: 38496314 PMCID: PMC10940321 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1357947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis continues to be a prevalent parasitic zoonosis with a global distribution. This disease is caused by an intracellular parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii, and the development of effective novel drug targets to combat it is imperative. There is limited information available on the potential advantages of wheat germ oil (WGO) and propolis, both individually and in combination, against the acute phase of toxoplasmosis. In this study, acute toxoplasmosis was induced in Swiss albino mice, followed by the treatment of infected animals with WGO and propolis, either separately or in combination. After 10 days of experimental infection and treatment, mice from all groups were sacrificed, and their brains, uteri, and kidneys were excised for histopathological assessment. Additionally, the average parasite load in the brain was determined through parasitological assessment, and quantification of the parasite was performed using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction targeting gene amplification. Remarkably, the study found that treating infected animals with wheat germ oil and propolis significantly reduced the parasite load compared to the control group that was infected but not treated. Moreover, the group treated with a combination of wheat germ oil and propolis exhibited a markedly greater reduction in parasitic load compared to the other groups. Similarly, the combination treatment effectively restored the histopathological changes observed in the brain, uterus, and kidney, and the scoring of these reported lesions confirmed these findings. In summary, the present results reveal intriguing insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of wheat germ oil and propolis in the treatment of acute toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Fatma Abo Zakaib Ali
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Enrique Raya-Álvarez
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Av. de la Investigación s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Alaa Fehaid
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Abd El-Razik
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Manal F. El-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal S. M. Sayed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Ashraf H. Soror
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa S. Alhegaili
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A. Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Abd El-Nasser A. Madboli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biohealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada) and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Alanazi AD, Majeed QAH, Alnomasy SF, Almohammed HI. Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Stachys lavandulifolia Methanolic Extract against Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:355. [PMID: 37505651 PMCID: PMC10384536 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro, in vivo, and safety of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. methanolic extract (SLME) against acute toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in mice. METHODS MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to evaluate the in vitro effect of the SLME on T. gondii tachyzoites. Totally, 72 male BALB/c mice (40 mice for in vivo evaluation of SLME and 32 mice for its toxicity effects on liver and kidney serum enzymes) were used for the present investigation. At first, 40 mice were orally pre-treated with the SLME at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day for two weeks. Mice were checked daily, and the rate of survival and the mean number of tachyzoites were recorded. Liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, the effects on kidney and liver function, as well as the expression level of the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were studied by the quantitative real-time PCR. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the effects of SLME on the detection of apoptotic and necrotic cells in T. gondii tachyzoites. RESULTS The SLME at the concentrations 75 and 150 µg/mL completely killed the tachyzoites after 2 hr of incubation. SLME at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day increased the survival rate of infected mice by the sixth, seventh, and eighth days, respectively. SLME also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the LPO and NO levels and upregulated the IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression levels, whereas no considerable change was observed in the serum level of kidney and liver enzymes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the prompted early and late apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii tachyzoites with various concentrations of SLME. CONCLUSION We found the relevant in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of SLME against T. gondii. Moreover, the results confirmed the promising in vivo prophylactic effects of SLME. SLME provokes the innate immune system, induces apoptosis, modulates the proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibits hepatic injury in infected mice. With all these descriptions, further surveys are required to support these findings and elucidate this plant's possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D Alanazi
- Departmentof Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qais A H Majeed
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Aridiya, Kuwait City 23167, Kuwait
| | - Sultan F Alnomasy
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan I Almohammed
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Almaarfa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
