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Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Atkinson G, Lolli L, King JA, Dorling JL, Dowejko M, Mastana S, Stensel DJ. True Interindividual Variability Exists in Postprandial Appetite Responses in Healthy Men But Is Not Moderated by the FTO Genotype. J Nutr 2019; 149:1159-1169. [PMID: 31132105 PMCID: PMC6602891 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After meal ingestion, a series of coordinated hormone responses occur concomitantly with changes in perceived appetite. It is not known whether interindividual variability in appetite exists in response to a meal. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to 1) assess the reproducibility of appetite responses to a meal; 2) quantify individual differences in responses; and 3) explore any moderating influence of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene. METHODS Using a replicated crossover design, 18 healthy men (mean ± SD age: 28.5 ± 9.8 y; BMI: 27.0 ± 5.0 kg/m2) recruited according to FTO genotype (9 AA, 9 TT) completed 2 identical control and 2 identical standardized meal conditions (5025 kJ) in randomized sequences. Perceived appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin, total peptide YY (PYY), insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured before and after interventions as primary outcomes. Interindividual differences were explored using Pearson's product-moment correlations between the first and second replicates of the control-adjusted meal response. Within-participant covariate-adjusted linear mixed models were used to quantify participant-by-condition and genotype-by-condition interactions. RESULTS The meal suppressed acylated ghrelin and appetite perceptions [standardized effect size (ES): 0.18-4.26] and elevated total PYY, insulin, and glucose (ES: 1.96-21.60). For all variables, SD of change scores was greater in the meal than in the control conditions. Moderate-to-large positive correlations were observed between the 2 replicates of control-adjusted meal responses for all variables (r = 0.44-0.86, P ≤ 0.070). Participant-by-condition interactions were present for all variables (P ≤ 0.056). FTO genotype-by-condition interactions were nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.19) and treatment effect differences between genotype groups were small (ES ≤ 0.27) for all appetite parameters. CONCLUSIONS Reproducibility of postprandial appetite responses is generally good. True interindividual variability is present beyond any random within-subject variation in healthy men but we detected no moderation by the FTO genotype. These findings highlight the importance of exploring individual differences in appetite for the prevention and treatment of obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03771690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Goltz
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James L Dorling
- Ingestive Behavior Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Monika Dowejko
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to DJS (e-mail: )
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Assessing the influence of fasted and postprandial states on day-to-day variability of appetite and food preferences. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:219-228. [PMID: 30447219 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ratings of subjective appetite and food hedonics provide valuable information about energy and macronutrient intake. Ensuring reproducibility of measures of subjective appetite, and food liking and wanting is essential for accurate understanding about their implementation in intervention studies. METHODS Nineteen participants participated in two separate 10-h test days consisting of 6 test meals. Subjective appetite was measured in the fasted state and periodically across the test day in a postprandial state. Liking and wanting were measured using the Leeds Food Preferences Questionnaire (LFPQ) immediately before and after breakfast, immediately before the second meal, and at the end of the test day. RESULTS Reproducibility of appetite scores was similar to those previously reported in males, however females tended to have consistently higher CVs, wider CRs and wider 95% CIs. Variability in food hedonics was of a similar magnitude to subjective appetite with CVs for fasting explicit liking and wanting between 15.3 and 33.4%, correlations for both implicit and explicit liking and wanting between 0.18 and 0.87 and CRs indicating 95% of between-day changes for any given individual should fall within ±43.4 mm of the mean change. Averages of food hedonics during the test day reduced CVs, improved correlations and reduced CRs. Despite no mean change in preceding energy and nutrient intake, individual changes in prior energy and macronutrient intake appeared to influence individual between-day changes in appetite and food hedonics, and appetite and food hedonics were intricately linked. CONCLUSIONS Larger subject numbers may be required for appetite studies with female participants due to greater appetite variability. The LFPQ as a tool for measuring implicit and explicit liking and wanting is sufficiently reproducible and improved by averaging multiple measures across a day.
