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Ehret J, Brandl B, Schweikert K, Rennekamp R, Ströbele-Benschop N, Skurk T, Hauner H. Benefits of Fiber-Enriched Foods on Satiety and Parameters of Human Well-Being in Adults with and without Cardiometabolic Risk. Nutrients 2023; 15:3871. [PMID: 37764655 PMCID: PMC10534722 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fiber-rich foods is linked to beneficial effects on chronic diseases and gut health, while implications towards improving satiety and parameters of well-being remain unclear. A randomized placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted to compare the effects of fiber-enriched foods to their non-enriched counterparts in adults over a 12-week period on selected clinical parameters-satiety, quality of life, body sensation, and life satisfaction-subjective health status, and importance of diet for well-being. Quality of life (QOL) differed significantly between intervention and control groups at baseline, throughout, and at the end of the study. No effects on satiety, satisfaction with life, or the importance of diet for well-being could be shown between groups. With higher fiber intake, body sensation ratings increased. A higher BMI was significantly associated with lower-body sensation, subjective health status and quality of life. Fiber-enriched foods do not seem to affect feeling of satiety or parameters of well-being. Larger samples and additional methods are necessary to fully explore the effect of increased fiber intake on patient-related outcomes in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ehret
- Department of Applied Nutritional Psychology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Beate Brandl
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre of Nutritional Medicine, Clinical Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karsten Schweikert
- Core Facility Hohenheim, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rachel Rennekamp
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre of Nutritional Medicine, Clinical Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nanette Ströbele-Benschop
- Department of Applied Nutritional Psychology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre of Nutritional Medicine, Clinical Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre of Nutritional Medicine, Clinical Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Jovanovichs MRC, Pinton MB, Correa LP, Pedro D, Mallmann CA, Wagner R, Cichoski AJ, Lorenzo JM, Teixeira AJC, Campagnol PCB, Dos Santos BA. Replacing Animal Fat with Gels of Psyllium Fiber and Combined Linseed Oil-Psyllium Fiber in Salamis: Impacts on Technological, Nutritional, Oxidative, and Sensory Properties. Foods 2023; 12:2439. [PMID: 37444177 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study produced two gels: one solely using psyllium fiber (GP) and another combining this fiber with linseed oil (GL+P). Both gels replaced 15% and 30% of the animal fat content of salamis. The objective was to evaluate the impact of this lipid reformulation on the technological, nutritional, oxidative, and sensory properties of the salamis. The lipid reformulation did not alter the evolution of pH and lactic acid bacteria during processing. The addition of GL+P did not interfere with the product's drying process. However, replacing 30% of animal fat with the GP resulted in greater weight loss and a lower final Aw value. The lipid reformulation minimally affected the color of the salamis but significantly enhanced their nutritional profile. This improvement was marked by a decrease in fat content and an increase in protein. Specifically, in the samples with GL+P, there was a rise in linolenic acid content and a reduction in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Adding GP did not affect the salamis' oxidative stability and sensory profile. However, substituting 30% of the animal fat with GL+P increased the TBARS values, and volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation hampered the products' sensory profiles. A reduction in these negative effects was observed when replacing 15% of the fat with GL+P, suggesting this to be the ideal dosage for balancing the nutritional benefits with maintaining the product's oxidative stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Basso Pinton
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Leticia Pereira Correa
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Pedro
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Cichoski
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Adva. Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Alfredo Jorge Costa Teixeira
- Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | | | - Bibiana Alves Dos Santos
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
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Gibb RD, Sloan KJ, McRorie JW. Psyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2023:01741002-990000000-00118. [PMID: 37163454 PMCID: PMC10389520 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psyllium is a natural, predominantly soluble fiber that forms a viscous gel when hydrated and is not digested or fermented. In the small intestine, psyllium gel increases chyme viscosity, slowing the degradation and absorption of nutrients. Psyllium has a significant effect in patients with metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes on glycemic control, while lowering serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Some randomized controlled studies have shown that psyllium also facilitates weight loss in overweight and obese participants. OBJECTIVES A comprehensive review and meta-analysis assessing psyllium's impact on body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference in overweight and obese participants. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive search was performed (Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Database) through March 21, 2022, using search terms to identify randomized, controlled, clinical studies designed to assess weight loss in overweight and obese participants over at least 2 months. Data were analyzed using the inverse variance method with random effects models. CONCLUSIONS Six studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified (total n = 354). The meta-analysis showed that psyllium, dosed just before meals (mean dose 10.8 g/day, mean duration 4.8 months), was effective for decreasing body weight (MD = -2.1 kg [95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.6 to -1.6]; p < .001), BMI (MD = -0.8 kg/m2 [95% CI: -1.0 to -0.6]; p < .001) and waist circumference (MD = -2.2 cm [95% CI: -2.9 to -1.4]; p < .001) in overweight and obese populations. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Gel-forming nonfermented psyllium fiber, dosed just before meals, is effective in facilitating weight loss in overweight and obese participants.