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Al Nasr IS, Corona A, Koko WS, Khan TA, Ben Said R, Daoud I, Rahali S, Tramontano E, Schobert R, Amdouni N, Biersack B. Versatile anti-infective properties of pyrido- and dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-based compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117376. [PMID: 37336083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1H-indeno[2',1':5,6]dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 1H-indeno[2',1':5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was prepared and screened for antiparasitic and viral RNase H inhibitory activity. Several compounds showed considerable activity against Toxoplasma gondii parasites and Leishmania major amastigotes, which warrants further investigation. Based on the structural similarities of certain derivatives with common viral RNase H inhibitors, a HIV-1 RNase H assay was used to study the RNase H inhibition by selected test compounds. Docking of active derivatives into the active site of the HIV-1 RNase H enzyme was carried out. The new compound 2a, inactive in the antiparasitic tests, showed distinct HIV-1 RNase H inhibition. Thus, ring substitution determines antiparasitic or HIV-1 RNase H inhibitory activity of this promising compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Al Nasr
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia; Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Corona
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Waleed S Koko
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ridha Ben Said
- Laboratoire de Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisations des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Daoud
- University Mohamed Khider, Department of Matter Sciences, BP 145 RP, Biskra, Algeria; Laboratory of Natural and Bio-active Substances, Faculty of Science, Tlemcen University, P.O. Box 119, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Seyfeddine Rahali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Noureddine Amdouni
- Laboratoire de Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisations des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Khan TA, Al Nasr IS, Koko WS, Ma J, Eckert S, Brehm L, Ben Said R, Daoud I, Hanachi R, Rahali S, van de Sande WWJ, Ersfeld K, Schobert R, Biersack B. Evaluation of the Antiparasitic and Antifungal Activities of Synthetic Piperlongumine-Type Cinnamide Derivatives: Booster Effect by Halogen Substituents. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300132. [PMID: 37021847 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of synthetic N-acylpyrrolidone and -piperidone derivatives of the natural alkaloid piperlongumine were prepared and tested for their activities against Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii parasites. Replacement of one of the aryl meta-methoxy groups by halogens such as chlorine, bromine and iodine led to distinctly increased antiparasitic activities. For instance, the new bromo- and iodo-substituted compounds 3 b/c and 4 b/c showed strong activity against L. major promastigotes (IC50 =4.5-5.8 μM). Their activities against L. major amastigotes were moderate. In addition, the new compounds 3 b, 3 c, and 4 a-c exhibited high activity against T. gondii parasites (IC50 =2.0-3.5 μM) with considerable selectivities when taking their effects on non-malignant Vero cells into account. Notable antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei was also found for 4 b. Antifungal activity against Madurella mycetomatis was observed for compound 4 c at higher doses. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were carried out, and docking calculations of test compounds bound to tubulin revealed binding differences between the 2-pyrrolidone and 2-piperidone derivatives. Microtubules-destabilizing effects were observed for 4 b in T. b. brucei cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim S Al Nasr
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S Koko
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Simon Eckert
- Department of Genetics, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lucas Brehm
- Department of Genetics, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ridha Ben Said
- Laboratoire de Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisations des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, P.O. Box 53, Ar Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Daoud
- University Mohamed Khider, Department of Matter Sciences, BP 145 RP, Biskra, 07000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Natural and Bio-active Substances, Faculty of Science, Tlemcen University, P.O. Box 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
| | - Riadh Hanachi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, P.O. Box 53, Ar Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seyfeddine Rahali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, P.O. Box 53, Ar Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wendy W J van de Sande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Department of Genetics, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Aly NSM, Kim HS, Marei YM, Elhamshary AS, Bayoumi IR, Omar RE, Mohammed DA, Miyoshi SI, Rashed GA. Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Using Surface Antigen Grade 1 Detection by ELISA, Nano-Gold ELISA, and PCR in Pregnant Women. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1335-1345. [PMID: 36974071 PMCID: PMC10039636 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s401876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The accurate diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has critical importance in pregnant women. Nanotechnology and molecular biology are making possible opportunities for accurate and rapid diagnosis of many infectious diseases. Aim and Methods The aim of our study was to compare nano-gold ELISA with ELISA and PCR for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis using Toxoplasma surface antigen grade 1 (SAG1) in pregnant women seeking antenatal care in outpatient clinics. Results PCR showed the highest diagnostic values than nano-gold ELISA and ELISA regarding sensitivity (97.3% versus 89.2% and 83.8%); specificity (100% versus 94% and 88%); and diagnostic accuracy (98.9% versus 91.95% and 86.2%), respectively. There is no statistical difference between PCR and nanogold ELISA results. Discussion Nano-gold ELISA had a significant improvement in diagnosis than the traditional ELISA method. Most likely with the assistance of nanoparticles, more antibodies enter the antigen-antibody complex because of the considerable improvement in the surface area of nano-gold particles. Conclusion Although PCR had higher diagnostic values than nano ELISA, nano ELISA is cheaper and easier than PCR. We recommend nano-gold ELISA with SAG1 as a promising technique in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and survey studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa S M Aly
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
