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Skolasky RL, Nolan S, Pierre R, Vinch P, Taylor JL. Nurse-led web-based self-management program to improve patient activation and health outcomes in patients with chronic low back pain: an acceptability and feasibility pilot study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:524. [PMID: 39085831 PMCID: PMC11293200 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic low back (cLBP) pain report reduced physical function and ability to participate in social roles and are more likely to use opioid pain medications. While self-management interventions have been shown to support these patients, their effectiveness has been limited due to poor patient engagement. "Patient activation" encompasses the skills, knowledge, and motivation that a person has to manage their health. Supporting patient activation may improve the effectiveness of self-management for cLBP. METHODS In this single-masked pilot study of adults with cLBP, patients were randomized to receive either no intervention (control) or 6 weekly sessions of an evidence-based web-based self-management program (SMP) with or without health behavior change counseling (HBCC) using motivational interviewing. Participants were assessed at baseline and at 12 and 26 weeks using the Patient Activation Measure, Oswestry Disability Index and PROMIS physical function, social role participation, and pain interference. We assessed acceptability and feasibility based on recruitment, session attendance, and follow-up. RESULTS Of 187 individuals screened, 105 were eligible and 34 were randomized to control (n = 12), SMP (n = 4), or SMP + HBCC (n = 18). The population had 19 women, 22 patients married or living with significant other, 13 Black or African American patients, and 4 Hispanic or Latino patients. Participants had a mean (SD) Oswestry Disability Index score of 42 (12), moderate impairments in physical function (40 (6.6)) and social roles (45 (10)), and moderately severe pain interference (61 (6.7)). Of 22 participants receiving SMP sessions, 20 participated in at least 1, 15 participated in at least 3, and 7 participated in all 6 sessions. Loss to follow-up was 6 over the 26-week study. Participants in the SMP and SMP + HBCC groups had at least medium effect size improvements in Patient Activation Measures and small-to-medium effect size improvements in Oswestry Disability Index scores and physical function and large effect size improvement in social roles at 12 weeks. Improvements persisted in the SMP + HBCC group at 26 weeks. CONCLUSIONS A web-based SMP is acceptable and feasible in this population. Participants who received augmentation with HBCC had persistent improvements in health outcomes at 26 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT06236529 (2/1/2024 - retrospectively registered). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Skolasky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sarah Nolan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raven Pierre
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paige Vinch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Skolasky RL, Finkelstein JA, Schwartz CE. Associations of cognitive appraisal and patient activation on disability and mental health outcomes: a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing spine surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:595. [PMID: 39069610 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increased use of patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) to assess spine surgery outcomes, it is important to understand how patients interpret their health changes over time. The measurement of cognitive-appraisal processes enables the quantification of how individuals think about quality of life (QOL). This study examined how appraisal processes were associated with patients' views of their role in managing their health-patient activation. METHODS This longitudinal cohort study from August 2019 to January 2022 included 222 adults undergoing spine surgery for cervical (n = 107) and/or lumbar (n = 148) pathology at an academic medical center. PROMs assessed disability (Neck Disability Index for cervical or Oswestry Disability Index for lumbar) and mental health (PROMIS-29 v2.0), cognitive-appraisal processes (QOLAPv2-SF), and patient activation (Patient Activation Measure). ANOVA models were used to examine the relationships between QOL and cognitive appraisal processes before and after surgery, overall and stratified by patient-activation stage. Effect sizes facilitated interpretation. RESULTS There were significant improvements in pain-related disability and mental health following surgery. Cognitive appraisal processes explained substantial amounts of variance, particularly with changes in mental health (45% before surgery, 75% at three months, and 63%, at 12-months after surgery). With respect to physical disability, less disability was associated with a lesser focus on negative aspects of QOL. Appraisal explained the most variance before surgery for high-activation patients. At 12-months post-surgery, however, appraisal explained the most variance for the low-activation patients. Appraisal explained similar amounts of variance in mental health at baseline and three-months post-surgery for all activation groups, but substantially more variance in the low-activation group at 12-months post-surgery. There were differences in the direction of appraisal-outcome associations by activation group in selected appraisal items/domains. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive-appraisal processes demonstrate a significant relationship with QOL among spine surgery patients. These processes explain substantial variance in pain-related disability and mental health, especially among those high in activation before surgery and those low in activation at 12-months post-surgery. Our findings suggest that patients' ways of thinking about their health may be effective targets of motivational coaching, to help them become more engaged over the recovery trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Skolasky
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, Suite 5244, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Joel A Finkelstein
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Spine Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn E Schwartz