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Boix-Castejón M, Roche E, Olivares-Vicente M, Álvarez-Martínez FJ, Herranz-López M, Micol V. Plant compounds for obesity treatment through neuroendocrine regulation of hunger: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 113:154735. [PMID: 36921427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food intake behavior is influenced by both physiological and psychological complex processes, such as appetite, satiety, and hunger. The neuroendocrine regulation of food intake integrates short- and long-term acting signals that modulate the moment of intake and energy storage/expenditure, respectively. These signals are classified as orexigenic, those that activate anabolic pathways and the desire of eating, and anorexigenic, those that activate the catabolic pathways and a sensation of satiety. Appetite control by natural vegetal compounds is an intense area of research and new pharmacological interventions have been emerging based on an understanding of appetite regulation pathways. Several validated psychometric tools are used to assess the efficacy of these plant ingredients. However, these data are not conclusive if they are not complemented with physiological parameters, such as anthropometric evaluations (body weight and composition) and the analysis of hormones related to adipose tissue and appetite in blood. PURPOSE The purpose of this manuscript is the critical analysis of the plant compounds studied to date in the literature with potential for the neuroendocrine regulation of hunger in order to determine if the use of phytochemicals for the treatment of obesity constitutes an effective and/or promising therapeutic tool. METHODS Relevant information on neuroendocrine regulation of hunger and satiety for the treatment of obesity by plant compounds up to 2022 in English and/or Spanish were derived from online databases using the PubMed search engine and Google Scholar with relevant keywords and operators. RESULTS Accordingly, the comparison performed in this review between previous studies showed a high degree of experimental heterogeneity. Among the studies reviewed here, only a few of them establish comprehensively a potential correlation between the effect of the ingredient on hunger or satiety, body changes and a physiological response. CONCLUSIONS More systematic clinical studies are required in future research. The first approach should be to decode the pattern of circulating hormones regulating hunger, satiety, and appetite in overweight/obese subjects. Thereafter, studies should correlate brain connectivity at the level of the hypothalamus, gut and adipose tissue with the hormone patterns modulating appetite and satiety. Extracts whose mode of action have been well characterized and that are safe, can be used clinically to perform a moderate, but continuous, caloric restriction in overweight patients to lose weight excess into a controlled protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boix-Castejón
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - E Roche
- Institute of Bioengineering, Applied Biology Department-Nutrition, University Miguel-Hernández, 03202, Elche, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010, Alicante, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Olivares-Vicente
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - F J Álvarez-Martínez
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - M Herranz-López
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - V Micol
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
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The impact of psyllium gelation behaviour on in vitro colonic fermentation properties. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Akhlaghi M. The role of dietary fibers in regulating appetite, an overview of mechanisms and weight consequences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3139-3150. [PMID: 36193993 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibers prevent obesity through reduction of hunger and prolongation of satiety. A number of mechanical and endocrine signals from gastrointestinal tract are stimulated by fibers and their fermentation products, reach regions of brain involved in the regulation of appetite, and ultimately reduce food intake. Gastric distention, delayed gastric emptying, prevention of hypoglycemic, increased amounts of unabsorbed nutrients reaching to the ileum, and stimulation of enteroendocrine cells for secretion of cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY are among mechanisms of fibers in decreasing hunger and prolongation of satiety. Fermentation of fibers produces short-chain fatty acids that also stimulates enteroendocrine cells to secrete GLP-1 and PYY. Randomized controlled trials have shown reductions in energy intake and body weight along with increased satiation and reduced hunger following consumption of fibers. Prospective cohort studies have confirmed these results but the extent of weight loss in some studies has been small. Controversies exist between studies particularly for the effect of fibers on the gastrointestinal hormones, subsequent food intake, and the resultant weight loss. More studies are needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn especially for the effect of fibers on appetite-related hormones and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Rakha A, Mehak F, Shabbir MA, Arslan M, Ranjha MMAN, Ahmed W, Socol CT, Rusu AV, Hassoun A, Aadil RM. Insights into the constellating drivers of satiety impacting dietary patterns and lifestyle. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1002619. [PMID: 36225863 PMCID: PMC9549911 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food intake and body weight regulation are of special interest for meeting today's lifestyle essential requirements. Since balanced energy intake and expenditure are crucial for healthy living, high levels of energy intake are associated with obesity. Hence, regulation of energy intake occurs through short- and long-term signals as complex central and peripheral physiological signals control food intake. This work aims to explore and compile the main factors influencing satiating efficiency of foods by updating recent knowledge to point out new perspectives on the potential drivers of satiety interfering with food intake regulation. Human internal factors such as genetics, gender, age, nutritional status, gastrointestinal satiety signals, gut enzymes, gastric emptying rate, gut microbiota, individual behavioral response to foods, sleep and circadian rhythms are likely to be important in determining satiety. Besides, the external factors (environmental and behavioral) impacting satiety efficiency are highlighted. Based on mechanisms related to food consumption and dietary patterns several physical, physiological, and psychological factors affect satiety or satiation. A complex network of endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms controls the satiety pathways. In response to food intake and other behavioral cues, gut signals enable endocrine systems to target the brain. Intestinal and gastric signals interact with neural pathways in the central nervous system to halt eating or induce satiety. Moreover, complex food composition and structures result in considerable variation in satiety responses for different food groups. A better understanding of foods and factors impacting the efficiency of satiety could be helpful in making smart food choices and dietary recommendations for a healthy lifestyle based on updated scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Rakha
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakiha Mehak
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Shabbir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Asim Shabbir
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Waqar Ahmed
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Alexandru Vasile Rusu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Alexandru Vasile Rusu
| | - Abdo Hassoun
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMRt 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Junia, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Rana Muhammad Aadil
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Martellet MC, Majolo F, Ducati RG, de Souza CFV, Goettert MI. Probiotic applications associated with Psyllium fiber as prebiotics geared to a healthy intestinal microbiota: A review. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effects of Laser Irradiation at 488, 514, 532, 552, 660, and 785 nm on the Aqueous Extracts of Plantago lanceolata L.: A Comparison on Chemical Content, Antioxidant Activity and Caco-2 Viability. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, six laser radiation (488 nm/40 mW, 514 nm/15 mW, 532 nm/20 mW, 552 nm/15 mW, 660 nm/ 75 mW, and at 785 nm/70 mW) were tested on the aqueous extracts of leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. to compare extraction efficacy and antioxidant and cell viability effects in vitro. Briefly, in comparison with the control extract, laser extracts at 488, 514, 532, and 552 nm revealed small acquisitions of total extractible compounds in samples (up to 6.52%; laser extracts at 488 and 532 nm also revealed minerals and micro-elements increases (up to 6.49%); the most prominent results were obtained upon Fe (up to 38%, 488 nm), Cr (up to 307%, 660 nm), and Zn (up to 465%, 532 nm). Laser extracts at 488, 514, 552, and 785 nm proved more intense antioxidant capacity than the control sample, while laser extract at 660 nm indicated clear pro-oxidant effects. Caco-2 cells study indicated stimulatory activity for the extracts at 488 nm, no effects at 532 nm, and the decrease of the cell viability in the case of extracts at 660 nm respectively. Further studies are necessary to understand the pro-oxidant effects observed in the case of extracts exposed to laser radiation at 660 nm.