- Division of International Infectious Diseases Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Correspondence: Nagwa SM Aly, Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Fareed Nada Street, Benha, 13511, Egypt, Tel +2-13-9101186, Email
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Division of International Infectious Diseases Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasmin M Marei
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Azza S Elhamshary
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim R Bayoumi
- Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabab E Omar
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Dina A Mohammed
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Department of Sanitary Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gehan A Rashed
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
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Novel insights on the potential activity of propolis and wheat germ oil against chronic toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Mahdi Ghahari SM, Ajami A, Sadeghizadeh M, Esmaeili Rastaghi AR, Mahdavi M. Nanocurcumin as an adjuvant in killed Toxoplasma gondii vaccine formulation: An experience in BALB/c mice. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khamesipour F, Pourmohammad A, Jafarian-Dehkordi M. Anti- Toxoplasma Effects of Dracocephalum Polychaetum Essential Oil. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:6091834. [PMID: 35879954 PMCID: PMC9308528 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasitic disease with a cosmopolitan prevalence, causing severe health problems. Although chemotherapy for toxoplasmosis is readily available, most have side effects. Objectives This study assesses the Dracocephalum polychaetum essential oil against T. gondii activity. In vitro, the anti-Toxoplasma effects of D. polychaetum essential oils with different concentrations were evaluated. Methods In the present study, T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites were exposed to D. polychaetum essential oil, and their viability effect on the parasite was evaluated. The viability test of tachyzoites was performed by using the staining method trypan blue in vitro. The inhibitory effect of D. polychaetum extract on T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites in the Vero cell line was evaluated. Results D. polychaetum has valuable efficacy in vitro, outperforming pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine at 30 and 90 minutes after exposure (p < 0.05). D. polychaetum essential oil showed anti-Toxoplasma activity in the cell line (IC50: 241.7 μg/mL). After T. gondii-infected Vero cells had been incubated with different concentrations of the D. polychaetum essential oil, their viability decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions In conclusion, D. polychaetum extract as an herbal medicine might be a valuable alternative to routine chemotherapy for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Nemati S, Mohammad Rahimi H, Hesari Z, Sharifdini M, Jalilzadeh Aghdam N, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Formulation of Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-Toxoplasma activity. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:122. [PMID: 35509076 PMCID: PMC9066750 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular zoonotic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, which could be lethal in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to synthesize Neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (NeO-SLNs) and to evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma activity of this component. METHODS The NeO-SLNs were constructed using double emulsification method, and their shape and size distribution were evaluated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. An MTT assay was employed to evaluate the cell toxicity of the component. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of NeO-SLNs was investigated using vital (trypan-blue) staining. Anti-intracellular Toxoplasma activity of NeO-SLNs was evaluated in T. gondii-infected Vero cells. RESULTS The TEM analysis represented round shape NeO-SLNs with clear and stable margins. DLS analysis showed a mean particle size 337.6 nm for SLNs, and most of nanoparticles were in range 30 to 120 nm. The cell toxicity of NeO-SLNs was directly correlated with the concentration of the component (P-value = 0.0013). The concentration of NeO-SLNs, which was toxic for at least 50% of alive T. gondii (cytotoxic concentration (CC50)), was > 10 mg/mL. The ability of NeO-SLNs to kill Toxoplasma was concentration-dependent (P-value < 0.0001), and all concentrations killed at least 70% of alive tachyzoites. Furthermore, the viability of T. gondii- infected Vero cells was inversely correlated with NeO-SLNs concentrations (P-value = 0.0317), and in the concentration 100 μg/mL at least 75% of T. gondii- infected Vero cells remained alive. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings demonstrated that the NeO-SLNs was able to kill T. gondii tachyzoites in concentration 100 μg/mL with a cell toxicity lower than 20%. Such results suggest that employing SLNs as carrier for NeO can effectively kill T. gondii tachyzoites with acceptable cell toxicity. Our findings also showed that SLNs capsulation of the NeO can lead to prolonged release of the extract, suggesting that NeO-SLNs could be also employed to clear cyst stages, which should be further investigated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hesari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Meysam Sharifdini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Effects of a Novel Spider Peptide XYP1 In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080934. [PMID: 34440138 PMCID: PMC8392294 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by an obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most prevalent zoonoses worldwide. Treatments for this disease by traditional drugs have shown numerous side effects, thus effective alternative anti-Toxoplasma strategies or drugs are urgently needed. In this study, a novel spider peptide, XYP1, was identified from the cDNA library of the venom gland of the spider Lycosa coelestis. Our results showed that XYP1 has potent anti-Toxoplasma activity in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, treatment with XYP1 significantly inhibited the viability, invasion and proliferation of tachyzoites with low cytotoxicity (IC50 = 38.79 μΜ) on human host cells, and increased the survival rate of mice acutely infected with T. gondii. Next, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and RNA sequencing were employed to further explore the functional mechanism of XYP1, and the results indicated that XYP1 causes membrane perforation, swelling and disruption of tachyzoites, which could be closely associated with differential expression of several membrane-associated proteins including HSP29. In conclusion, XYP1 may be a promising new drug candidate for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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12
