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Marques CC, Sayal A, Crisóstomo J, Duarte JV, Castilho P, Goss K, Pereira AT, Castelo-Branco M. A neural network underlying cognitive strategies related to eating, weight and body image concerns. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1274817. [PMID: 38318273 PMCID: PMC10839062 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1274817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Concerns about food intake, weight and body shape can trigger negatively loaded emotions, which may prompt the use of cognitive strategies to regulate these emotional states. A novel fMRI task was developed to assess the neurobehavioral correlates of cognitive strategies related to eating, weight and body image concerns, such as self-criticism, avoidance, rumination, and self-reassurance. Fourteen healthy females were presented audio sentences referring to these conditions and instructed to repeat these internally while engaging their thoughts with the content of food or body images. Participants were asked to report the elicited emotion and rate their performance. All cognitive strategies recruited a network including the inferior and superior frontal gyri, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and dorsal striatum. These brain regions are involved in emotional, reward and inhibitory control processing. Representational similarity analysis revealed distinct patterns of neural responses for each cognitive strategy. Additionally, self-report measures showed that self-criticism was positively associated with superior frontal gyrus (SFG) activation. Self-compassion scores were negatively correlated with activations in the insula and right putamen, while self-reassurance scores were negatively associated with activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings identify a neural network underlying cognitive strategies related to eating, weight and body image concerns, where neurobehavioral correlation patterns depend on the cognitive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana C. Marques
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Sayal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Siemens Healthineers, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Crisóstomo
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João V. Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kenneth Goss
- Coventry & Warwickshire Partnership Trust, Coventry Eating Disorder Service, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ana T. Pereira
- Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Gerosa M, Canessa N, Morawetz C, Mattavelli G. Cognitive reappraisal of food craving and emotions: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsad077. [PMID: 38113382 PMCID: PMC10868133 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal in down-regulating food desire. Still, the neural bases of food craving down-regulation via reappraisal, as well as their degree of overlap vs specificity compared with emotion down-regulation, remain unclear. We addressed this gap through activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on the neural bases of (i) food craving down-regulation and (ii) emotion down-regulation, alongside conjunction and subtraction analyses among the resulting maps. Exploratory meta-analyses on activations related to food viewing compared with active regulation and up-regulation of food craving have also been performed. Food and emotion down-regulation via reappraisal consistently engaged overlapping activations in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal, pre-supplementary motor and lateral posterior temporal cortices, mainly in the left hemisphere. Its distinctive association with the right anterior/posterior insula and left inferior frontal gyrus suggests that food craving down-regulation entails a more extensive integration of interoceptive information about bodily states and greater inhibitory control over the appetitive urge towards food compared with emotion down-regulation. This evidence is suggestive of unique interoceptive and motivational components elicited by food craving reappraisal, associated with distinctive patterns of fronto-insular activity. These results might inform theoretical models of food craving regulation and prompt novel therapeutic interventions for obesity and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gerosa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carmen Morawetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Zhou L, Ma Y, Chen H, Han P. Sex-specific association between regional gray matter volume and spicy food craving or consumption. Appetite 2023; 190:107038. [PMID: 37690620 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Both food cravings and long-term food consumption have been associated with brain changes. Sex differences in food craving are robust and substantial. The current study examined the potential sex-specific neuroanatomical correlates of spicy food craving and habitual spicy food consumption. One hundred and forty-nine participants completed the Spicy Food Consumption Questionnaire and the Spicy Food Craving Questionnaire while their structural brain images were acquired using a 3-T scanner. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine regional gray matter volume (GMV) in relation to questionnaire scores. GMV of the right supplementary motor area (SMA) and the dorsal superior frontal gyrus were significantly correlated with spicy food craving in women, whereas spicy food craving was associated with greater GMV of the inferior temporal gyrus and the occipital gyrus in men. In addition, habitual spicy food consumption was correlated with increased GMV of the bilateral putamen, left postcentral gyrus, and right paracentral lobule, which was more pronounced among female participants. These findings suggest distinct central neuroanatomical reflections of trait craving or habitual exposure to spicy flavors. The sex-specific correlation between spicy food craving and brain anatomical features may be related to food-related sensory imagery or cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yihang Ma
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Kochs S, Franssen S, Pimpini L, van den Hurk J, Valente G, Roebroeck A, Jansen A, Roefs A. IT IS A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE: ATTENTIONAL FOCUS RATHER THAN DIETARY RESTRAINT DRIVES BRAIN RESPONSES TO FOOD STIMULI. Neuroimage 2023; 273:120076. [PMID: 37004828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain responses to food are thought to reflect food's rewarding value and to fluctuate with dietary restraint. We propose that brain responses to food are dynamic and depend on attentional focus. Food pictures (high-caloric/low-caloric, palatable/unpalatable) were presented during fMRI-scanning, while attentional focus (hedonic/health/neutral) was induced in 52 female participants varying in dietary restraint. The level of brain activity was hardly different between palatable versus unpalatable foods or high-caloric versus low-caloric foods. Activity in several brain regions was higher in hedonic than in health or neutral attentional focus (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). Palatability and calorie content could be decoded from multi-voxel activity patterns (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). Dietary restraint did not significantly influence brain responses to food. So, level of brain activity in response to food stimuli depends on attentional focus, and may reflect salience, not reward value. Palatability and calorie content are reflected in patterns of brain activity.