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King JA, Deighton K, Broom DR, Wasse LK, Douglas JA, Burns SF, Cordery PA, Petherick ES, Batterham RL, Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Yates T, Stensel DJ. Individual Variation in Hunger, Energy Intake, and Ghrelin Responses to Acute Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1219-1228. [PMID: 28511192 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to characterize the immediate and extended effect of acute exercise on hunger, energy intake, and circulating acylated ghrelin concentrations using a large data set of homogenous experimental trials and to describe the variation in responses between individuals. METHODS Data from 17 of our group's experimental crossover trials were aggregated yielding a total sample of 192 young, healthy males. In these studies, single bouts of moderate to high-intensity aerobic exercise (69% ± 5% V˙O2 peak; mean ± SD) were completed with detailed participant assessments occurring during and for several hours postexercise. Mean hunger ratings were determined during (n = 178) and after (n = 118) exercise from visual analog scales completed at 30-min intervals, whereas ad libitum energy intake was measured within the first hour after exercise (n = 60) and at multiple meals (n = 128) during the remainder of trials. Venous concentrations of acylated ghrelin were determined at strategic time points during (n = 118) and after (n = 89) exercise. RESULTS At group level, exercise transiently suppressed hunger (P < 0.010, Cohen's d = 0.77) but did not affect energy intake. Acylated ghrelin was suppressed during exercise (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.10) and remained significantly lower than control (no exercise) afterward (P < 0.024, Cohen's d = 0.61). Between participants, there were notable differences in responses; however, a large proportion of this spread lay within the boundaries of normal variation associated with biological and technical assessment error. CONCLUSION In young men, acute exercise suppresses hunger and circulating acylated ghrelin concentrations with notable diversity between individuals. Care must be taken to distinguish true interindividual variation from random differences within normal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A King
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM; 2NIHR Leicester-Loughborough, Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM; 4Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UNITED KINGDOM; 5Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM; 6Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE; 7Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UNITED KINGDOM; 8NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UNITED KINGDOM; and 9College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
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Gonzalez JT, Frampton J, Deighton K. Postprandial suppression of appetite is more reproducible at a group than an individual level: Implications for assessing inter-individual variability. Appetite 2017; 108:375-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tucker AJ, Heap S, Ingram J, Law M, Wright AJ. Postprandial appetite ratings are reproducible and moderately related to total day energy intakes, but not ad libitum lunch energy intakes, in healthy young women. Appetite 2016; 99:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Støa EM, Nyhus LK, Børresen SC, Nygaard C, Hovet ÅM, Bratland-Sanda S, Helgerud J, Støren Ø. Day to day variability in fat oxidation and the effect after only 1 day of change in diet composition. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:397-404. [PMID: 26960444 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indirect calorimetry is a common and noninvasive method to estimate rate of fat oxidation (FatOx) during exercise, and test-retest reliability should be considered when interpreting results. Diet also has an impact on FatOx. The aim of the present study was to investigate day to day variations in FatOx during moderate exercise given the same diet and 2 different isoenergetic diets. Nine healthy, moderately-trained females participated in the study. They performed 1 maximal oxygen uptake test and 4 FatOx tests. Habitual diets were recorded and repeated to assess day to day variability in FatOx. FatOx was also measured after 1 day of fat-rich (26.8% carbohydrates (CHO), 23.2% protein, 47.1% fat) and 1 day of CHO-rich diet (62.6% CHO, 20.1% protein, 12.4% fat). The reliability test revealed no differences in FatOx, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, or blood glucose between the 2 habitual diet days. FatOx decreased after the CHO-rich diet compared with the habitual day 2 (from 0.42 ± 0.15 to 0.29 ± 0.13 g·min(-1), p < 0.05). No difference was found in FatOx between fat-rich diet and the 2 habitual diet days. FatOx was 31% lower (from 0.42 ± 0.14 to 0.29 ± 0.13 g·min(-1), p < 0.01) after the CHO-rich diet compared with the fat-rich diet. Using RER data to measure FatOx is a reliable method as long as the diet is strictly controlled. However, even a 1-day change in macronutrient composition will likely affect the FatOx results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Støa
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | - Lill-Katrin Nyhus
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | | | - Caroline Nygaard
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | - Åse Marie Hovet
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
| | | | - Jan Helgerud
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway.,b Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Trondheim, Norway.,c Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Center, Hokksund, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- a Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway
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Horner KM, Byrne NM, King NA. Reproducibility of subjective appetite ratings and ad libitum test meal energy intake in overweight and obese males. Appetite 2014; 81:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gonzalez JT, Rumbold PL, Stevenson EJ. Appetite sensations and substrate metabolism at rest, during exercise, and recovery: impact of a high-calcium meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1260-7. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the calcium content of a high-carbohydrate, pre-exercise meal on substrate metabolism and appetite sensations before, during, and after exercise. Nine active males participated in 2 trials in a double-blind, randomised, crossover design. After consuming a high carbohydrate (1.5 g·kg−1 of body mass) breakfast with a calcium content of either 3 (control trial) or 9 mg·kg−1 of body mass (high milk-calcium (CAL)), participants ran at 60% peak oxygen uptake for 60 min. Following exercise, a recovery drink was consumed and responses were investigated for a further 90 min. Blood and expired gas were sampled throughout to determine circulating substrate and hormone concentrations and rates of substrate oxidation. Visual analogue scales were also administered to determine subjective appetite sensations. Neither whole-body lipid oxidation nor non-esterified fatty acid availability differed between trials. The area under the curve for the first hour following breakfast consumption was 16% (95% confidence interval: 0%–35%) greater for fullness and 10% (95% confidence interval: 2%–19%) greater for insulin in the CAL trial but these differences were transient and not apparent later in the trial. This study demonstrates that increasing the calcium content of a high carbohydrate meal transiently increases insulinemia and fullness but substrate metabolism is unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T. Gonzalez
- Brain, Performance, and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Penny L.S. Rumbold
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Brain, Performance, and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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