- DeltaQuest Foundation Inc, Concord, MA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Eubanks JE, Carlesso C, Sundaram M, Bejarano G, Smeets RJEM, Skolasky R, Vanushkina M, Turner R, Schneider MJ. Prehabilitation for spine surgery: A scoping review. PM R 2023; 15:1335-1350. [PMID: 36730164 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify and describe the current interventions used in preoperative programs ("prehabilitation") for spine surgery. Knowledge gaps in approaches, feasibility, timing, patient experience, clinical outcomes, and health care costs were explored while describing their potential benefits on physical and psychological outcomes. An electronic search was conducted from January 2004 to February 2022 in Ovid Medline, Embase, EBSCO CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PEDro to identify studies in English evaluating adults enrolled in prehabilitation before undergoing elective spine surgeries. Studies were uploaded into DistillerSR for systematic screening after removing duplicates. Four reviewers screened nested references for inclusion based on titles and abstracts, followed by their full-text review. Two reviewers subsequently extracted data and summarized the results. The results were reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Studies were rated for quality using National Health and Medical Research Council criteria. Out of 18,879 potential studies, a total of 23 studies (0.12%) met the eligibility criteria and were included in this scoping review. The prehabilitation programs included general education (n = 6, 26%), exercise (n = 6, 26%), cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 3, 13%), pain neuroscience education (n = 3, 13%), health behavior counseling (n = 3, 13%), and mindfulness (n = 2, 9%). Additional studies are needed to identify optimal patient characteristics, intervention dosage, and whether multimodal approaches using a combination of physical and psychological strategies lead to more favorable outcomes. Although studies on prehabilitation for spine surgery are limited, they seem to demonstrate that prehabilitation programs are feasible, reduce medical expenditures, and improve patients' postoperative pain, disability, self-efficacy, psychological behaviors, and satisfaction with surgical outcomes. The available literature suggests there is an opportunity to improve patient experience, clinical outcomes and reduce medical costs with the use of prehabilitation in spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Eubanks
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristiane Carlesso
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geronimo Bejarano
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Rob J E M Smeets
- Research School CAPHRI, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University and CIR Revalidatie, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Skolasky
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spine Outcomes Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Vanushkina
- Interventional Spine and Musculoskeletal Physiatry, UCHealth Medical Group, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Rose Turner
- Liaison Services and Instruction, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Schneider
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bronheim RS, Kebaish KM, Jain A, Neuman BJ, Skolasky RL. Worsening pain and quality of life for spine surgery patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: Roles of psychological distress and patient activation. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL (NASSJ) 2022; 9:100103. [PMID: 35187509 PMCID: PMC8840868 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2022.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress compounds negative effects of COVID-19 on pain and HRQoL. Patient activation is protective from COVID-19 effects on pain and HRQoL. Providers should screen for psychological distress and patient activation. Enhanced patient supports to manage pain are needed for at-risk patients. Enhanced patient supports to maintain HRQoL are needed for at-risk patients.
Background Public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted access to basic resources (income, food, housing, healthcare). The effects may impact patients differently based on socioeconomic status (SES), pre-existing psychological distress, and patient activation (knowledge, skills, and motivation to manage healthcare). We examined changes in access to basic resources and in pain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during the pandemic and determined how pre-existing psychological distress and patient activation are associated with exacerbation or mitigation of effects on pain and HRQoL. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed 431 patients in a longitudinal-outcomes registry who underwent or scheduled spine surgery at our institution and were surveyed about COVID-19 effects on accessing basic resources. We assessed pain (numeric rating scale) and HRQoL (PROMIS 29-Item Profile). Information on preoperative SES, psychological distress, patient activation, pain, and HRQoL was collected previously. We compared access to basic resources by SES. We compared changes from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 assessments of pain and HRQoL and proportions of patients reporting worsened pain and HRQoL stratified by psychological distress. We analyzed associations between patient activation and negative effects on HRQoL using multivariable linear regression. Alpha=0.05. Results Respondents reported minor disruptions in accessing basic resources (no difference by SES) but significant worsening of back (p=.027) and leg pain (p=.013) and HRQoL (physical function, fatigue, p<0.001; satisfaction with participation in social roles, p=0.048) during COVID-19. Psychological distress was associated with clinically relevant worsening of back, pain, leg pain, and physical function all, (p<0.05). High patient activation was associated with less impairment of physical function (p=0.03). Conclusion Patients with pre-existing psychological distress experienced greater worsening of pain and HRQoL. High patient activation appeared to mitigate worsening of physical function. Providers should screen for psychological distress and patient activation and enhance supports to manage pain and maintain HRQoL in at-risk patients. Level of Evidence: III
