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Ben Natan M, Abd El Hadi M, Zoubi F. What motivates young Arab Muslim women to choose nursing as a profession: A cross-sectional study. Int Nurs Rev 2024; 71:646-652. [PMID: 37908122 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study examines the impact of nurse uniforms, the coronavirus pandemic, and the image of nurses and the nursing profession on the career choice of young Muslim Arab women in nursing, with a focus on policy implications. BACKGROUND The global nursing shortage poses significant challenges, including in Israel. Attracting young Muslim Arab women to nursing careers is vital. Understanding how nurse uniforms, the pandemic, and perceptions of nurses and the nursing profession shape their career decisions can inform policy interventions. METHODS A cross-sectional study utilized digital questionnaires administered to 200 Muslim Arab women aged 20-30 in Israel. The study adhered to the EQUATOR checklist for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS Only 29.2% of participants expressed interest in studying nursing. Findings revealed a positive correlation between the pandemic's impact and intention to pursue nursing. A linear regression analysis shows the impact of the white uniform, the image of nurses, and the image of the profession on the choice of a career in nursing. DISCUSSION The study emphasizes the significance of nurse uniforms, the image of nurses, and the image of the nursing profession in shaping young Muslim Arab women's career choices in nursing. Policy interventions should raise awareness about nursing roles, expand responsibilities, and highlight nurses' contributions to society. CONCLUSION Strategies to attract young Muslim Arab women to nursing careers should address nurse uniforms, the image of nurses, and the image of the nursing profession. IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY Policy interventions should prioritize diversity, promote positive images of nurses and the nursing profession, and raise awareness of nursing roles and contributions among young Muslim Arab women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Ben Natan
- Pat Matthews Academic School of Nursing, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
- Department of Nursing, General Nursing Degree Program, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steyer School of Health Professions, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miriam Abd El Hadi
- Pat Matthews Academic School of Nursing, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Fardus Zoubi
- Pat Matthews Academic School of Nursing, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
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Cooper M, Kindness K, McCulloch M, McParland C. A scoping review exploring people's perceptions of healthcare uniforms. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2024; 33:700-706. [PMID: 39141337 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2024.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare staff uniforms are a subject of debate in the UK, and this is particularly true in the case of less understood roles such as advanced nurse practitioners. Aim: This review explores what is known about people's perceptions of health professionals' uniforms. METHOD A mixed methods scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. Five databases (CINAHL, ASSIA, PsycINFO, and EMBASE) and several search engines were searched. Eligible reports were peer-reviewed English-language studies using any methodology to explore people's perceptions of different uniforms for health professionals. FINDINGS Forty-six studies (mainly from North America) were included, presenting a variety of perspectives on the uniforms worn by doctors, nurses and other health professionals. CONCLUSION Culture and context likely influence how uniforms are understood. Practitioners should consider how this may affect communication with both patients and colleagues. What health professionals wear matters, particularly in relation to less well understood roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cooper
- Consultant Nurse - Advanced Practice, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow
| | - Karen Kindness
- Consultant Nurse - Advanced Practice and Non-medical Prescribing Lead, NHS Grampian, and Honorary lecturer, University of Aberdeen
| | - Margot McCulloch
- Lead Nurse for Advancing Roles and Non-medical Prescribing, NHS Lothian, and Honorary Lecturer, Queen Margaret University
| | - Chris McParland
- Postdoctoral Research Associate, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow
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Abedin S, Khademi Z, Kamalzadeh H, Beigi Broujeni R. Characteristics of a good nurse as perceived by nurses. Nurs Ethics 2024; 31:79-88. [PMID: 37257094 DOI: 10.1177/09697330221147895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing is a humanitarian and social field that provides health services. It combines science and art and has a rich history. Despite fundamental changes in the provision of medical services and nursing education, the concept of "good nurse" is still unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to investigate the characteristics of a good nurse from the nurses' perspective. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD A qualitative study was applied using conventional content analysis. The participants were 30 nurses that selected with purposive sampling method. Data were collected through unstructured interviews and simultaneously analyzed via the conventional content analysis approach of Graneheim and Lundman. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. FINDINGS The study revealed that personal characteristics (Adherence to ethical and human principles, Physical health, Attractive appearance, and Ability to communicate properly); and professional characteristics (knowledge - clinical skill - nursing roles) are essential to being a good nurse. CONCLUSION Coming to know the distinctive features of a good nurse as perceived by nurses themselves creates an opportunity for nurses to rethink their profession and to reflect on the characteristics of the good nurse.