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Poghosyan V, Ioannou S, Al-Amri KM, Al-Mashhadi SA, Al-Mohammed F, Al-Otaibi T, Al-Saeed W. Spatiotemporal profile of altered neural reactivity to food images in obesity: Reward system is altered automatically and predicts efficacy of weight loss intervention. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:948063. [PMID: 36845430 PMCID: PMC9944082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.948063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity presents a significant public health problem. Brain plays a central role in etiology and maintenance of obesity. Prior neuroimaging studies have found that individuals with obesity exhibit altered neural responses to images of food within the brain reward system and related brain networks. However, little is known about the dynamics of these neural responses or their relationship to later weight change. In particular, it is unknown if in obesity, the altered reward response to food images emerges early and automatically, or later, in the controlled stage of processing. It also remains unclear if the pretreatment reward system reactivity to food images is predictive of subsequent weight loss intervention outcome. Methods In this study, we presented high-calorie and low-calorie food, and nonfood images to individuals with obesity, who were then prescribed lifestyle changes, and matched normal-weight controls, and examined neural reactivity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We performed whole-brain analysis to explore and characterize large-scale dynamics of brain systems affected in obesity, and tested two specific hypotheses: (1) in obese individuals, the altered reward system reactivity to food images occurs early and automatically, and (2) pretreatment reward system reactivity predicts the outcome of lifestyle weight loss intervention, with reduced activity associated with successful weight loss. Results We identified a distributed set of brain regions and their precise temporal dynamics that showed altered response patterns in obesity. Specifically, we found reduced neural reactivity to food images in brain networks of reward and cognitive control, and elevated reactivity in regions of attentional control and visual processing. The hypoactivity in reward system emerged early, in the automatic stage of processing (< 150 ms post-stimulus). Reduced reward and attention responsivity, and elevated neural cognitive control were predictive of weight loss after six months in treatment. Discussion In summary, we have identified, for the first time with high temporal resolution, the large-scale dynamics of brain reactivity to food images in obese versus normal-weight individuals, and have confirmed both our hypotheses. These findings have important implications for our understanding of neurocognition and eating behavior in obesity, and can facilitate development of novel integrated treatment strategies, including tailored cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahe Poghosyan
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Vahe Poghosyan,
| | - Stephanos Ioannou
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Al-Amri
- Obesity, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sufana A. Al-Mashhadi
- Research Unit, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fedaa Al-Mohammed
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Al-Otaibi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wjoud Al-Saeed
- Research Unit, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Franssen S, Jansen A, van den Hurk J, Adam T, Geyskens K, Roebroeck A, Roefs A. Effects of mindset on hormonal responding, neural representations, subjective experience and intake. Physiol Behav 2022; 249:113746. [PMID: 35182553 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A person can alternate between food-related mindsets, which in turn may depend on one's emotional state or situation. Being in a certain mindset can influence food-related thoughts, but interestingly it might also affect eating-related physiological responses. The current study investigates the influence of an induced 'loss of control' mindset as compared to an 'in control' mindset on hormonal, neural and behavioural responses to chocolate stimuli. Mindsets were induced by having female chocolate lovers view a short movie during two sessions in a within-subjects design. Neural responses to visual chocolate stimuli were measured using an ultra-high field (7T) scanner. Momentary ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels were determined on five moments and were simultaneously assessed with self-reports on perceptions of chocolate craving, hunger and feelings of control. Furthermore, chocolate intake was measured using a bogus chocolate taste test. It was hypothesized that the loss of control mindset would lead to hormonal, neural and behavioural responses that prepare for ongoing food intake, even after eating, while the control mindset would lead to responses reflecting satiety. Results show that neural activity in the mesocorticolimbic system was stronger for chocolate stimuli than for neutral stimuli and that ghrelin and GLP-1 levels responded to food intake, irrespective of mindset. Self-reported craving and actual chocolate intake were affected by mindset, in that cravings and intake were higher with a loss of control mindset than with a control mindset. Interestingly, these findings suggest that physiology on the one hand (hormonal and neural responses) and behavior and subjective experience (food intake and craving) on the other hand are not in sync, are not equally affected by mindset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieske Franssen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tanja Adam
- Department of school of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Geyskens
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alard Roebroeck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht
| | - Anne Roefs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Khosravani V, M.Spada M, Sharifi Bastan F, Samimi Ardestani SM. The desire thinking questionnaire-Persian version (DTQ-P) and its association with addictive behaviors in individuals with alcohol use disorder, nicotine dependence, and problematic social media use. Addict Behav 2022; 125:107144. [PMID: 34688122 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Desire thinking is an emerging construct which has been shown to play a role in addictive behaviors. The present study sought to validate a translated Persian version of the Desire Thinking Questionnaire (DTQ) in three groups of individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD; n = 300), nicotine dependence (n = 300), and problematic social media use (n = 300). All three groups completed the translated Persian version of the DTQ, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-15 (BIS-15), the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Measures of alcohol use, nicotine dependence and problematic social media use were also collected. The results confirmed a two-factor structure of the Persian version of the DTQ with good reliability and validity in all three groups. Furthermore, both the verbal perseveration and imaginal prefiguration components of the Persian version of the DTQ were found to predict addictive behaviors beyond demographic and clinical characteristics, negative affect, impulsiveness, and thought suppression. The study confirms the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the DTQ and the role of desire thinking as an independent predictor of AUD, nicotine dependence, and the problematic use of social media.