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Deehan EC, Zhang Z, Riva A, Armet AM, Perez-Muñoz ME, Nguyen NK, Krysa JA, Seethaler B, Zhao YY, Cole J, Li F, Hausmann B, Spittler A, Nazare JA, Delzenne NM, Curtis JM, Wismer WV, Proctor SD, Bakal JA, Bischoff SC, Knights D, Field CJ, Berry D, Prado CM, Walter J. Elucidating the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological effects of dietary fiber. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:77. [PMID: 35562794 PMCID: PMC9107176 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fiber is an integral part of a healthy diet, but questions remain about the mechanisms that underlie effects and the causal contributions of the gut microbiota. Here, we performed a 6-week exploratory trial in adults with excess weight (BMI: 25-35 kg/m2) to compare the effects of a high-dose (females: 25 g/day; males: 35 g/day) supplement of fermentable corn bran arabinoxylan (AX; n = 15) with that of microbiota-non-accessible microcrystalline cellulose (MCC; n = 16). Obesity-related surrogate endpoints and biomarkers of host-microbiome interactions implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity (trimethylamine N-oxide, gut hormones, cytokines, and measures of intestinal barrier integrity) were assessed. We then determined whether clinical outcomes could be predicted by fecal microbiota features or mechanistic biomarkers. RESULTS AX enhanced satiety after a meal and decreased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), while MCC reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and fecal calprotectin. Machine learning models determined that effects on satiety could be predicted by fecal bacterial taxa that utilized AX, as identified by bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging. Reductions in HOMA-IR and calprotectin were associated with shifts in fecal bile acids, but correlations were negative, suggesting that the benefits of fiber may not be mediated by their effects on bile acid pools. Biomarkers of host-microbiome interactions often linked to bacterial metabolites derived from fiber fermentation (short-chain fatty acids) were not affected by AX supplementation when compared to non-accessible MCC. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the efficacy of purified dietary fibers when used as supplements and suggests that satietogenic effects of AX may be linked to bacterial taxa that ferment the fiber or utilize breakdown products. Other effects are likely microbiome independent. The findings provide a basis for fiber-type specific therapeutic applications and their personalization. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02322112 , registered on July 3, 2015. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Alessandra Riva
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anissa M. Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Nguyen K. Nguyen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Jacqueline A. Krysa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Benjamin Seethaler
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Janis Cole
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Fuyong Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry and Department of Surgery, Research Lab, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-CRIN/FORCE Network, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan M. Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Wendy V. Wismer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Bakal
- Patient Health Outcomes Research and Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dan Knights
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota USA
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - David Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carla M. Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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Bosch G, Gilbert M, Beerda B. Properties of Foods That Impact Appetite Regulation in Cats. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.873924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are common in global pet cat populations which makes it important to understand how properties of food affect appetite (food motivation). In four experiments, we studied this by using a model of operant conditioning for assessing appetite in which cats could press a lever for food rewards. There was no effect of protein status on motivation for protein, when evaluated in a cross-over design with cats receiving low protein (LP) or high protein (HP) foods for 14 days. Cats obtained similar numbers of HP and LP rewards, irrespective of whether their daily food was HP or LP (mixed-effects model, P = 0.550 for food × reward, P = 0.151 for reward). High dietary protein reduced food motivation when we regressed protein levels in 12 commercial foods (12.0 to 27.4 g crude protein/MJ metabolizable energy; P = 0.022) fed for 2 days and tested at 5 h postprandially on the third day whereas fiber levels were without effect (3.8 to 17.8 g non-starch polysaccharides/MJ; P = 0.992). Dietary fiber may reduce appetite depending on its physicochemical properties and we tested the effect of a gelling fiber (alginate), viscous fiber (psyllium) and a fermentable fiber (inulin). Cats received test foods as well as control foods for 3 days and were tested on the third day at 3 h (alginate), 5 h (psyllium) or 8 h (inulin) postprandially. Enriching the food with alginate (P = 0.379) or psyllium (P = 0.153) did not affect the number of rewards obtained, but the feeding of the inulin-enriched food did make the cats obtain fewer rewards than when they received the control food (P = 0.001). Finally, cooking or grinding of dietary meat increased the number of rewards obtained by cats, on day 3 at 3 h postprandial, without evidence for additive effects of these treatments (P = 0.014 for grinding × cooking). This study shows that dietary content of protein or fiber, and the grinding or cooking of meat, all affect appetite in cats as expected, though some predicted effects remained undetected and clearly details regarding food properties matter. These and future findings can guide the designing of foods that promote satiety and prevent over-eating in meal-fed cats.
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Chen C, Shang C, Xin L, Xiang M, Wang Y, Shen Z, Jiao L, Ding F, Cui X. Beneficial Effects of Psyllium on the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Food Funct 2022; 13:7473-7486. [PMID: 35781477 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Nevertheless, current therapeutic strategies are insufficient; thus, studying novel complementary and alternative medicines remains of the upmost importance. Psyllium has been used for...