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Hester N, Hehman E. Dress is a Fundamental Component of Person Perception. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:414-433. [PMID: 36951208 PMCID: PMC10559650 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231157961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT Clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and accessories influence first impressions. However, target dress is notably absent from current theories and models of person perception. We discuss three reasons for this minimal attention to dress in person perception: high theoretical complexity, incompatibility with traditional methodology, and underappreciation by the groups who have historically guided research in person perception. We propose a working model of person perception that incorporates target dress alongside target face, target body, context, and perceiver characteristics. Then, we identify four types of inferences for which perceivers rely on target dress: social categories, cognitive states, status, and aesthetics. For each of these, we review relevant work in social cognition, integrate this work with existing dress research, and propose future directions. Finally, we identify and offer solutions to the theoretical and methodological challenges accompanying the psychological study of dress. PUBLIC ABSTRACT Why is it that people often agonize over what to wear for a job interview, a first date, or a party? The answer is simple: They understand that others' first impressions of them rely on their clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and accessories. Many people might be surprised, then, to learn that psychologists' theories about how people form first impressions of others have little to say about how people dress. This is true in part because the meaning of clothing is so complex and culturally dependent. We propose a working model of first impressions that identifies four types of information that people infer from dress: people's social identities, mental states, status, and aesthetic tastes. For each of these, we review existing research on clothing, integrate this research with related work from social psychology more broadly, and propose future directions for research.
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Preferences for healthcare worker attire among nursing home residents and residents’ preferences as perceived by workers: A cross-sectional study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnsa.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Whitley GA, Hemingway P, Law GR, Siriwardena AN. Improving ambulance care for children suffering acute pain: a qualitative interview study. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:96. [PMID: 35659188 PMCID: PMC9164349 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain is a highly complex sensory and emotional experience. When a child suffers acute pain through illness or injury, they are often transported to hospital by ambulance. Pre-hospital pain management in children is poor, with 61% of children receiving suboptimal pain management. Consequences of poor pain management include the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder and altered pain perception. We aimed to identify clinicians’ perceptions of barriers, facilitators and potential improvements for the management of pre-hospital acute pain in children. Methods Qualitative face to face semi-structured recorded interviews were performed in one large UK ambulance service. Audio files were transcribed verbatim with thematic analysis used to generate themes. NVivo 12 was used to support data analysis. Findings were combined with existing evidence to generate a driver diagram. Results Twelve ambulance clinicians participated, including 9 registered paramedics and 3 emergency medical technicians. Median (IQR) age was 43.50 (41.50, 45.75) years, 58% were male, median (IQR) experience was 12 (4.25, 15.50) years and 58% were parents. Several themes relating to barriers and facilitators were identified, including physical, emotional, social, organisational, environmental, management, knowledge and experience. Improvement themes were identified relating to management, organisation and education. These data were combined to create a driver diagram; the three primary drivers were 1) explore methods to increase rates of analgesic administration, including utilising intranasal or inhaled routes; 2) reduce fear and anxiety in children, by using child friendly uniform, additional non-pharmacological techniques and more public interaction and 3) reduce fear and anxiety in clinicians, by enhancing training and optimising crew mix. Conclusions The quality of care that children receive for acute pain in the ambulance service may be improved by increasing rates of analgesic administration and reducing the fear and anxiety experienced by children and clinicians. Future research involving children and parents would be useful to determine the most important outcome measures and facilitate intervention development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12873-022-00648-y.