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Khan TA, Koko WS, Al Nasr IS, Schobert R, Biersack B. Activity of Fluorinated Curcuminoids against Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii Parasites. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100381. [PMID: 34197024 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new 3,4-difluorobenzylidene analog of curcumin, CDF, was recently reported, which demonstrated significantly enhanced bioavailability and in vivo anticancer activity compared with curcumin. For highlighting the antiparasitic behavior of CDF, we tested this compound together with its new O-methylated analog MeCDF against Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii parasites. Both CDF and MeCDF were tested in vitro against L. major and T. gondii. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity against Vero cells and macrophages was determined and selectivity indices were calculated. The DPPH radical scavenging activity assay was carried out in order to determine the antioxidant activity of the test compounds. Both compounds showed high activities against both parasite forms with EC50 values in the (sub-)micromolar range (0.35 to 0.8 μM for CDF, 0.31 to 1.2 μM for MeCDF). The higher activity of CDF against L. major amastigotes when compared with MeCDF can in parts be attributed to the antioxidant activity of CDF while MeCDF lacking any antioxidant activity was more active than CDF against T. gondii parasites. In conclusion, CDF and MeCDF are promising antiparasitic drug candidates due to their high activities against L. major and T. gondii parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S Koko
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim S Al Nasr
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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13
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Abdullahi SA, Unyah NZ, Nordin N, Basir R, Nasir WM, Alapid AA, Hassan Y, Mustapha T, Majid RA. Phytochemicals and Potential Therapeutic Targets on Toxoplasma gondii Parasite. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:739-753. [PMID: 31660810 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191029105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of drug target in protozoan T. gondii is an important step in the development of chemotherapeutic agents. Likewise, exploring phytochemical compounds effective against the parasite can lead to the development of new drug agent that can be useful for prophylaxis and treatment of toxoplasmosis. In this review, we searched for the relevant literature on the herbs that were tested against T. gondii either in vitro or in vivo, as well as different phytochemicals and their potential activities on T. gondii. Potential activities of major phytochemicals, such as alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoids and tannins on various target sites on T. gondii as well as other related parasites was discussed. It is believed that the phytochemicals from natural sources are potential drug candidates for the treatment of toxoplasmosis with little or no toxicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Alhassan Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ngah Zasmy Unyah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noshariza Nordin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wana Mohammed Nasir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ashraf Ahmad Alapid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science-Alassaba, University of Gharyan, Gharyan, Libya
| | - Yahaya Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Tijjani Mustapha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yobe State University, Damaturi, Nigeria
| | - Roslaini Abd Majid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Khamesipour F, Razavi SM, Hejazi SH, Ghanadian SM. In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma activity of Dracocephalum kotschyi essential oil. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:522-531. [PMID: 33473313 PMCID: PMC7802582 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide importance, responsible for toxoplasmosis in homeotherms. Although treatment options are readily available, most drugs often cause serious side effects. Extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi) have shown significant pharmacological activity against various parasites, viruses, and bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the anti-T. gondii activity in vitro and in vivo of D. kotschyi essential oil. The thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to assess the anti-T. gondii activity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil. The presence of T. gondii was observed by Giemsa staining, and the viability was evaluated by the trypan blue staining method. Furthermore, the survival rate of acutely infected mice was evaluated by intraperitoneal injecting of the essential oil (50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 day-1) for five days after infection with 2 × 104 tachyzoites. Essential oil, negative, and positive controls that showed the best toxoplasmacidal activity were assayed in triplicate at each concentration. The essential oil exhibited the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.94 ± 0.38 µg, with a selectivity index of 2.463. On Vero cells, the CC50 of the oil was 24.49 ± 0.96 µg and exhibited a significant anti-Toxoplasma activity. Moreover, the treatment by essential oil significantly increased the survival rate compared to untreated infected control. In conclusion, the essential oil might be a useful compound, and with more testing, it may be an excellent alternative to standard chemical drugs in the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and MycologySkin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research CenterSchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Seyed Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of PharmacognosyIsfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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15
