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Reinwarth AC, Petersen J, Beutel ME, Hautzinger M, Brähler E. Social support in older adults: Validation and norm values of a brief form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-6). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299467. [PMID: 38502646 PMCID: PMC10950225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social relations are crucial for maintaining physical and mental health across the life span. As social roles, networks and needs change with age a valid assessment of social support in older adults and age-specific norms are necessary. The present work aims to [1) assess the level of social support in individuals > 60 years of the general German population, [2) evaluate the brief six-item form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-6) in this age group and to [3) provide age-specific norm values. METHODS We analyze data of N = 706 people representative for the German population collected in 2021. To assess social support, we used the F-SozU K-6. We tested for selectivity, item difficulty, internal consistency, construct and factor validity, as well as factorial invariance. Additionally, we assessed correlations and associations with depression, loneliness, and sociodemographic factors. Furthermore, we reported norm values for respondents > 60 years. RESULTS Participants > 60 years reported a mean level of 23.97 (SD = 4.82) of social support. Results of the CFA confirmed a very good model fit. Measurement invariance across sex and age was shown. Associations with ADS and LS-S supported construct validity. Multiple regression analysis showed that female sex, increasing age, having a partner, and a higher equivalized household income were associated with higher levels of social support. CONCLUSION The F-SozU K-6 is a reliable and economical tool to assess perceived social support in older adults. Norm values for individual > 60 years are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Reinwarth
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Petersen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Chen YL, Jian CR, Chang YP, Chao SR, Yen CF. Association of loneliness with suicide risk and depression in individuals with schizophrenia: moderating effects of self-esteem and perceived support from families and friends. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:41. [PMID: 37402821 PMCID: PMC10319791 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness is prevalent among individuals with mental illnesses. This cross-sectional survey study examined the moderating effects of self-esteem and perceived support from families and friends on the association of loneliness with suicide risk and depression in individuals with schizophrenia. In total, 300 participants (267 with schizophrenia and 33 with schizoaffective disorder) completed the University of California, Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale (Version 3); suicide module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; Family and Friend Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve Index; and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Moderation analysis was performed to examine the moderating effects of self-esteem and perceived support from families and friends on the association of loneliness with suicide risk and depression. The results found that self-esteem was significantly associated with a reduced magnitude of depression in participants with loneliness. In addition, perceived support from friends was significantly associated with a reduced magnitude of suicide risk in participants with loneliness. Our findings indicate the importance of intervention programs that strengthen support from friends and self-esteem in reducing suicide risk and depression among lonely individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cian-Ruei Jian
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- School of Nursing, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shu-Ru Chao
- Department of Social Work, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Yang M, An Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Fan X. Relationship Between Physical Symptoms and Loneliness in Patients with Heart Failure: The Serial Mediating Roles of Activities of Daily Living and Social Isolation. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023; 24:688-693. [PMID: 36804525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the multiple mediation effects of activities of daily living and social isolation on the relationship between physical symptoms and loneliness in patients with heart failure. DESIGN We adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 303 patients with heart failure were recruited at 2 general hospitals in China from November 2019 to December 2020. METHODS Information on loneliness was assessed using the Loneliness Scale of the University of California at Los Angeles (version 3), physical symptoms were evaluated using the Symptom Status Questionnaire-Heart Failure, the Activity of Daily Living Scale was used to evaluate activities of daily living, the Lubben Social Network Scale was used to measure social isolation. The serial mediation model was examined using PROCESS macro in SPSS. RESULTS Of the 303 patients, 66.7% experienced mild loneliness and 21.8% experienced moderate or severe loneliness. Multiple mediation analysis showed that physical symptoms had a direct effect on loneliness (effect = 0.210; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.099-0.320) and the link between physical symptoms and loneliness through 3 indirect pathways: (1) activities of daily living (effect = 0.043; 95% CI 0.006‒0.086), accounting for 20.48% of the total effect; (2) social isolation (effect = 0.060; 95% CI 0.005‒0.120), accounting for 28.57% of the total effect; and (3) activities of daily living and social isolation in series (effect = 0.049; 95% CI 0.024‒0.081), accounting for 23.33% of the total effect. The total mediating effect was 72.38%. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Activities of daily living and social isolation sequentially mediated the relationship between physical symptoms and loneliness in patients with heart failure. Therefore, attention to reducing activities of daily living limitations and social isolation may be beneficial to reducing loneliness, apart from alleviating physical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yan An
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuting Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qiuge Zhao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Fan
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.
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Sendra M, Amieva H, Retuerto N, Meillon C, Bergua V, Ouvrard C, Pérès K, Rascle N, Koleck M. Psychometric properties of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ), a new measure of perceived social support among older adults. Aging Ment Health 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35894789 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on literature and available questionnaires, the present study aimed at creating and validating the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ): a 4-item scale assessing the perceived social support in older adults. Normative scores were also computed. METHODS Three hundred and two participants (mean age 87.68) selected from ongoing population-based studies completed a phone interview. Among these, 247 completed a second interview 4 months later allowing assessing the questionnaire fidelity over time. RESULTS The factor analysis evidenced two dimensions: availability of social support and satisfaction with it. Both dimensions had a satisfactory internal consistency but weak intraclass correlation coefficient. Univariate analyses revealed that age, number of calls per week and living environment marginally associated with the availability score. The satisfaction score was associated with perceived health status, sadness, depressive mood, feeling of loneliness, anxiety, and the perception of social support during the pandemic context. The norms computed were stratified on age. CONCLUSIONS The PSSQ is a short and easy-to-administer tool allowing assessing perceived social support in older population. Despite a weak fidelity that could actually be explained by changes in perceived social support over time, the questionnaire revealed good psychometric qualities and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sendra
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Amieva
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noelia Retuerto
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Céline Meillon
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Bergua
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Camille Ouvrard
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Pérès
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicole Rascle
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michèle Koleck
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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