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Chang Shang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Laiyun Xin
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yuling Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zihuan Shen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Linke Jiao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Zhang S, Hu J, Sun Y, Tan H, Yin J, Geng F, Nie S. Review of structure and bioactivity of the Plantago (Plantaginaceae) polysaccharides. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100158. [PMID: 34825168 PMCID: PMC8604743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plantago (Plantaginaceae) is an herbal plant, which is used in folk medicine, functional food, and dietary supplement products. Recent pharmacological and phytochemical studies have shown that polysaccharides isolated from Plantago have multiple medicinal and nutritional benefits, including improve intestinal health, hypoglycemic effect, immunomodulatory effect, etc. These health and pharmacological benefits are of great interest to the public, academia, and biotechnology industries. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in the physicochemical, structural features, and biological effects of Plantago polysaccharides and highlights the similarities and differences of the polysaccharides from different species and in different parts, including leaves, seeds, and husks. The scientific support for its use as a prebiotic is also addressed. The purpose of this review is to provide background as well as useful and up-to-date information for future research and applications of these polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yonggan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Huizi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Junyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Reyaz Shah A, Sharma P, Gour VS, Kothari S, Dar KB, Ganie SA, Shah YR. Antioxidant, Nutritional, Structural, Thermal and Physico-Chemical Properties of Psyllium (Plantago Ovata) Seeds. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.8.3.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to characterize four different types of psyllium seeds including one landrace for their nutritional, structural, antioxidant profile and biological active compounds. DSC analysis showed the highest peak temperature (TP) of 107.57 ºC in RI-89 and end set temperature (TE) of 130.2 ºC for HI-5 cultivar. FT-IR analysis displayed strong absorption bands at frequencies 960, 1380, 1740, 2280 and 3280cm-1. SEM micrographs of each cultivar showed compact and irregular mass of fiber at various magnifications. Protein, fat, ash and total carbohydrate content of psyllium seed flour were recorded up to 13.33, 0.38, 5.0 and 77.88 %, respectively. Ethanol was found to be a suitable solvent than methanol to extract the phytonutrients from psyllium seed flour. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) of methanolic and ethanolic extract varied between 31 to 39 % and 38.9 to 43 %, respectively. However, ABTS-FRSA varied between 31.7 to 32.9 % and 33.2 to 34.3 %, for methanolic and ethanolic extract, respectively. Total flavonoids and total phenolic content was recorded up to 2.92 mg RE/g and 4.37 mg GAE/g, in ethanolic extract. The reducing power (RP) and Metal chelating activity (MCA) also varied significantly (p≤0.05) among the cultivars. The MCA ranged from 33.20 to 34.81 % in methanolic extracts and 34.62 to 36.07 % in ethanolic extracts. The lowest absorbance for reducing power was found in methanolic extract of landrace (0.16), whereas, the highest was found in ethanolic extract of RI-89 (0.37). Physico-chemical properties including oil and water absorption capacity of both seed and flour did not vary significantly among the cultivars, whereas significant difference was observed in seed hydration capacity among cultivars evaluated. Among the physical properties, L/W ratio ranged from 1.80 to 199, whereas porosity and angle of repose were of 59.2 to 67.7 % and 23.20 to 27.02º, respectively. Static coefficient of friction was found less using steel (0.484 to 0.667) as a test surface compared to wood (0.679 to 0.744) and plastic (0.536 to 0.560). Bulk density, true density and porosity of various psyllium seed cultivars varied between 0.57 to 0.63 g/cm3 and 1.50 to 1.77 g/cm3 and 58.2 to 67.7%, respectively. Geometric mean diameter (Dg), Arithmetic mean diameter (Da) and surface area of seeds (A) varied from 1.49 to 1.60 mm and 1.68 to 1.79 mm and 5.91 to 6.78 mm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunjum Reyaz Shah
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur
| | | | - Vinod Singh Gour
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur
| | - S.L Kothari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur
| | - Khalid Bashir Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kashmir University Hazratbal, Srinagar
| | | | - Yasir Reyaz Shah
- Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir
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Manzoor M, Singh J, Bandral JD, Gani A, Shams R. Food hydrocolloids: Functional, nutraceutical and novel applications for delivery of bioactive compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:554-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk): From evidence of health benefits to its food application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Câmara AKFI, Geraldi MV, Okuro PK, Maróstica MR, da Cunha RL, Pollonio MAR. Satiety and in vitro digestibility of low saturated fat Bologna sausages added of chia mucilage powder and chia mucilage-based emulsion gel. