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Rejali M, Dashtaki NM, Ebrahimi A, Heidari A, Maracy MR. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on Climate Regions in Iran (1998-2021): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:120. [PMID: 36798921 PMCID: PMC9926040 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_90_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Climate change can facilitate the expansion of leishmaniasis and create the suitable habitat for vector and reservoir species. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) at the climatic regions of Iran. Materials and Methods The literature search was conducted to identify all published studies reporting the prevalence or incidence of CL in humans in Iran. A total of 350 articles that reported leishmaniasis in Iran were retrieved, due to eligibility criteria, only 42 studies were selected to the final systematic review and meta-analysis procedure. Random effects meta-analysis was done with the estimate of heterogeneity being taken from an inverse-variance model. Subgroup analysis was conducted and it stratified the studies according to climatic regions. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by using I 2 and Cochran's Q method I 2 value of heterogeneity. Meta regression was used to investigate factors potentially contributed the between-study heterogeneity. Results Individual studies showed that prevalence per 100,000 population estimated the range from 1.5 to 318.7 with the overall random pooled prevalence of 83.3 (95% confidence interval 74.5-92.1). Subgroup analysis by climatic regions showed that many studies were conducted in the desert areas and also, it has more prevalent than the other climatic regions. Conclusions Leishmaniasis was more prevalent in regions with dry and desert climates than the other climatic regions. One of the advantages of this work is that the majority of selected studies have been conducted on population-base. However, some of the studies have been designed poorly or have had a lack of internal validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Rejali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nadia Mohammadi Dashtaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Ebrahimi
- Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asieh Heidari
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Mohammad Reza Maracy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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Epidemiological situation analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Batna (northeast): An important focus in Algeria. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100621. [PMID: 34879933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic infection which poses a real public health problem in various countries, including Algeria. We aimed in this study to investigate the current epidemiological situation of CL in the wilaya of Batna (northeastern Algeria) during 2010-2020 and to discuss some control measures used to combat the disease in the most endemic foci. Data on CL cases and control measures were obtained from the "Direction de la Santé et de la Population (DSP) of Batna" and the "Etablissement Public de la Santé de Proximité (EPSP) of Barika". Data were analyzed and mapped using Microsoft Office Excel 2007, SPSS.21, and ArcGIS 10.3. A total of 9259 cases were notified, with a peak incidence of 1924 cases in 2010. The annual evolution of the disease showed decreasing and increasing trends during the study period. Cases were detected year-round, with a peak notification in November (1957 cases) and January (1663 cases). CL affects both genders and all age groups with predominance for males (58.6%) and infants less than 9 years old (54.4%). Most cases have occurred in western areas of the wilaya especially in the commune of Barika with 2979 cases (32.17%), followed by Abdelkader Azil (13.37%), Bitam (12.32%), Djezzar (8.67%), Ouled Ammar (7.07%), and Amdoukal (4.36%) communes. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that the highest frequencies of CL were exclusively reported in the western regions. There was no evidence of a possible relationship between Deltamethrin house spraying and leishmaniasis incidence. This study revealed that CL is highly endemic in the western areas of Batna, especially in Barika, with children less than 9 years old as the most age group at risk. The development of control measures and the selection of appropriate strategies are necessary to prevent, control, and eradicate the disease.
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Climate and climate-sensitive diseases in semi-arid regions: a systematic review. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:1749-1761. [PMID: 32876770 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aim to describe the relationships between climate variables and climate-sensitive diseases (CSDs) in semi-arid regions, highlighting the different main groups of CSDs and their climate patterns. METHODS This systematic review considered Medline, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. The data collection period was August and September 2019 and included studies published between 2008 and 2019. This study followed a protocol based on the PRISMA statement. Data analysis was done in a qualitative way. RESULTS The most of works were from Africa, Asia and Iran (71%), where temperature was the main climatic variable. Although the studies provide climatic conditions that are more favorable for the incidence of vector-borne and respiratory diseases, the influence of seasonal patterns on the onset, development and end of CSDs is still poorly understood, especially for gastrointestinal disorders. Moreover, little is known about the impact of droughts on CSDs. CONCLUSIONS This review summarized the state of art of the relationship between climate and CSDs in semi-arid regions. Moreover, a research agenda was provided, which is fundamental for health policy development, priority setting and public health management.
