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Rocha A, Godino-Gimeno A, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Agouti-Signalling Protein Overexpression Reduces Aggressiveness in Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050712. [PMID: 37237525 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Feeding motivation plays a crucial role in food intake and growth. It closely depends on hunger and satiation, which are controlled by the melanocortin system. Overexpression of the inverse agonist agouti-signalling protein (ASIP) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) leads to enhanced food intake, linear growth, and weight. In zebrafish, overexpression of Agrp leads to the development of obesity, in contrast to the phenotype observed in transgenic zebrafish that overexpress asip1 under the control of a constitutive promoter (asip1-Tg). Previous studies have demonstrated that asip1-Tg zebrafish exhibit larger sizes but do not become obese. These fish display increased feeding motivation, resulting in a higher feeding rate, yet a higher food ration is not essential in order to grow larger than wild-type (WT) fish. This is most likely attributed to their improved intestinal permeability to amino acids and enhanced locomotor activity. A relationship between high feeding motivation and aggression has been previously reported in some other transgenic species showing enhanced growth. This study aims to elucidate whether the hunger observed in asip1-Tg is linked to aggressive behaviour. Dominance and aggressiveness were quantified using dyadic fights and mirror-stimulus tests, in addition to the analysis of basal cortisol levels. The results indicate that asip1-Tg are less aggressive than WT zebrafish in both dyadic fights and mirror-stimulus tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alejandra Godino-Gimeno
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595 Castellon, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595 Castellon, Spain
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2
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A 90-Day Subchronic Toxicity Study of Consumption of GH-Transgenic Triploid Carp in Wistar Rats. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification (GM) offers an alternative strategy to conventional animal breeding. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential health effects of the consumption of growth hormone-transgenic triploid carp (GH-ttc) through a 90-day subchronic rodent feeding study. Wistar rats (n = 10/sex/group) were given formulated diets containing GH-ttc or non-GM carp at an incorporated rate of 2.5%, 5%, or 10% (w/w) for 90 days. An additional control group of rats (n = 10/sex/group) was fed a basic rodent diet. During the 90-day study, clinical observation, ophthalmic examination, body weight, and food intake were evaluated. At the end of the study, rats were killed, and the hematology, serum chemistry, urine test, necropsy, and histopathology were assessed. Compared with the non-GM carp and the basic control groups, no biologically significant differences were observed on clinical signs of toxicity, body weights, food intake, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, and histopathology on selected organs for the GH-ttc group. The results of this 90-day subchronic feeding study indicated that, at the dose level used in this study, consumption of GH-ttc showed no subchronic toxicity to Wistar rats.
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Lieke T, Steinberg CEW, Bittmann S, Behrens S, Hoseinifar SH, Meinelt T, Knopf K, Kloas W. Fulvic acid accelerates hatching and stimulates antioxidative protection and the innate immune response in zebrafish larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148780. [PMID: 34280625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a pivotal role in covering dietary animal protein demands and restocking endangered fish populations. However, high mortality takes place at the earliest life stages: prior and immediately after hatching. Improving growth and health parameters by immunostimulants is widely used in older fish, but rarely studied in larvae. Fulvic acids (FAs) are natural substances found in soil and water. Using zebrafish as a model organism, we evaluated the effects of exposure to a FA at concentrations ranging from 1 to 500 mg C/L (mg dissolved organic carbon per liter) on embryonic development. Furthermore, the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the larvae as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in growth, immune response, and antioxidative protection were determined at 5, 50, and 500 mg C/L. 20 to 200 mg C/L accelerated the hatching, which was mediated by increased expression of ifg-1, gh, and he1-α. Furthermore, lyz and mpx were significantly increased at 5 and 50 mg C/L. A concentration of 500 mg C/L induced genes involved in the protection against ROS (nrf-2, keap-1, cat, sod-1), increased the concentration of ROS inside the larvae and caused tissue damage and mortality. Interestingly, 50 mg C/L activated ROS protection as well (nrf-2, sod-2), while no increase of ROS was found in the larvae. Our results show, that FA at low to medium concentrations can increase the health of larvae, but becomes detrimental at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thora Lieke