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Chu LY, Chang TW, Dai TY, Hui L, Ip HT, Kwok SY, Ying KL, Chan FM, Bressington D. Mental health nurses in non-uniform: Facilitator of recovery process? J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2020; 27:509-520. [PMID: 31958205 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Many Western countries have abandoned the wearing of nurse uniforms on inpatient mental health wards. The adoption of a non-uniform policy in Hong Kong was recently introduced in select rehabilitation units to align with the philosophy of the recovery model. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: The findings suggest that nurses perceived wearing non-uniform might help to reduce the self-stigma of service users and develop better self-esteem. The perceived potential benefits of the introduction of a non-uniform policy seemed to outweigh the perceived drawbacks. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The results further acknowledge the potential positive effects of nurses wearing non-uniform on facilitating psychiatric service users' recovery process. However, further research on service users' perspectives is required. The wearing of non-uniform may be considered to be extended to other psychiatric wards in Hong Kong and other similar Asian settings in order to potentially help promote patient's recovery and to reduce emotional distance between staff and service users. ABSTRACT: Introduction A non-uniform policy was recently adopted in selected Hong Kong rehabilitation wards to align with the philosophy of the recovery model. The change in policy is relatively novel in Asia, where no previous studies have reported how this may influence nursing care and service users' recovery. Aim To explore Hong Kong Mental Health Nurses' views about wearing non-uniform within an inpatient rehabilitation unit in regard to facilitating service users' recovery process. Method A qualitative descriptive study was conducted, utilizing individual in-depth semi-structured research interviews. Results A total of 12 interviews were conducted with nurse participants. The analysis process identified 3 main themes and 9 subthemes. Main themes were "building up rapport with service users," "non-uniform helps deinstitutionalization" and "different approaches to maximize the benefit and to minimize the risk." Discussion Despite some concerns, the majority of nurse participants positively viewed the policy of wearing non-uniform and felt it was potentially beneficial to service users' recovery process. Implications for practice Nurses perceived that wearing non-uniform may facilitate meaningful therapeutic engagement, and may help to reduce the self-stigma and develop the self-esteem of service users. Other inpatient units in Hong Kong and similar Asian settings might consider adopting the policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Yan Chu
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Tin Wai Chang
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Tsz Yuet Dai
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Lok Hui
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Hei Tung Ip
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - San Yuet Kwok
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Kin Long Ying
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | | | - Daniel Bressington
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China SAR
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Sanna P, Sollami A, Nicosia G, Dicembrino RB, Gandolfi R, Primosa F, La Sala R, Marletta G. The nurses' uniform in pediatrics, the opinion of children and nurses. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:67-76. [PMID: 32168315 PMCID: PMC7944664 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i2-s.9212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim: The nursing uniform represents a non-verbal mean of communication which in the case of children can arouse positive or negative emotions. The first study conducted on a sample of 107 children, aimed to define their preferences on different models of decorated nursing uniforms; the second one conducted on 101 nurses to understand the preferences, the meanings attributed to the uniform and their availability to adapt it according to the preferences expressed by the children. Methods: We conducted an observational study with a qualitative approach. For the first objective with the children, a visual stimulus was used, showing 6 models of uniform: the traditional plus 5 models of different colors and themes (cartoons characters and videogames). For the second objective with the nurses, in addition to reproducing the same visual stimulus, a semi-structured questionnaire was used. Results: Children and nurses seem to be in perfect accord, because in both groups, color models were the most chosen. Nurses defined their uniform with terms of particular moral, intellectual and professional value and declared themselves available to align with the preferences of the children. Conclusions: This study leaves little doubt about preferences; it also represents the true originality of the study because almost never in the literature have been compared the point of views of children and professionals, generally favoring the comparison between children and care givers. Our findings could represent a further landmark for guiding the choices of health organizations on currencies to be adopted in the pediatric field. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sanna
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Gandolfi
- Author without institutional affiliation (indipendent researcher).