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Al Nasr IS, Jentzsch J, Shaikh A, Singh Shuveksh P, Koko WS, Khan TA, Ahmed K, Schobert R, Ersfeld K, Biersack B. New Pyrano-4H-benzo[g]chromene-5,10-diones with Antiparasitic and Antioxidant Activities. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000839. [PMID: 33231345 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania major, and Toxoplasma gondii parasites. The pentafluorophenyl derivative was efficacious against T. brucei with single digit micromolar EC50 values and against T. gondii with even sub-micromolar values. The 3-chloro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl derivative showed an activity against amastigotes of Leishmania major parasites comparable to that of amphotericin B. In addition, antioxidant activities were observed for the bromophenyl derivatives, and their redox behavior was studied by cyclovoltammetry. Anti-parasitic and antioxidative activities of the new naphthoquinone derivatives appear uncorrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Al Nasr
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar, Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Jentzsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Amin Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, 2390-B, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Priti Singh Shuveksh
- Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, 2390-B, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Waleed S Koko
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar, Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar, Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, 2390-B, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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16
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Tan S, Tong WH, Vyas A. Urolithin-A attenuates neurotoxoplasmosis and alters innate response towards predator odor. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 8:100128. [PMID: 34589880 PMCID: PMC8474456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxoplasmosis, also known as cerebral toxoplasmosis, is an opportunistic chronic infection caused by the persistence of parasite Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brain. In wild animals, chronic infection is associated with behavioral manipulation evident by an altered risk perception towards predators. In humans, reactivation of cysts and conversion of quiescent parasites into highly invasive tachyzoites is a significant cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients. However, the current standard therapy for toxoplasmosis is not well tolerated and is ineffective against the parasite cysts. In recent years, the concept of dietary supplementation with natural products derived from plants has gained popularity as a natural remedy for brain disorders. Notably, urolithin-A, a metabolite produced in the gut following consumption of ellagitannins-enriched food such as pomegranate, is reported to be blood-brain barrier permeable and exhibits neuroprotective effects in-vivo. In this study, we investigated the potential of pomegranate extract and urolithin-A as anti-neurotoxoplasmosis agents in-vitro and in-vivo. Treatment with pomegranate extract and urolithin-A reduced the parasite tachyzoite load and interfered with cyst development in differentiated human neural culture. Administration of urolithin-A also resulted in the formation of smaller brain cysts in chronically infected mice. Interestingly, this phenomenon was mirrored by an enhanced risk perception of the UA-treated infected mice towards predatory cues. Together, our findings demonstrate the potential of dietary supplementation with urolithin-A-enriched food as a novel natural remedy for the treatment of acute and chronic neurotoxoplasmosis. Pomegranate extract reduces T. gondii tachyzoite load and cyst formation in-vitro. Urolithin-A, in part, underlies the anti-T. gondii effect of pomegranate extract. Urolithin-A perturbs cyst development in the brain of chronically infected mice. The reduction in brain cyst burden associates with enhanced fear of infected mice towards cat odor. Dietary supplementation with urolithin-A is a potential therapy for neurotoxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Wen Han Tong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ajai Vyas
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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17
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Copaifera spp. oleoresins impair Toxoplasma gondii infection in both human trophoblastic cells and human placental explants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15158. [PMID: 32938966 PMCID: PMC7495442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is the standard care in cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. However, therapy with these drugs is associated with severe and sometimes life-threatening side effects. The investigation of phytotherapeutic alternatives to treat parasitic diseases without acute toxicity is essential for the advancement of current therapeutic practices. The present study investigates the antiparasitic effects of oleoresins from different species of Copaifera genus against T. gondii. Oleoresins from C. reticulata, C. duckei, C. paupera, and C. pubiflora were used to treat human trophoblastic cells (BeWo cells) and human villous explants infected with T. gondii. Our results demonstrated that oleoresins were able to reduce T. gondii intracellular proliferation, adhesion, and invasion. We observed an irreversible concentration-dependent antiparasitic action in infected BeWo cells, as well as parasite cell cycle arrest in the S/M phase. The oleoresins altered the host cell environment by modulation of ROS, IL-6, and MIF production in BeWo cells. Also, Copaifera oleoresins reduced parasite replication and TNF-α release in villous explants. Anti-T. gondii effects triggered by the oleoresins are associated with immunomodulation of the host cells, as well as, direct action on parasites.