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian E W Steinberg
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Sandra Bittmann
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Behrens
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seyed H Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 49138-115739 Gorgan, Iran
| | - Thomas Meinelt
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Knopf
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Mayer I. The Role of Reproductive Sciences in the Preservation and Breeding of Commercial and Threatened Teleost Fishes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:187-224. [PMID: 31471798 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The teleost fishes are the largest and most diverse vertebrate group, accounting for nearly half of all known vertebrate species. Teleost fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates and this is reflected in the unique variety of different reproductive strategies displayed by fish. Fish have always been an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. While wild capture fisheries have historically been the main source of fish, the farming of fish (aquaculture) is increasingly becoming the more dominant source of food fish, and is predicted to account for 60% of total global fish production by 2030.Fishes are increasingly threatened by a wide range of anthropogenic impacts, including loss of habitat, pollution, invasive species and over-exploitation. In addition, climate change, especially the consequences of global warming, can impact fish at all levels of biological organization from the individual to the population level, influencing both physiological and ecological processes in a variety of direct and indirect ways. As such, there is an urgent need to protect and conserve the huge genetic diversity offered by this diverse vertebrate group, not just as a source of genes for contemporary breeding and for protection against the consequences of climate change and disease, but also as part of our national heritage. While the cryopreservation of reproductive cells is a means of achieving these objectives, currently only fish sperm can be successfully frozen. Due to their large size, large yolk compartment, low membrane permeability and high chilling sensitivity, successful and reproducible protocols for the cryopreservation of fish oocytes and embryos still remains elusive. However, significant advances have been made in the cryopreservation of primordial germ cells as an alternative means of conserving both paternal and maternal genomes. Although more research needs to be carried out on how these cells can be optimally applied to emerging reproductive technologies, including transplantation techniques and surrogate broodstock technologies, the successful cryopreservation of fish germ cells, and the establishment of genetic resource banks, offers the possibility of both conserving and restoring threatened species. Further, current and future conservation efforts need to consider the impact of climate change in both in situ conservation and reintroduction efforts.In conclusion, it is anticipated that the successful cryopreservation of fish germplasm will result in a range of economic, ecological and societal benefits. In partnership with emerging assisted reproductive technologies, the successful cryopreservation of fish germplasm will lead to more efficient reproduction in aquaculture, assist selective breeding programmes, and be of crucial importance to future species conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mayer
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Barman HK, Rasal KD, Chakrapani V, Ninawe AS, Vengayil DT, Asrafuzzaman S, Sundaray JK, Jayasankar P. Gene editing tools: state-of-the-art and the road ahead for the model and non-model fishes. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:577-589. [PMID: 28681201 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the DNA sequencing technologies and computational biology have revolutionized genome/transcriptome sequencing of non-model fishes at an affordable cost. This has led to a paradigm shift with regard to our heightened understandings of structure-functional relationships of genes at a global level, from model animals/fishes to non-model large animals/fishes. Whole genome/transcriptome sequencing technologies were supplemented with the series of discoveries in gene editing tools, which are being used to modify genes at pre-determined positions using programmable nucleases to explore their respective in vivo functions. For a long time, targeted gene disruption experiments were mostly restricted to embryonic stem cells, advances in gene editing technologies such as zinc finger nuclease, transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases and CRISPR (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated nucleases have facilitated targeted genetic modifications beyond stem cells to a wide range of somatic cell lines across species from laboratory animals to farmed animals/fishes. In this review, we discuss use of different gene editing tools and the strategic implications in fish species for basic and applied biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirak Kumar Barman
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India.