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Bailly N, Sanchez S, Ferrand C, Souesme G, Giraudeau C, Agli O. The impact of street clothes among caregivers on residents with dementia in special care units: The STRECLO study. J Clin Nurs 2020; 29:1723-1732. [PMID: 32043688 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of caregivers' street clothes on people living in special care units (SCUs). We hypothesised that caregivers wearing street clothes would improve residents' relationships with other residents and caregivers and, as a consequence, would improve their quality of life. BACKGROUND Environmental factors have been recognised as important elements in the care of people with dementia. Among these factors, the importance of the caregivers' appearance and more particularly their street clothes has been raised. DESIGN The Street Clothes study (STRECLO) was designed as a multicentre crossover observational study. METHOD This study was conducted in two volunteer nursing homes. It involved videotaping residents (N = 24) over a 6-month period: caregivers wore uniform and then street clothes for two consecutive three-month periods. Three outcome measures were observed as follows: (a) behaviours of residents, (b) contents of conversations and (c) proximal interactions between residents and caregivers. The STROBE checklist was used to ensure quality reporting during this observational study. RESULTS When caregivers wore street clothes, we observed the following: (a) greater solicitation and less anxiety in residents, (b) content of conversations between residents and caregivers included more personal and less health information, and (c) more proximal interaction between caregivers and residents. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study which investigated the long-term effects on residents of SCU caregivers wearing street clothes. Our study demonstrated the potential benefit of not wearing uniform on the quality of life of institutionalised people with dementia. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Given the budgetary constraints faced by nursing homes, wearing street clothes for caregivers could be readily applied to clinical practice and represents a promising way to increase the quality of life of dementia residents and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bailly
- EA2114 Psychologie des Ages de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Sanchez
- Pôle Information Médicale, Hôpitaux Champagne Sud, Centre Hospitalier Troyes, Troyes, France
| | - Claude Ferrand
- EA2114 Psychologie des Ages de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Souesme
- EA2114 Psychologie des Ages de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Caroline Giraudeau
- EA2114 Psychologie des Ages de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Océane Agli
- EA2114 Psychologie des Ages de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France
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Bogdan I, Gurylina M. The image of the profession in the mass consciousness. POPULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.19181/1561-7785-2019-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The issues of nursing staff shortage and quality of their work are relevant for the health-care management today. In this regard, the established image of the profession is important, as it can lead to the unpopularity of nursing profession and affect the effectiveness of the treatment process through the self-perception of nurses. So studying the image of nursing in social media is of particular relevance today. The role of social media in dissemination of opinions is increasing every day. Unloading (31613 messages) from social media was made using keywords for 2017. А random subsample (403 messages) was formed from them, coded manually by coders (authors). According to analysis of the obtained data, nursing is perceived as a “female profession,” a nurse is a Caucasoid woman in a white uniform. She works at public hospitals, her work is discussed primarily in the context of the specialties of obstetrics, gynecology and pediatrics. Her status is rather low, nursing is not perceived as an intellectual and promising profession. Messages about nurses are mostly neutral, emotionally colored messages are devoted mainly to the personal qualities of nurses. Autoimage (self-perception) of nurses is poor. In conclusion, there is given a number of recommendations for improving the image of nurses. Implementation of organizational changes may contribute to enhancing the prestige of the profession: introducing special insignia for nurses, designating career prospects. It is also possible for these purposes to conduct an information policy aimed at demonstrating the attractive aspects of nursing and emphasizing the gender neutrality of the profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignat Bogdan
- Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management, Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - Maria Gurylina
- Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management, Moscow Healthcare Department
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Bonsu AS, Salifu Yendork J. Community-Based Mental Health Care: Stigma and Coping Strategies Among Professionals and Family Caregivers in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019; 40:444-451. [PMID: 30943063 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2018.1564158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To a large extent caregivers perceive stigma through their social and community interactions by virtue of their association with persons with mental health problems. Meanwhile, evidence on their strategies for coping with potentially undesirable experiences linked with stigma is limited. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the present study explored affiliate stigma among mental health professionals and family caregivers of persons with mental illness. Data, collected through one-on-one interviews with 10 mental health professionals and 10 family caregivers, were examined with content analysis. Findings revealed that, although stigma attached to mental illness was largely directed at sufferers and family caregivers, professionals sometimes had their fair share. To manage the negative impact of stigma, caregivers adopted various strategies including the use of realisation, tactical or planned ignoring, self-motivation, acceptance and religion. Implications of the findings necessitate the intensification of mental health education among the general populace, which must be targeted at demystifying mental illness.