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18
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Age-related changes in cerebral congenital toxoplasmosis: Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577384. [PMID: 32919146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis is a widespread worldwide disease producing varying degrees of damage to the fetus including ocular and neurological impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the progress of congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected offspring animal model at different age groups till become adults. To fulfill this aim, the offspring of Me49 T. gondii infected pregnant mice were divided into groups; embryo, infant, young and adult phases. Blood and brain samples were collected for further hormonal and histopathological studies and immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin (SYN). Our results showed several encephalitic changes in the infected groups ranging from gliosis to reduced cortical cell number and fibrinoid degeneration of the brain. We showed increased expression of GFAP and SYN indicating activation of astrocytes and modification of the synaptic function, respectively. These changes started intrauterine following congenital infection and increased progressively afterward. Moreover, infected mice had elevated corticosterone levels. In conclusion, the current study provided new evidences for the cellular changes especially in the infected embryo and highlighted the role of GFAP and SYN that may be used as indicators for T. gondii-related neuropathy.
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19
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Mohammad Rahimi H, Khosravi M, Hesari Z, Sharifdini M, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Anti- Toxoplasma activity and chemical compositions of aquatic extract of Mentha pulegium L. and Rubus idaeus L.: An in vitro study. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3656-3664. [PMID: 32724628 PMCID: PMC7382105 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the chemical compositions of crude aquatic extracts of M. pulegium L. and R. idaeus L., and their anti-Toxoplasma activity. Crude aquatic extraction of aerial parts of R. idaeus L. and M. pulegium L. was performed. GC-MS and HTPLC analyses were carried out. MTT assay was performed on Vero cells treated by different concentrations (Log -10 from 10-1 to 10-6) of the extracts. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of the concentrations was investigated using vital staining. Menthol (99.23%) and limonene (0.227%) were the major compounds of the aquatic extract of M. pulegium L. Phytochemical compositions of R. idaeus L. were terpenoids, esterols, and flavonoids. The cell toxicity of M. pulegium L. was lower than R. idaeus L. (CC50 > 10-2 versus. ≥ 10-4). Aquatic extract of M. pulegium L. showed higher anti-Toxoplasma activity (LC50 ≥ 10-6) than R. idaeus L. (LC50 ≥ 10-5). Statistically significant cell toxicity and anti-Toxoplasma activity (p < .05) were seen regarding the different concentrations of R. idaeus L. and M. pulegium L. Both R. idaeus L. and M. pulegium L. revealed anti-Toxoplasma activities. Cell toxicity of R. idaeus L. was significantly higher than M. pulegium L. M. pulegium L. extract could be more applicable due to its lower cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mojdeh Khosravi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and ParasitologyUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Zahra Hesari
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Meysam Sharifdini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research CenterResearch Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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20
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Esboei BR, Keighobadi M, Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Daryani A, Chabra A, Soosaraei M, Yalveh R. Promising In Vitro Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Effects of Commercial Chitosan. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:151-155. [PMID: 32389115 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200511004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CDATA[Background: Toxoplasmosis is a disease that results from infection with an obligate intracellular T. gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. Considering the complications of chemical drugs and the need for an appropriate drug combination for treatment of toxoplasmosis and considering the antimicrobial potential of chitosan, as a natural source, this study was aimed to evaluate in vitro activity of commercial chitosan (CC) on T. gondii. METHODS In this experimental study, the tachyzoites of T. gondii were collected from the peritoneal exudates from infected Balb/c mice. The tachyzoites were diluted in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution. Chitosan with low molecular weight was commercially purchased. Then, at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL and after 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes, the viability of tachyzoites was determined by using trypan blue 0.1%. Anti-T.gondii activity of CC in all concentrations was significantly higher than pyrimethamine as the control group (P=0.05). RESULTS The concentration of 200 μg/mL of CC had the highest effects and killed 30.5, 52, 59, and 81.5% of tachyzoites after 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Moreover, IC50 values of CC were 515, 171, 12.5, and <10 μg/mL in comparison with pyrimethamine as 58.82 μg/mL for 30, 60, 120, and 180 min of exposure time. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that chitosan in low molecular weight had potent activity against T. gondii tachyzoites and could be an appropriate candidate for the treatment of at least acute toxoplasmosis, certainly, after complementary in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rahimi Esboei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Keighobadi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Aroona Chabra