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Panahi S, Abbasi M, Sayehmiri K, Sadegh S, Abdi J. Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran (2000-2016): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Study. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:173-179. [PMID: 32479248 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200601164850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and epidemiological features of CL in Iran by a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The literature search was performed in the SID, Magiran, IranDoc, PubMed, Scopus, Medlib, as well as the Google Scholar search engine databases to find studies on the prevalence of CL. The reference lists of the found articles were also reviewed to obtain additional relevant articles. Studies that were related to treatment and reservoirs of CL were excluded. Forty-four studies were selected for the final analysis. RESULTS Meta-analysis with a random-effects model showed that the prevalence of leishmaniasis in Iran was 77 per 100,000 population. Overall, 60% of the patients were men. Most cases of CL occurred in autumn, and the majority of the patients had one lesion, mostly on hands. The most common age group was 20-30 years. CONCLUSION In conclusion, CL is an endemic disease in Iran, and its prevalence is largely affected by geographical locations and regional customs. Appropriate preventing measures should be considered to decrease the incidence of CL in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Panahi
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Milad Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Kourosh Sayehmiri
- Biostatistics Department, Health Faculty, Modeling in the Health Research Center, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Jahangir Abdi
- Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Mousavi A, Ardalan A, Takian A, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Naddafi K, Bavani AM. Climate change and health in Iran: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:367-378. [PMID: 32399247 PMCID: PMC7203306 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of climate change are highly impeding the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) anywhere, especially in low and middle-income countries. While climate change scales up, its health-related risks increase, which in turn leads to cause new challenges for public health. As a second largest country of the Eastern Mediterranean Region of World Health Organization, Iran is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. PURPOSE This study seeks the notion of health risks and challenges of climate change in Iran and provide potential evidence-based remedies to prevent and diminish such destructive effects. METHODS A comprehensive literature in various computerized databases was conducted, and numerous published original research and review articles about climate change status and evidences of adverse health consequences of climate change in Iran were reviewed. RESULTS The evidence suggests that the expected health challenges related to climate change in Iran are: rising temperatures; frequent extreme weather events; reduction of air quality; food-borne, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases; mental health and well-being consequences; and the increasing trend of natural disasters and deaths associated with climatological hazards. CONCLUSIONS By considering the growing burden of diseases associated with climate variability in Iran as well as the interdisciplinary nature of climate change and health issues, an integrated, multi-sectoral, and comprehensive approach for identification, prioritization, and implementation of adaptation options is required by Ministry of Health and Medical Education as a custodian of public health in order to enhance the resiliency and adaption against adverse health effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Mousavi
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ardalan
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Takian
- Department of Global Health & Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Massah Bavani
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Abureyhan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors associated with visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:365-384. [PMID: 31897789 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review of the literature published since 1900 about leishmaniasis a neglected vector-borne disease, focused on environmental and social risk factors for visceral (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to better understand their impact on the incidence of disease. The search terms were "leishmaniasis" AND "risk factors" using Google Scholar, PudMed, and Scielo. We reviewed 177 articles, 95 studies for VL, 75 for CL, and 7 on both forms. We identified 14 categories of risk factors which were divided into three groups: socioeconomic (7), environmental (5), and climate (2) variables. Socioeconomic factors were also associated with disease incidence in vulnerable human populations of arid and tropical developing regions. Environmental and climate factors showed significant associations with the incidence of VL and CL in all the studies that considered them. Proximity to natural vegetation remnants increased disease risk in both the New and Old World while the climate conditions favorable for disease transmission differed among regions. We propose a common conceptual framework for both clinical forms that highlights networks of interaction among risk factors. In both clinical forms, the interplay of these factors played a major role in disease incidence. Although there are similarities in environmental and socioeconomic conditions that mediate the transmission cycle of tropical, arid, and Mediterranean regions, the behavior of vector and reservoirs in each region is different. Special attention should be given to the possibility of vector adaptation to urban environments in developing countries where populations with low socioeconomic status are particularly vulnerable to the disease.