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Olsen J, Lubin J. Patient perceptions of EMS provider attire. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:779-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Safdar SA, Aqeel L. Grooming and etiquette as part of nurse's professionalism: An essential curricular competency. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:404-408. [PMID: 31086523 PMCID: PMC6500824 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.2.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The B.Sc. Nursing has limited hours dedicated to grooming and personal development. A smartly turned out, trained empathetic and efficient nurse helps in alleviating the miseries of the patients. The objective of this study was to see the acceptability and perceived usefulness of a course on grooming and etiquette. Methods: A proforma based qualitative study was carried out at College of Nursing, AFPGMI & National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, from Jan to Dec, 2017. An eight week course, with weekly lectures was conducted for first to fourth year classes. At the end a semi-structured proforma with simple open ended questions was administered. The questions were both in English and Urdu. The results were analyzed by finding percentages of positive and negative responses. The descriptive responses were grouped in recurring themes and analyzed for content and their constructive value. Results: There were 186 nursing cadets who completed the course and filled the proforma (55, 52, 45 and 34 from first year to fourth year, respectively). Out of 186, 98.9% (184) thought that this was a useful course. All topics were considered useful. Most liked were communication skills, teaching visits to wards, hostels and balancing home and work. About 7% disagreed about the strict dress codes, but agreed with the proper demeanor. Many suggested that senior nurses also have a dire need of these grooming lectures as many used derogatory language. Also pointed out was absence of a mechanism to report a lapse in ethical conduct seen in a colleague or a senior. Conclusion: Nursing is a demanding profession. It is important that our training includes sensitization to the non-technical attributes. They have to be groomed to become role models for young talented girls to join this noble profession. Even a short course may help to sensitize these young ladies to a very important aspect of their lives and profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachal Aqeel Safdar
- Sachal Aqeel Safdar, MBBS (Final Year), Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer e Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Aqeel
- Lubna Aqeel, BSc (Hom Econ), College of Nursing, Armed Forces Postgraduate Medical Institute (AFPGMI), National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Küster D, Krumhuber EG, Hess U. You are What You Wear: Unless You Moved—Effects of Attire and Posture on Person Perception. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-018-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Amey AL, Burlingame EE, Welch K, Moakler M, Fahey L. Nurse communication's effect on CMS Star Ratings. Nurs Manag (Harrow) 2017; 48:9-14. [PMID: 28749800 DOI: 10.1097/01.numa.0000521580.09882.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette L Amey
- At Kaiser Permanente in Oakland, Calif., Annette L. Amey is a senior manager of national care experience analytics and Esther Burlingame is a senior director of national care experience analytics. Kindra Welch is a clinical labor and delivery nurse at California Pacific Medical Center and San Francisco (Calif.) General Hospital. Megan Moakler is a deputy commander for nursing at Dunham U.S. Army Health Clinic in Carlisle, Pa. Linda Fahey is a regional director for care experience and patient- and family-centered care at Kaiser Permanente Southern California
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Caldeira S, Lourenço M, Vidal T, Figueiredo AS. Tattoo or no tattoo? A contemporary ethical issue in nursing education. Nurs Ethics 2017. [PMID: 28639497 DOI: 10.1177/0969733016679472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Water T, Wrapson J, Tokolahi E, Payam S, Reay S. Participatory art-based research with children to gain their perspectives on designing healthcare environments. Contemp Nurse 2017; 53:456-473. [DOI: 10.1080/10376178.2017.1339566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Water
- Department of Nursing, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jill Wrapson
- Design for Health and Wellbeing Lab, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ema Tokolahi
- Design for Health and Wellbeing Lab, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shahin Payam
- Design for Health and Wellbeing Lab, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Reay
- Department of Art and Design, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kelly M, Wills J, Jester R, Speller V. Should nurses be role models for healthy lifestyles? Results from a modified Delphi study. J Adv Nurs 2016; 73:665-678. [PMID: 27683233 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the expectation that nurses should be role models for healthy behaviours. BACKGROUND Nurses are expected to be role models for healthy behaviours. Whether this is a realistic and acceptable expectation has not been explored. DESIGN Modified Policy Delphi study with two rounds of data collection. METHOD Purposive sampling was used to explore areas of agreement and disagreement among six stakeholder groups who influence nursing roles: practising nurses, nursing students, service users, policy makers, workforce development leads and stakeholders working in nurse education. Two rounds of a modified Policy Delphi study were conducted between February - June 2015. The first round used telephone interviews for an open exploration of opinions. The second round used attitude statements to explore convergence and divergence of opinions across stakeholder groups. Responses were analysed thematically. RESULTS Policy and professional discourse that asserts that nurses should be healthy role models was seen as unrealistic and unhelpful. Contrary to the view that nurses should epitomize and demonstrate healthy behaviours to encourage patients and to be credible in advice, stakeholders agreed that it was more important to be seen as 'human' and understand the challenges of health behaviour change. Student and practising nurses did not see role modelling healthy behaviours as a reasonable professional expectation. CONCLUSIONS The findings challenge the assumptions underpinning the argument that nurses be healthy role models. Further research is needed to understand the views of frontline nurses and to further explore avenues by which health services staff health can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muireann Kelly