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Soosaraei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rezwan Yalveh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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21
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Anacleto-Santos J, López-Camacho P, Mondragón-Flores R, Vega-Ávila E, Islas GB, Mondragón-Castelán M, Carrasco-Ramírez E, Rivera-Fernández N. Anti-toxoplasma, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Pleopeltis crassinervata (Fée) T. Moore hexane fraction. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:812-819. [PMID: 32127756 PMCID: PMC7042671 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) causes toxoplasmosis in humans. Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine that are the drugs of choice to treat the disease, produce severe side effects as well as failure treatments because of drug resistance; thus, novel anti-Toxoplasma compounds are needed and natural compounds can be a good source to obtain them, as medicinal plants have been used to control other apicomplexan parasites. Pleopeltis crassinervata (P. crassinervata) is a fern used in some rural areas of Mexico to treat among other malaises, mouth ulcers, gastrointestinal problems and parasites. Therefore, the efficacy of extracts and fractions obtained from P. crassinervata fronds was evaluated on the viability of T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites by the Stytox green method. RH is the prototypical type 1 Toxoplasma strain, isolated for the first time from the brain of a patient boy named R. H. Its phytochemical profile, MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, Hep-2 cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity by ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods, were also assessed. Hexane fraction exhibited the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with an IC50 of 16.90 µg/mL. This fraction did not show antioxidant activity and contained at least 2 terpenoid type compounds with retention factor (Rf) of 0.75 and 0.86. The fraction was not toxic to the host cells in doses up to 50 µg/mL. P. crassinervata frond hexane fraction seems to be a good candidate to obtain possible anti-Toxoplasma compounds. This study is the first to report the biological, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of P. crassinervata fern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhony Anacleto-Santos
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Cuajimalpa 05370, CDMX, México
| | - Perla López-Camacho
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Cuajimalpa 05370, CDMX, México
| | - Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Col Zacatenco 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Elisa Vega-Ávila
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa 09340, CDMX, México
| | - Gustavo Basurto Islas
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato Mex, Campus León, México
| | - Mónica Mondragón-Castelán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Col Zacatenco 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Elba Carrasco-Ramírez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, México
| | - Norma Rivera-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, México
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22
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Al Nasr I, Jentzsch J, Winter I, Schobert R, Ersfeld K, Koko WS, Mujawah AAH, Khan TA, Biersack B. Antiparasitic activities of new lawsone Mannich bases. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900128. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Al Nasr
- College of Science and Arts in Unaizah Qassim University Unaizah Saudi Arabia
- College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass Qassim University Ar Rass Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Jentzsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Isabel Winter
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Waleed S. Koko
- College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass Qassim University Ar Rass Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil A. H. Mujawah
- College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass Qassim University Ar Rass Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A. Khan
- College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass Qassim University Ar Rass Saudi Arabia
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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23
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Anti-parasitic effect on Toxoplasma gondii induced by a spider peptide lycosin-I. Exp Parasitol 2019; 198:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Assolini JP, Concato VM, Gonçalves MD, Carloto ACM, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, Melanda FN, Costa IN. Nanomedicine advances in toxoplasmosis: diagnostic, treatment, and vaccine applications. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1603-1615. [PMID: 28477099 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii that affects about one third of the world's population. The diagnosis of this disease is carried out by parasite isolation and host antibodies detection. However, the diagnosis presents problems in regard to test sensitivity and specificity. Currently, the most effective T. gondii treatment is a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, although both drugs are toxic to the host. In addition to the problems that compromise the effective diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis, there are no reports or indications of any vaccine capable of fully protecting against this infection. Nanomaterials, smaller than 1000 nm, are currently being investigated as an alternative tool in the management of T. gondii infection. This article reviews how recent nanotechnology advances indicate the utility of nanomaterials in toxoplasmosis diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Virginia Márcia Concato
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Francine Nesello Melanda
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ciências Patológicas - Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil.
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