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McNeely EL, Sachdev R, Rahman R, Zhang B, Skolasky RL. Associations of depression and sociodemographic characteristics with patient activation among those presenting for spine surgery. J Orthop 2021; 26:8-13. [PMID: 34220147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the associations of sociodemographic characteristics and PROMIS domain scores with patient activation among patients presenting for spine surgery at a university-affiliated spine center. Methods Patients completed a survey collecting demographic and social information. Patients also completed the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and Patient Activation Measure questionnaires. The associations of PROMIS scores and sociodemographic characteristics with patient activation were assessed using linear and ordinal logistic regression (patient activation stage as ordinal). Results A total of 1018 patients were included. Most respondents were white (84%), married (73%), and female (52%). Patients were distributed among the 4 activation stages as follows: stage I, 7.7%; stage II, 12%; stage III, 26%; and stage IV, 55%. Mean (±standard deviation) patient activation score was 70 ± 17 points. Female sex (adjusted coefficient [AC] = 4.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1, 6.4) and annual household income >$80,000 (OR = 3.7; 95% CI 0.54, 6.9) were associated with higher patient activation scores. Lower patient activation scores were associated with worse PROMIS Depression (AC = -0.31; 95% CI -0.48, -0.14), Fatigue (OR = -0.19; 95% CI -0.33, -0.05), Pain (OR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.01, 0.43), and Social Satisfaction (OR = 0.33; 95% CI 0.14, 0.51) scores. Conclusion Depression and socioeconomic status, along with PROMIS Pain, Fatigue, and Social Satisfaction domains, were associated with patient activation. Patients with a greater burden of depressive symptoms had lower patient activation; conversely, women and those with higher income had greater patient activation. Level of evidence Level 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L McNeely
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rahul Sachdev
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rafa Rahman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Skolasky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Haggerty T, Brabson L, Grogg KA, Herschell AD, Giacobbi P, Sedney C, Dino G. Usability testing of an electronic health application for patient activation on weight management. Mhealth 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34345622 PMCID: PMC8326948 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth-20-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a leading public health concern in the United States. One promising method for enhancing patient activation to engage in health promoting behaviors is with technology in the primary care setting. The primary purpose of this study was to test the usability of a patient activation tool, called mWRAPPED, for weight management during primary care wait times. METHODS A two-cycle approach to usability testing was followed by a pragmatic usability study in the primary care setting. The application was subsequently revised based on patient feedback. A convenience sample of patients completed usability testing in the clinical setting. Patients completed the System Usability Scale throughout all testing phases. RESULTS First cycle patients provided an average score of 76.5 on the System Usability Scale. After revising mWRAPPED, the average patient System Usability Scale score increased to 80.5. mWRAPPED received an average System Usability Scale score of 77.9 when tested in the clinical setting. mWRAPPED demonstrated initial usability for primary care patients in an academic outpatient family medicine clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS Results of the current study will help to support the use of this application in future studies as a novel approach to delivering guideline-based weight management information to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treah Haggerty
- Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Clinical and Translational Doctoral Program, West Virginia Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Laurel Brabson
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kristin A. Grogg
- Clinical and Translational Doctoral Program, West Virginia Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Amy D. Herschell
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peter Giacobbi
- WV Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cara Sedney
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Geri Dino
- WV Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Harris AB, Kebaish F, Riley LH, Kebaish KM, Skolasky RL. The engaged patient: patient activation can predict satisfaction with surgical treatment of lumbar and cervical spine disorders. J Neurosurg Spine 2020; 32:914-920. [PMID: 32032962 DOI: 10.3171/2019.11.spine191159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Care satisfaction is an important metric to health systems and payers. Patient activation is a hierarchical construct following 4 stages: 1) having a belief that taking an active role in their care is important, 2) having knowledge and skills to manage their condition, 3) having the confidence to make necessary behavioral changes, and 4) having an ability to maintain those changes in times of stress. The authors hypothesized that patients with a high level of activation, measured using the Patient Activation Measure (PAM), will be more engaged in their care and, therefore, will be more likely to be satisfied with the results of their surgical treatment. METHODS Using a prospectively collected registry at a multiprovider university practice, the authors examined patients who underwent elective surgery (n = 257) for cervical or lumbar spinal disorders. Patients were assessed before and after surgery (6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months) using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) health domains and the PAM. Satisfaction was assessed using the Patient Satisfaction Index. Using repeated-measures logistic regression, the authors compared the likelihood of being satisfied across stages of patient activation after adjusting for baseline characteristics (i.e., age, sex, race, education, income, and marital status). RESULTS While a majority of patients endorsed the highest level of activation (56%), 51 (20%) endorsed the lower two stages (neither believing that taking an active role was important nor having the knowledge and skills to manage their condition). Preoperative patient activation was weakly correlated (r ≤ 0.2) with PROMIS health domains. The most activated patients were 3 times more likely to be satisfied with their treatment at 1 year (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.8-5.8). Similarly, patients in the second-highest stage of activation also demonstrated significantly greater odds of being satisfied (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.3). CONCLUSIONS Patients who are more engaged in their healthcare prior to elective spine surgery are significantly more likely to be satisfied with their postoperative outcome. Clinicians may want to implement previously proven techniques to increase patient activation in order to improve patient satisfaction following elective spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard L Skolasky