- School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, UK
| | - Jane Wills
- School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, UK
| | - Rebecca Jester
- School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, UK
| | - Viv Speller
- Health Development Consulting Ltd, Waterlooville, Hampshire, UK
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Cooper I, Delany C, Jenkins S. Comparing patients’ and physiotherapists’ views of professionalism and professional standing: an Australian perspective. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2016.1213975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Küçük L, Çömez T, Kaçar S, Sümeli F, Taşkıran Ö. Psychiatric patients' perspective: nursing uniforms. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2015; 29:383-7. [PMID: 26577551 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper studied and determined the importance of the design and color of selected uniforms of psychiatric nurses and evaluate their effects and implications for patients. In this descriptive study, a questionnaire developed by the researchers and a nursing uniforms catalog were used during the data collection stage of the research. There were 40.9% of the participants who told that the design and color of a nursing uniform is important and 31.5% of the participants selected white uniform color from the catalog for psychiatric nurses and 33.9% of the patients expressed that they find white nursing uniforms comforting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Küçük
- Istanbul University, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Çömez
- Istanbul University, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selma Kaçar
- İstanbul Üniversity, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Psychıatrıc Mental Health Service, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Sümeli
- İstanbul Üniversity, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Psychıatrıc Mental Health Service, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Özgül Taşkıran
- İstanbul Üniversity, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Psychıatrıc Mental Health Service, Istanbul, Turkey.
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While AE. Are nurses fit for their public health role? Int J Nurs Stud 2014; 51:1191-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Preferences of dress and address: views of attendees and mental health professionals of the psychiatric services. Ir J Psychol Med 2014; 29:27-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0790966700017572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the views of both individuals attending the mental health services (attendees) and mental health professionals in relation to how attendees and staff should be addressed, how attendees should be described, and how staff should be attired.Methods: We surveyed 132 attendees of the West Galway Mental Health Services and 97 mental health professionals in relation to how they prefer to be addressed (first name/ title and surname/ no preference) the description of attendees (patient / client / service user / no preference) and the attire of mental health staff (casual / smart / no preference). We also ascertained how mental health professionals believed attendees would view these issues.Results: Attendees preferred to be described as patients rather than clients or service users by all mental health professionals, with 46-54% of attendees preferring this term “patient” compared to 14-17% preferring the term “client”, 11-13% preferring the term “service user” and 20-25% having no preference (p < 0.001). They preferred to address doctors by their title and surname (61%) but other mental health professionals by their first names (60-69%) (p < 0.001). Attendees had a strong preference for being addressed by their first names by all the mental health professionals (86-91%) (p < 0.001). Doctors preferred to be attired formally (88%), compared to nurses (50%) or other mental health professionals (42%) (p = 0.002). Attendees had no preference in relation to the attire of doctors but preferred other mental health professionals to be attired informally.Conclusions: The study demonstrates that despite the increased use of several non-medical terms to describe attendees of mental health services; the preferred term of attendees of the psychiatric services in both in-patient and out-patient settings remains ‘patient’. However, this is not universally the case, and the ascertainment of the preference of the attendee at the first encounter with the health professional should be ascertained. We also demonstrated that attendees preferences in relation to both “dress and address” of doctors is significantly different to their preference for nurses or other allied mental health professionals; which may reflect a wish for a less familiar and more formal interaction with doctors.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the meaning of the phrase "image of the nurse" in the context of the desired brand experience of assurance. BACKGROUND A brand is a promise that lives in the minds of consumers. Nurses play a key role in delivering on the brand promise of a hospital. METHODS Using focus groups, the authors applied a deductive approach to generate data. Discussion transcripts were analyzed by establishing codes and identifying themes. RESULTS The most frequent comment from participants was that for nurses to communicate assurance, they must 1st be clean, well groomed, and understated in overall appearance. Nurse behaviors that reassure patients include being present with patients, helping patients know what to expect, and demonstrating a consistent team approach. CONCLUSIONS Overall appearance and behaviors define the image of nurses and contribute significantly to the brand of assurance.
