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Alkarri S, Naveed M, Alali F, Vachon J, Walworth A, Vanderberg A. Anti-Microbial, Thermal, Mechanical, and Gas Barrier Properties of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Extrusion Blow-Molded Bottles. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1914. [PMID: 39000769 PMCID: PMC11244499 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination can occur on the surfaces of blow-molded bottles, necessitating the development and application of effective anti-microbial treatments to mitigate the hazards associated with microbial growth. In this study, new methods of incorporating anti-microbial particles into linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) extrusion blow-molded bottles were developed. The anti-microbial particles were thermally embossed on the external surface of the bottle through two particle deposition approaches (spray and powder) over the mold cavity. The produced bottles were studied for their thermal, mechanical, gas barrier, and anti-microbial properties. Both deposition approaches indicated a significant enhancement in anti-microbial activity, as well as barrier properties, while maintaining thermal and mechanical performance. Considering both the effect of anti-microbial agents and variations in tensile bar weight and thickness, the statistical analysis of the mechanical properties showed that applying the anti-microbial agents had no significant influence on the tensile properties of the blow-molded bottles. The external fixation of the particles over the surface of the bottles would result in optimum anti-microbial activity, making it a cost-effective solution compared to conventional compounding processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alkarri
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 448 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA
| | - Muhammed Naveed
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 448 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA
| | - Fatimah Alali
- Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Ain Najm Rd, Al Mubarraz 36422, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jérôme Vachon
- SABIC, P.O. Box 319, 6160 AH Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Walworth
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 448 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA
| | - Abigail Vanderberg
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Michigan State University, 578 Wilson Road, CIPS Bldg, Rm B-6B, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA
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Li TT, Shou BB, Yang L, Ren HT, Hu XJ, Lin JH, Cai T, Lou CW. Modification of traditional composite nonwovens with stable storage of light absorption transients and photodynamic antibacterial effect. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38528682 DOI: 10.1111/php.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Combining photodynamic antimicrobials with nonwovens is prospective. However, common photosensitizers still have drawbacks such as poor photoactivity and the inability to charge. In this study, a photodynamic and high-efficiency antimicrobial protective material was prepared by grafting bis benzophenone-structured 4,4-terephthaloyl diphthalic anhydride (TDPA) photosensitizer, and antimicrobial agent chlorogenic acid (CA) onto spunbond-meltblown-spunbond (SMS) membranes. The charging rates for ·OH and H2O2 were 6377.89 and 913.52 μg/g/h. The light absorption transients structural storage remained above 69% for 1 month. High electrical capacity remained after seven cycles indicating its rechargeability and recyclability. The SMS/TDPA/CA membrane has excellent bactericidal performance when under illumination or lightless conditions, and the bactericidal efficiency of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached over 99%. The construction of self-disinfection textiles based on the photodynamic strategies proposed in this paper is constructive for expanding and promoting the application of textile materials in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing-Bing Shou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Tao Ren
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xian-Jin Hu
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
- Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tao Cai
- CTES (Shishi) Research Institute for Apparel and Accessories Industry, Shishi, China
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Singh CJ, Mukhopadhyay S, Rengasamy RS. Enhanced oil-water emulsion separation through coalescence filtration utilizing milkweed fiber: a sustainable paradigm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:102389-102401. [PMID: 37665434 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the environment and public safety have suffered due to the detrimental effects of oily industrial effluents. Natural fibers have gained popularity for their affordability, reusability, and effectiveness in separating oil from oily wastewater. Milkweed fibers were characterized using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and contact angle techniques. With four porosities (0.90, 0.92, 0.95, and 0.98), deep bed coalescence filters were built at three different filter bed heights (10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm). Using milkweed coalescence filtering technology, a novel oil separation method is described along with a method to calculate oil film thickness following emulsified oily water saturation. By combining a bed height of 30 mm and a porosity of 0.98, a maximum oil separation of 99.73% and an optimized D50 droplet ratio were achieved. Throughout a prolonged operational period lasting 250 min, the filter bed, possessing a depth of 30 mm and a porosity of 98%, exhibited no discernible fouling indications. Following five cycles, the milkweed filter bed measuring 30 mm in depth and featuring a porosity of 98% displayed an impressive oil separation efficiency of 91.5%. This study found that using a milkweed deep bed filter, coalescence filtering effectively removes oil from oily effluent. Furthermore, milkweed is a natural and biodegradable fiber that is easy to dispose of after use and does not harm the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Jeet Singh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Raju Seenivasan Rengasamy
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Lee GS, Kim JG, Kim JT, Lee CW, Cha S, Choi GB, Lim J, Padmajan Sasikala S, Kim SO. 2D Materials Beyond Post-AI Era: Smart Fibers, Soft Robotics, and Single Atom Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307689. [PMID: 37777874 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent consecutive discoveries of various 2D materials have triggered significant scientific and technological interests owing to their exceptional material properties, originally stemming from 2D confined geometry. Ever-expanding library of 2D materials can provide ideal solutions to critical challenges facing in current technological trend of the fourth industrial revolution. Moreover, chemical modification of 2D materials to customize their physical/chemical properties can satisfy the broad spectrum of different specific requirements across diverse application areas. This review focuses on three particular emerging application areas of 2D materials: smart fibers, soft robotics, and single atom catalysts (SACs), which hold immense potentials for academic and technological advancements in the post-artificial intelligence (AI) era. Smart fibers showcase unconventional functionalities including healthcare/environmental monitoring, energy storage/harvesting, and antipathogenic protection in the forms of wearable fibers and textiles. Soft robotics aligns with future trend to overcome longstanding limitations of hard-material based mechanics by introducing soft actuators and sensors. SACs are widely useful in energy storage/conversion and environmental management, principally contributing to low carbon footprint for sustainable post-AI era. Significance and unique values of 2D materials in these emerging applications are highlighted, where the research group has devoted research efforts for more than a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang San Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Goo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Bong Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Lim