- Departments of1Orthopaedic Surgery and
- 2Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Goodridge D, McDonald M, New L, Scharf M, Harrison E, Rotter T, Watson E, Henry C, Penz ED. Building patient capacity to participate in care during hospitalisation: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026551. [PMID: 31272973 PMCID: PMC6615828 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To map the existing literature and describe interventions aimed at building the capacity of patients to participate in care during hospitalisation by: (1) describing and categorising the aspects of care targeted by these interventions and (2) identifying the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used in these interventions. A patient representative participated in all aspects of this project. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL (Inception -2017). STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting primary research studies on building the capacity of hospitalised adult patients to participate in care which described or included one or more structured or systematic interventions and described the outcomes for at least the key stakeholder group were included. DATA EXTRACTION Title and abstract screening and full text screening were conducted by pairs of trained reviewers. One reviewer extracted data, which were verified by a second reviewer. Interventions were classified according to seven aspects of care relevant to hospital settings. BCTs identified in the articles were assigned through consensus of three reviewers. RESULTS Database searches yielded a total 9899 articles, resulting in 87 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Interventions directed at building patient capacity to participate in care while hospitalised were categorised as those related to improving: patient safety (20.9%); care coordination (5.7%); effective treatment (5.7%) and/or patient-centred care using: bedside nursing handovers (5.7%); communication (29.1%); care planning (14%) or the care environment (19.8%). The majority of studies reported one or more positive outcomes from the defined intervention. Adding new elements (objects) to the environment and restructuring the social and/or physical environment were the most frequently identified BCTs. CONCLUSIONS The majority of studies to build capacity for participation in care report one or more positive outcomes, although a more comprehensive analysis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Goodridge
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Meghan McDonald
- School of Nursing, Saskatchewan Polytechnic, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lucia New
- School of Nursing, Saskatchewan Polytechnic, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Murray Scharf
- College of Education, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Harrison
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Thomas Rotter
- Healthcare Quality Programs, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Watson
- Leslie and Irene Dube Health Sciences Library, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chrysanthus Henry
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Erika D Penz
- Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Greene J, Hibbard JH, Alvarez C, Overton V. Supporting Patient Behavior Change: Approaches Used by Primary Care Clinicians Whose Patients Have an Increase in Activation Levels. Ann Fam Med 2016; 14:148-54. [PMID: 26951590 PMCID: PMC4781518 DOI: 10.1370/afm.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to identify the strategies used to support patient behavior change by clinicians whose patients had an increase in patient activation. METHODS This mixed methods study was conducted in collaboration with Fairview Health Services, a Pioneer Accountable Care Organization. We aggregated data on the change in patient activation measure (PAM) score for 7,144 patients to the primary care clinician level. We conducted in-depth interviews with 10 clinicians whose patients' score increases were among the highest and 10 whose patients' score changes were among the lowest. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed to identify key strategies that differentiated the clinicians whose patients had top PAM change scores. RESULTS Clinicians whose patients had relatively large activation increases reported using 5 key strategies to support patient behavior change (mean = 3.9 strategies): emphasizing patient ownership; partnering with patients; identifying small steps; scheduling frequent follow-up visits to cheer successes, problem solve, or both; and showing caring and concern for patients. Clinicians whose patients had lesser change in activation were far less likely to describe using these approaches (mean = 1.3 strategies). Most clinicians, regardless of group, reported developing their own approach to support patient behavior change. Those whose patients showed high activation change reported spending more time with patients on counseling and education than did those whose patients showed less improvement in activation. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians vary in the strategies they use to promote behavior change and in the time spent with patients on such activities. The 5 key strategies used by clinicians with high patient activation change are promising approaches to supporting patient behavior change that should be tested in a larger sample of clinicians to validate their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Greene
- School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Carmen Alvarez
- School of Nursing, Department of Community-Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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