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Zhang X, Wang S, Liu Y, Chen H. More restriction, more overeating: conflict monitoring ability is impaired by food-thought suppression among restrained eaters. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 15:2069-2080. [PMID: 33033984 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that restrained eating is not an effective weight loss strategy. Restrained eaters often suppress their desires and thoughts about tasty food, which makes it more difficult to control themselves in subsequent eating behavior. The ego depletion impairs conflict monitoring abilities. Therefore, this study explored the effects of food thoughts suppression on restrained eaters' conflict monitoring. Therefore, this study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to explore changes in the activity of brain regions involved in conflict monitoring when restrained eaters choose between high- and low-calorie foods after either suppressing or not suppressing thoughts about food. The results showed that, compared to the control condition, after suppression of such thoughts, restrained eaters chose more high-calorie foods and displayed decreased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex-an important region in charge of conflict monitoring. At the same time, the functional coupling of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the precuneus increased. Our findings suggest that restrained eaters' suppression of thoughts about tasty food could lead to a decline in their ability to monitor conflicts between current behaviors and goals, which in turn leads to unhealthy eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Zhang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dieting is often blamed for causing food cravings. Such diet-induced cravings may be mediated by physiological (e.g., nutritional deprivation) or psychological (e.g., ironic effects of food thought suppression) mechanisms. However, this notion is often based on cross-sectional findings and, thus, the causal role of food deprivation on food cravings is unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental studies suggest that a short-term, selective food deprivation seems to indeed increase cravings for the avoided foods. However, experimental studies also show that food craving can be understood as a conditioned response that, therefore, can also be unlearned. This is supported by intervention studies which indicate that long-term energy restriction results in a reduction of food cravings in overweight adults. Dieting's bad reputation for increasing food cravings is only partially true as the relationship between food restriction and craving is more complex. While short-term, selective food deprivation may indeed increase food cravings, long-term energy restriction seems to decrease food cravings, suggesting that food deprivation can also facilitate extinction of conditioned food craving responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Am Roseneck 6, 83209, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
The Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs; Cepeda-Benito, Gleaves, Williams, & Erath, 2000) are among the most widely used instruments for measuring food cravings. In addition to the Food Cravings Questionnaire–Trait (FCQ–T) and the Food Cravings Questionnaire–State (FCQ–S), several modified versions have been developed as well. For their 20th anniversary, this article provides a comprehensive description of the FCQs and reviews studies on their psychometric properties and correlates.
Recent Findings
The FCQs and their modified versions have excellent internal reliability. Expectedly, the FCQ–T (and its derivatives) has higher retest-reliability than the FCQ–S as the FCQ–S is sensitive to situational changes such as food deprivation and food intake. However, while the FCQ–T is largely unaffected by such momentary states, it is also sensitive to change during weight-loss treatments and other interventions. Factor structure of the FCQ–T and FCQ–S has only partially been replicated. Construct validity of the FCQs is supported by experimental and longitudinal studies that measured food craving and food consumption in the laboratory and with ecological momentary assessment.
Summary
Numerous studies support reliability and validity of the FCQs and their modified versions, yet findings about their factor structures are inconsistent. Thus, using total scores or the short versions of the FCQs may be preferable.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The dominant view in the literature is that increased neural reactivity to high-caloric palatable foods in the mesocorticolimbic system is a stable-specific characteristic of obese people. In this review, we argue that this viewpoint may not be justified, and we propose that the neural response to food stimuli is dynamic, and in synchrony with the current motivational and cognitive state of an individual. We will further motivate why a clear mental task in the scanner is a necessity for drawing conclusions from neural activity, and why multivariate approaches to functional MRI (fMRI) data-analysis may carry the field forward. RECENT FINDINGS From the reviewed literature we draw the conclusions that: neural food-cue reactivity depends strongly on cognitive factors such as the use of cognitive regulation strategies, task demands, and focus of attention; neural activity in the mesocorticolimbic system is not proportionate to the hedonic value of presented food stimuli; and multivariate approaches to fMRI data-analysis have shown that hedonic value can be decoded from multivoxel patterns of neural activity. SUMMARY Future research should take the dynamic nature of food-reward processing into account and take advantage from state-of-the-art multivariate approaches to fMRI data-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Roefs
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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