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchithra Padmajan Sasikala
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Materials Creation, Seoul, 06179, Republic of Korea
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Su X, Zhai Y, Jia C, Xu Z, Luo D, Pan Z, Xiang H, Yu S, Zhu L, Zhu M. Improved Antibacterial Properties of Polylactic Acid-Based Nanofibers Loaded with ZnO-Ag Nanoparticles through Pore Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42920-42929. [PMID: 37650731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In the post-epidemic era, bio-based protective fiber materials with active protective functions are of utmost importance, not only to combat the spread of pathogens but also to reduce the environmental impact of petroleum-based protective materials. Here, efficient antibacterial polylactic acid-based (PLA-based) fibers are prepared by solution blow spinning and their pore structures are regulated by controlling the ratio of the solvent components in the spinning solutions. The porous PLA-based fibers exhibit antibacterial efficiencies of over 99% against Escherichia coli and over 98% against Bacillus subtilis, which are significantly higher than that of the nonporous PLA-based fibers. The excellent antibacterial property of the porous PLA-based fibers can be attributed to their high porosity, which allows antibacterial nanoparticles to be released more easily from the fibers, thus effectively killing pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, pore structure regulation can also enhance the mechanical property of the PLA-based fiber materials. Our approach of regulating the microstructure and properties of the PLA-based fibers through pore engineering can be extended to other polymer fiber materials and is suitable for polymer-based composite systems that require optimal performance through sufficient exposure of doped materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yaling Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chao Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dianfeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhiyi Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hengxue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Senlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Venkataraman D, Shabani E, Park JH. Advancement of Nonwoven Fabrics in Personal Protective Equipment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113964. [PMID: 37297096 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While nonwoven fabrics have existed for several decades, their usage in personal protective equipment (PPE) has been met with a rapid surge of demands, in part due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This review aims to critically examine the current state of nonwoven PPE fabrics by exploring (i) the material constituents and processing steps to produce fibers and bond them, and (ii) how each fabric layer is integrated into a textile, and how the assembled textiles are used as PPE. Firstly, filament fibers are manufactured via dry, wet, and polymer-laid fiber spinning methods. Then the fibers are bonded via chemical, thermal, and mechanical means. Emergent nonwoven processes such as electrospinning and centrifugal spinning to produce unique ultrafine nanofibers are discussed. Nonwoven PPE applications are categorized as filters, medical usage, and protective garments. The role of each nonwoven layer, its role, and textile integration are discussed. Finally, the challenges stemming from the single-use nature of nonwoven PPEs are discussed, especially in the context of growing concerns over sustainability. Then, emerging solutions to address sustainability issues with material and processing innovations are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Venkataraman
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Elnaz Shabani
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Jay H Park
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Ma Y, Cai K, Xu G, Xie Y, Huang P, Zeng J, Zhu Z, Luo J, Hu H, Zhao K, Chen M, Zheng K. Large-Scale and Highly Efficient Production of Ultrafine PVA Fibers by Electro-Centrifugal Spinning for NH 3 Adsorption. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2903. [PMID: 37049196 PMCID: PMC10095733 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers have an outstanding potential in various applications, especially in absorbing fields. In this manuscript, an electrostatic-field-assisted centrifugal spinning system was designed to improve the production efficiency of ultrafine PVA fibers from PVA aqueous solution for NH3 adsorption. It was established that the fiber production efficiency using this self-designed system could be about 1000 times higher over traditional electrospinning system. The produced PVA fibers establish high morphology homogeneity. The impact of processing variables of the constructed spinning system including rotation speed, needle size, liquid feeding rate, and voltage on fiber morphology and diameter was systematically investigated by SEM studies. To acquire homogeneous ultrafine PVA fiber membranes, the orthogonal experiment was also conducted to optimize the spinning process parameters. The impact weight of different studied parameters on the spinning performance was thus provided. The experimental results showed that the morphology of micro/nano-fibers can be well controlled by adjusting the spinning process parameters. Ultrafine PVA fibers with the diameter of 2.55 μm were successfully obtained applying the parameters, including rotation speed (6500 rpm), needle size (0.51 mm), feeding rate (3000 mL h-1), and voltage (20 kV). Furthermore, the obtained ultrafine PVA fiber mat was demonstrated to be capable of selectively adsorbing NH3 gas relative to CO2, thus making it promising for NH3 storage and other environmental purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youye Ma
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Kanghui Cai
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- China Foshan Nanofiberlabs Co., Ltd., Foshan 528225, China; (G.X.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Guojie Xu
- China Foshan Nanofiberlabs Co., Ltd., Foshan 528225, China; (G.X.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yueling Xie
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- China Foshan Nanofiberlabs Co., Ltd., Foshan 528225, China; (G.X.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziming Zhu
- China Foshan Nanofiberlabs Co., Ltd., Foshan 528225, China; (G.X.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Huawen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Y.M.); (K.C.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (M.C.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Department of Hydrogen Energy, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- AGH Centre of Energy, AGH University of Science and Technology, ul. Czarnowiejska 36, 30-054 Krakow, Poland
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