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Porr C, Dawe D, Lewis N, Meadus RJ, Snow N, Didham P. Patient perception of contemporary nurse attire: a pilot study. Int J Nurs Pract 2013; 20:149-155. [PMID: 24713011 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients have expressed difficulty accurately distinguishing registered nurses (RNs) from other hospital personnel because standardized uniforms are no longer worn by RNs. According to American studies, such complaints are widespread; moreover, patients' perceptions of nurse caring and competence and of other traits associated with nurses' professional image have been negatively affected by casual, non-conventional attire. As there are no published Canadian studies, we conducted a pilot study to examine patient perception of the nurse uniform. Adult patients viewed photographs of the same RN dressed in eight different uniforms and rated each uniform according to 10 traits associated with nurses' professional image. The white pantsuit scored higher for professionalism than uniforms with small print, bold print, or solid colour, and most patients preferred that the RN dress in white. Our preliminary findings suggest that RN attire warrants further investigation, and we are planning a large-scale, fully powered study to inform patient-driven change to existing uniform policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Porr
- School of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Doreen Dawe
- School of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nicole Lewis
- School of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert J Meadus
- School of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nicole Snow
- Centre for Nursing Studies, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Paula Didham
- Western Regional School of Nursing, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Charras K, Gzil F. Judging a book by its cover: uniforms and quality of life in special care units for people with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:450-8. [PMID: 23687183 PMCID: PMC10852696 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513488915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In certain health care facilities, the staff commonly wear uniforms for dementia care. Wearing uniforms are often believed to improve the well-being of institutionalized people with dementia (PwD) by facilitating orientation and preserving hygiene. However, when studied more thoroughly, it appears that their use counters to person centeredness. This study aims to investigate the impact of wearing uniforms on the quality of life (QoL) of institutionalized PwD. METHOD A natural experimental design was operated in 4 special care units (SCUs) in France. Two SCUs served as an experimental group (caregivers wearing street clothes except when performing hands-on physical care; N = 13) and 2 served as a comparison group (caregivers wearing uniforms; N = 14). The QoL of PwD was measured using the QoL-Alzheimer's Disease scale, and focus groups were carried out with caregivers. RESULTS Overall and significantly enhanced QoL scores were observed for the experimental street clothing staff group when compared to the uniform group. Caregivers also reported subjective impressions of overall beneficial outcomes for PwD when the caregivers were not wearing uniforms and reported feeling more at ease when interacting with them. CONCLUSION Results are discussed in terms of intergroup relationships, living and working conditions, and ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Charras
- Psyschosocial Interventions Department, Fondation Médéric Alzheimer, Paris, France.
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The Experience of Nursing Students Visiting Older Adults Living in Rural Communities. J Prof Nurs 2013; 29:240-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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First Impressions and the Reference Encounter: The Influence of Affect and Clothing on Librarian Approachability. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIANSHIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to increase understanding of patient perceptions of nursing professional image, appearance, and identification to inform implementation of professional clinical attire. BACKGROUND There is growing evidence of patient preference for and organizational implementation of professional clinical attire. METHODS A total of 350 randomly selected inpatients were surveyed using the professional image and patient preferences survey prior to a revision of the dress code for nursing. RESULTS Patients gave high scores for nursing image, appearance, and identification, with no support for color-coded uniforms. CONCLUSIONS Organizations should assess patient perceptions before implementation of a dress code for nursing.
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Albert NM, Burke J, Bena JF, Morrison SM, Forney J, Krajewski S. Nurses' uniform color and feelings/emotions in school-aged children receiving health care. J Pediatr Nurs 2013; 28:141-9. [PMID: 22543261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Children may fear nurses wearing white uniforms. When emotions and uniform color were studied in 233 children, many positive emotions were most often associated with blue, bold pink-patterned, or yellow-patterned tops (all p ≤ .002). Negative emotions were not associated with uniform top colors (all p < .001). However, after excluding "uniform color does not matter," 8 negative emotions were most often associated with white uniform color (p < .001-.04), and 2 others were most often associated with the yellow-patterned top. Bold pink-patterned and solid blue uniform tops were preferred. In conclusion, children's emotions were associated with nurse uniform color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Albert
- Nursing Research and Innovation, Nursing Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Nurses' impact on the hospital environment: lessening or contributing to the chaos? Geriatr Nurs 2013; 34:72-74. [PMID: 23499012 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The professional appearance of registered nurses: an integrative review of peer-refereed studies. J Nurs Adm 2013; 43:108-12. [PMID: 23343727 DOI: 10.1097/nna.0b013e31827f2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of research examining the impact of standardized uniform style and color for registered nurses (RNs). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to appraise published peer-refereed studies on the effect of a standardized uniform style and color for RNs. METHODS Seven peer-refereed studies exploring standardized uniforms for RNs were identified. Using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine evidence hierarchy, each study was assigned a level of evidence and overall rating. RESULTS Data suggest that patients felt that RNs appeared professional and were easily identified by a standardized uniform style and color. No strong evidence supports a patient's preference for a specific style and color of uniform. CONCLUSIONS Findings are inconsistent but demonstrate that a standardized uniform style and color increased the perception of professionalism and recognition of RNs among patients.