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Genotyping of Causative Agents of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Patients Using PCR-RFLP Method in Dasht-e-Azadegan County, Southwest of Iran, in 2016. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.91181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Fata A, Bojdy A, Maleki M, Hosseini Farash BR, Ghazvini K, Tajzadeh P, Vakili V, Moghaddas E, Mastroeni P, Rahmani S. Fish tank granuloma: An emerging skin disease in Iran mimicking Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221367. [PMID: 31536497 PMCID: PMC6752854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mycobacterium marinum causes a rare cutaneous disease known as fish tank granuloma (FTG). The disease manifestations resemble those associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). The aim of this study was to determine whether FTG was the cause of cutaneous lesions in patients who were referred to the Parasitology laboratory of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad to be investigated for CL. MATERIALS/METHODS One hundered patients, clinically diagnosed with CL between April 2014 and March 2015, were included in this study. Ziehl-Neelsen staining was performed to identify acid-fast Mycobacterium in addition to bacterial cultures using Löwenstein-Jensen medium. Skin lesion samples were also collected and kept on DNA banking cards for PCR testing. RESULTS Twenty-nine of the 100 individuals with skin lesions, and therefore suspected of suffering from CL, tested positive for Mycobacterium marinum by PCR. Of these, 21 (72.4%) were male and 8(27.6%) were female. In 97% of these cases the lesions were located on hands and fingers. These patients had a history of manipulating fish and had been in contact with aquarium water. A sporotrichoid appearance was observed in 58.6% of the patients with mycobacterial lesions; 67% of patients had multiple head appearance. CONCLUSION Patients suspected to have CL and who test negative for CL could be affected by FTG. Therefore, after obtaining an accurate case history, molecular diagnosis is recommended for cases that give a negative result by conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Fata
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Amin Bojdy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Masoud Maleki
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Department of Microbiology, Quem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Parastoo Tajzadeh
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, Faculty of nursing, Kashmar, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Vida Vakili
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Pietro Mastroeni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shadi Rahmani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
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Hamzavi Y, Nazari N, Khademi N, Hassani K, Bozorgomid A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran. Vet World 2018; 11:1692-1697. [PMID: 30774260 PMCID: PMC6362329 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1692-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is growing in Iran, and new sources of the disease have been found in the country. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of CL in Qasr-e Shirin County, Kermanshah Province, West of Iran. Qasr-e Shirin is located near the Iran-Iraq border, and several million pilgrims pass through this area to Iraq every year. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out for active case detection from April 1, 2014, to March 31, 2015. All individuals with suspicious lesions were identified through house-to-house visits in the aforementioned area. A questionnaire was filled out for everyone with clinical suspicion of CL. A diagnosis was made based on parasitological examination of the lesion exudate. The annual incidence and prevalence of CL were estimated. Results: In total, 5277 individuals were randomly screened for the presence of active lesions or scars suspected of CL. The overall prevalence of CL in the County was 4.8% (60 cases had active lesions and 194 cases had scars). All age groups were affected, but the highest incidence of CL was seen in the age group 20-29 years (1.9%). The incidence and prevalence were higher in women than men (5.5% vs. 4%). Most cases (45.6%) had a single lesion or scar and 44 (17.4%) patients had five or more lesions or scars. Conclusion: The incidence of CL in Qasr-e Shirin County is high. There is a need for further studies on reservoirs and vectors of leishmaniasis in this area. The results of such studies help to perform more efficient and timely spraying against phlebotomine sandfly or detect and decrease the animal reservoir population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Hamzavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naser Nazari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nahid Khademi
- Department of Disease, Kermanshah Health Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keivan Hassani
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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