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Sahebkar-Khorasani M, Jarahi L, Cramer H, Safarian M, Naghedi-Baghdar H, Salari R, Behravanrad P, Azizi H. Herbal medicines for suppressing appetite: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2019; 44:242-252. [PMID: 31126562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppression of appetite with herbal medicines has become very popular in recent years. We conducted this systematic review to evaluate the recent scientific evidence regarding herbal medicines that are used to suppress appetite. We retrieved clinical trials from PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database, and IranMedex from January 1, 2013 to April 24, 2018. English and Persian language randomized clinical trials that used herbal medicines to suppress appetite in healthy or obese or overweight individuals were included. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane methodology. Out of 591 articles, 22 trials with 973 participants were included. One study on the Meratrim formulation which contained the Sphaeranthus indicus flower heads extract and Garcinia mangostana fruit, revealed longer-term evidence; while 6 studies on Ilex paraguariensis, Spinacia oleracea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Secale cereale, Sorghum bicolor and Plantago showed short-term evidence for suppressing appetite. No serious adverse events were reported. Despite some methodological concerns in the included studies, there is promising evidence for suppressing appetite with herbal medicines that needs to be confirmed in long-term clinical trials with adequate sample size and higher methodological quality with more attention to safety, effective dose and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Holger Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Naghedi-Baghdar
- School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roshanak Salari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pardis Behravanrad
- Student of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Azizi
- Department of Chinese and Complementary Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Skotnicka M, Ocieczek A, Małgorzewicz S. Satiety value of groats in healthy women as affected by selected physicochemical parameters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1485028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Skotnicka
- Department of Food Commodity Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aneta Ocieczek
- Department of Commodity Science and Quality Management, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Małgorzewicz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Caughey SD, Wilson PW, Mukhtar N, Brocklehurst S, Reid A, D'Eath RB, Boswell T, Dunn IC. Sex differences in basal hypothalamic anorectic and orexigenic gene expression and the effect of quantitative and qualitative food restriction. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:20. [PMID: 29843787 PMCID: PMC5975468 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research into energy balance and growth has infrequently considered genetic sex, yet there is sexual dimorphism for growth across the animal kingdom. We test the hypothesis that in the chicken, there is a sex difference in arcuate nucleus neuropeptide gene expression, since previous research indicates hypothalamic AGRP expression is correlated with growth potential and that males grow faster than females. Because growth has been heavily selected in some chicken lines, food restriction is necessary to improve reproductive performance and welfare, but this increases hunger. Dietary dilution has been proposed to ameliorate this undesirable effect. We aimed to distinguish the effects of gut fullness from nutritional feedback on hypothalamic gene expression and its interaction with sex. Methods Twelve-week-old male and female fast-growing chickens were either released from restriction and fed ad libitum or a restricted diet plus 15% w/w ispaghula husk, a non-nutritive bulking agent, for 2 days. A control group remained on quantitative restriction. Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neuropeptides were measured using real-time PCR. To confirm observed sex differences, the experiment was repeated using only ad libitum and restricted fed fast-growing chickens and in a genetically distinct breed of ad libitum fed male and female chickens. Linear mixed models (Genstat 18) were used for statistical analysis with transformation where appropriate. Results There were pronounced sex differences: expression of the orexigenic genes AGRP (P < 0.001) and NPY (P < 0.002) was higher in males of the fast-growing strain. In genetically distinct chickens, males had higher AGRP mRNA (P = 0.002) expression than females, suggesting sex difference was not restricted to a fast-growing strain. AGRP (P < 0.001) expression was significantly decreased in ad libitum fed birds but was high and indistinguishable between birds on a quantitative versus qualitative restricted diet. Inversely, gene expression of the anorectic genes POMC and CART was significantly higher in ad libitum fed birds but no consistent sex differences were observed. Conclusion Expression of orexigenic peptides in the avian hypothalamus are significantly different between sexes. This could be useful starting point of investigating further if AGRP is an indicator of growth potential. Results also demonstrate that gut fill alone does not reduce orexigenic gene expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13293-018-0178-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Caughey
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | - P W Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - N Mukhtar
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - S Brocklehurst
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - A Reid
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - R B D'Eath
- Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - T Boswell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
| | - I C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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