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Charalambous A, Kaite C. Undergraduate nursing students caring for cancer patients: hermeneutic phenomenological insights of their experiences. BMC Health Serv Res 2013; 13:63. [PMID: 23414528 PMCID: PMC3582535 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The care of patients suffering from cancer and especially those facing the death trajectory appears to be complex and demanding not only for student nurses but for professional nurses as well. The educational models often used in nursing require students to face challenging care scenarios, sometimes with minimal or no supervision and guidance. These "worst case scenarios" can be traumatic experiences that can leave the student hopeless and disappointed of themselves and in many cases can "scar" their subsequent professional career. The literature demonstrates that this can be the result of the students' ill-preparation to care for cancer patients and deal with death and dying. The purpose of this study was to interpret the students' experiences of coming face-to-face with cancer care during their clinical placements. METHODS This is a hermeneutic phenomenological study influenced by the ideas of the French Philosopher Paul Ricoeur. Based on this philosophical enquiry the interpretation process included three stages: 1) naïve reading, 2) structural analysis and 3) comprehensive understanding. Data were collected through reflective/narrative diaries from the 4th grade undergraduate (pre-registration) nursing students practicing at oncology, hematology, pediatric oncology departments and hospices. Diaries of twelve students met the inclusion criteria and were included in the interpretation process. The study took place during January and May 2011. RESULTS The interpretation yielded the following themes: a) Being part of the center's life, b) Being sympathetic, c) Being confronted by others, d) Being self-reflective, e) Being trapped in the system, f) Being caring towards the family and g) Being better in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS The students emphasized the need for appropriate preparation both at a theoretical and at a clinical level, as to better confront situations involving death and dying as well as learning techniques for crisis management. The students perceived the importance of adopting a policy that is both patient and family-centered in order to provide better care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Charalambous
- Head of the Euro-Mediterranean Research Centre for Oncology and Palliative Care, Cyprus University of Technology Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Vragadinou 15, Limassol, 3041, Cyprus
| | - Charis Kaite
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Vragadinou 15, Limassol, 3041, Cyprus
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Rezaei-Adaryani M, Salsali M, Mohammadi E. Nursing image: an evolutionary concept analysis. Contemp Nurse 2012. [DOI: 10.5172/conu.2012.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wisanskoonwong P, Fahy K, Hastie C. Reflections on the practice of facilitating group-based antenatal education: should a midwife wear a uniform in the hospital setting? Int J Nurs Pract 2012; 17:628-35. [PMID: 22103830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-172x.2011.01972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first author of this paper, a Thai midwife, conducted a feminist action research project aimed at collaboratively developing a model for group-based antenatal education in Thailand. Should a midwife wear a uniform when facilitating midwife-led group-based antenatal education sessions in the hospital setting? This paper reports on a single example of reflection in and on midwifery practice that aimed to answer the guiding question. The practice and reflection occurred over a number of months at the beginning of the feminist action research project. The midwife should wear normal clothes when facilitating group-based antenatal education as a symbol of equality in power relationships within the group. When power relationships between women and the midwife are equalized, women are more able to take responsibility for their health as they are less likely to defer to the 'expert'. Reflection in and on practice is a powerful tool to allow the midwife to understand and change her own practice as required to meet those goals. Self-change is a critical first step because there can be no change in the way maternity care is provided without each midwife being willing to be self-aware and open to appropriate self-change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeranan Wisanskoonwong
- School of Health and Human Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia.
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Dorwart SD, Kuntz SW, Armstrong ML. Developing a Nursing Personnel Policy to Address Body Art Using an Evidence-Based Model. J Contin Educ Nurs 2010; 41:540-6; quiz 547-8. [DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20100601-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A question of identity: should white uniforms be standard for hospital-based RNs? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2010; 35:186-7. [PMID: 20585205 DOI: 10.1097/nmc.0b013e3181dd9dc4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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