| | - Kiran Dashrath Rasal
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
| | - Vemulawada Chakrapani
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
| | - A S Ninawe
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, CGO Complex, Block 3, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Doyil T Vengayil
- Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), 5 and 5A, Lower Ground Floor, Vasant Square Mall, Sector-B, Pocket - 5, Vasantkunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
| | - Syed Asrafuzzaman
- Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), 5 and 5A, Lower Ground Floor, Vasant Square Mall, Sector-B, Pocket - 5, Vasantkunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
| | - Jitendra K Sundaray
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
| | - Pallipuram Jayasankar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
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Bouletis AD, Arvanitoyannis IS, Hadjichristodoulou C. Application of modified atmosphere packaging on aquacultured fish and fish products: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2263-2285. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.862202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D. Bouletis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Hellas, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Hellas, Greece
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Dalmolin C, Almeida DV, Figueiredo MA, Marins LF. Food intake and appetite control in a GH-transgenic zebrafish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1131-1141. [PMID: 25990920 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The biological actions of growth hormone (GH) are pleiotropic, including growth promotion, energy mobilization, gonadal development, appetite, and social behavior. The regulatory network for GH is complex and includes many central and peripheral endocrine factors as well as that from the environment. It is known that GH transgenesis results in increased growth, food intake, and consequent metabolic rates in fishes. However, the manner in which GH transgenesis alters the energetic metabolism in fishes has not been well explored. In order to elucidate these consequences, we examined the effect of GH overexpression on appetite control mechanisms in a transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. To this, we analyzed feeding behavior and the expression of the main appetite-related genes in two different feeding periods (fed and fasting) in non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic (T) zebrafish as well as glycaemic parameters of them. Our initial results have shown that NT males and females present the same feeding behavior and expression of main appetite-controlling genes; therefore, the data of both sexes were properly grouped. Following grouped data analyses, we compared the same parameters in NT and T animals. Feeding behavior results have shown that T animals eat significantly more and faster than NT siblings. Gene expression results pointed out that gastrointestinal (GT) cholecystokinin has a substantial contribution to the communication between peripheral and central control of food intake. Brain genes expression analyses revealed that T animals have a down-regulation of two strong and opposite peptides related to food intake: the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (pomc) and the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (npy). The down-regulation of pomc in T when compared with NT is an expected result, since the decrease in an anorexigenic factor might keep the transgenic fish hungry. The down-regulation of npy seemed to be contradictory at first, but if we consider the GH's capacity to elevate blood glucose, and that NPY is able to respond to humoral factors like glucose, this down-regulation makes sense. In fact, our last experiment showed that transgenics presented elevated blood glucose levels, confirming that npy might responded to this humoral factor. In conclusion, we have shown that GT responds to feeding status without interference of transgenesis, whereas brain responds to GH transgenesis without any effect of treatment. It is clear that transgenic zebrafish eat more and faster, and it seems that it occurs due to pomc down-regulation, since npy might be under regulation of the humoral factor glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Dalmolin
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Volcan Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Azevedo Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Cloning and Characterization of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Growth Hormone Gene and its Heterologous Expression. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1446-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Weber GM, Lee CS. Current and future assisted reproductive technologies for fish species. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 752:33-76. [PMID: 24170354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8887-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that in 2012 aquaculture production of fish will meet or exceed that of the capture fisheries for the first time. Thus, we have just turned the corner from a predominantly hunting gathering approach to meeting our nutritional needs from fish, to a farming approach. In 2012, 327 finfish species and five hybrids were covered by FAO aquaculture statistics, although farming of carps, tilapias, salmonids, and catfishes account for most of food-fish production from aquaculture. Although for most major species at least part of production is based on what might be considered domesticated animals, only limited production in most species is based on farming of improved lines of fish or is fully independent of wild seedstock. Consistent with the infancy of most aquaculture industries, much of the development and implementation of reproductive technologies over the past 100 years has been directed at completion of the life cycle in captivity in order to increase seed production and begin the process of domestication. The selection of species to farm and the emphasis of selective breeding must also take into account other ways to modify performance of an animal. Reproductive technologies have also been developed and implemented to affect many performance traits among fishes. Examples include technologies to control gender, alter time of sexual maturation, and induce sterilization. These technologies help take advantage of sexually dimorphic growth, overcome problems with growth performance and flesh quality associated with sexual maturation, and genetic containment. Reproductive technologies developed to advance aquaculture and how these technologies have been implemented to advance various sectors of the aquaculture industry are discussed. Finally, we will present some thoughts regarding future directions for reproductive technologies and their applications in finfish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Weber
- National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, ARS/USDA, 11861 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA,
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Lian H, Hu W, Huang R, Du F, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Transgenic common carp do not have the ability to expand populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65506. [PMID: 23762383 PMCID: PMC3676341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological safety of transgenic organisms is an important issue of international public and political concern. The assessment of ecological risks is also crucial for realizing the beneficial industrial application of transgenic organisms. In this study, reproduction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, CC) in isolated natural aquatic environments was analyzed. Using the method of paternity testing, a comparative analysis was conducted on the structure of an offspring population of "all-fish" growth hormone gene-transgenic common carp (afgh-CC) and of wild CC to evaluate their fertility and juvenile viability. Experimental results showed that in a natural aquatic environment, the ratio of comparative advantage in mating ability of afgh-CC over wild CC was 1∶1, showing nearly identical mating competitiveness. Juvenile viability of afgh-CC was low, and the average daily survival rate was less than 98.00%. After a possible accidental escape or release of transgenic CC into natural aquatic environments they are unable to monopolize resources from eggs of natural CC populations, leading to the extinction of transgenic CC. Transgenic CC are also unlikely to form dominant populations in natural aquatic environments due to their low juvenile viability. Thus, it is expected that the proportion of afgh-CC in the natural environment would remain low or gradually decline, and ultimately disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Rochereau-Roulet S, Gicquiau A, Morvan ML, Blanc G, Dervilly-Pinel G, Le Bizec B. Recombinant bovine growth hormone identification and the kinetic of elimination in rainbow trout treated by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1020-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.787650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Growth hormone transgenesis affects osmoregulation and energy metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Transgenic Res 2012; 22:75-88. [PMID: 22706793 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish are at a critical step for possible approval for commercialization. Since this hormone is related to salinity tolerance in fish, our main goal was to verify whether the osmoregulatory capacity of the stenohaline zebrafish (Danio rerio) would be modified by GH-transgenesis. For this, we transferred GH-transgenic zebrafish (T) from freshwater to 11 ppt salinity and analyzed survival as well as relative changes in gene expression. Results show an increased mortality in T versus non-transgenic (NT) fish, suggesting an impaired mechanism of osmotic acclimation in T. The salinity effect on expression of genes related to osmoregulation, the somatotropic axis and energy metabolism was evaluated in gills and liver of T and NT. Genes coding for Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, H(+)-ATPase, plasma carbonic anhydrase and cytosolic carbonic anhydrase were up-regulated in gills of transgenics in freshwater. The growth hormone receptor gene was down-regulated in gills and liver of both NT and T exposed to 11 ppt salinity, while insulin-like growth factor-1 was down-regulated in liver of NT and in gills of T exposed to 11 ppt salinity. In transgenics, all osmoregulation-related genes and the citrate synthase gene were down-regulated in gills of fish exposed to 11 ppt salinity, while lactate dehydrogenase expression was up-regulated in liver. Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity was higher in gills of T exposed to 11 ppt salinity as well as the whole body content of Na(+). Increased ATP content was observed in gills of both NT and T exposed to 11 ppt salinity, being statistically higher in T than NT. Taking altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that GH-transgenesis increases Na(+) import capacity and energetic demand, promoting an unfavorable osmotic and energetic physiological status and making this transgenic fish intolerant of hyperosmotic environments.
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Acute and chronic un-ionized ammonia toxicity to ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Valosaari KR, Aikio S, Kaitala V. Male mating strategy and the introgression of a growth hormone transgene. Evol Appl 2008; 1:608-19. [PMID: 25567801 PMCID: PMC3352387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Escaped transgenic organisms (GMO's) may threaten the populations of their wild relatives if able to hybridize with each other. The introgression of a growth enhancement transgene into a wild Atlantic salmon population may be affected by the transgene's effects not only on fitness parameters, but also on mating behaviour. Large anadromous GMO males are most preferred in mating, but a transgene can also give the large sneakers a reproductive advantage over the smaller wild individuals. With a simulation model, we studied whether the increase in the proportion and mating success of sneakers in transgenic and hybrid genotypes could facilitate the introgression of a transgene into wild population after the release of GMOs. The model combines population dynamics and Mendelian inheritance of a transgenic trait. We found that the introgression of the transgene is strongly affected by the greater mating preference of large GMO males. Furthermore, the difference in reproductive success between the anadromous versus sneaker strategy defines how much GMO's have to be preferred to be able to invade. These results emphasize the importance of detailed knowledge of reproductive systems and the effect of a transgene on the phenotype and behaviour of GMOs when assessing the consequences of their release or escape to the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata-Riina Valosaari
- Integrative Ecology Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Aikio
- Integrative Ecology Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo Kaitala
- Integrative Ecology Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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