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Achdiat M, Tan KA, Fujaya Y, Wang Y, Martin MB, Shu-Chien AC, Fazhan H, Waiho K. A comparative study on the antennae morphology and ultrastructure of three mud crab species of the genus Scylla from Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu, Malaysia. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1443-1452. [PMID: 38404206 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Crustaceans possess a range of sensory organs crucial in sensory perception, communication, and various ecological functions. Understanding morphological and functional differences in antennae among species could validate taxonomic differentiation and ecological adaptations. The antennae morphology and ultrastructure of mud crab species within the Scylla genus are poorly understood, and their role in ecological adaptation and species differentiation remains unexplored. This study aimed to describe and compare the morphology and ultrastructure of antennae in Scylla olivacea, Scylla tranquebarica, and Scylla paramamosain. Antennae were carefully excised from each crab and subjected to morphological, morphometric, and ultrastructural analysis. The study revealed that the antennae of Scylla species exhibit similar overall morphology, with a series of segments that tapered toward the upper end. All species possess non-branched single setae on the upper end of each segment. The number of antennae segments varied between species, with S. paramamosain having significantly more segments than S. olivacea. Additionally, the length and width of antenna segments differed among the species, with S. tranquebarica having a rougher antenna surface compared to S. olivacea and S. paramamosain. Our findings suggest that Scylla's antennae are distinct between species, especially in the number of segments and setae size. Such difference might be related to ecological adaptation. The role of antennae in sensory perception and social behavioral cues in mud crabs warrants further investigation. This study serves as a foundational reference for future research on the taxonomy, ecological adaptation, and sensory behaviors in the Scylla genus. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Variations and similarities in morphology and ultrastructure of three Scylla species can be found in the antennae. Scylla paramamosain had significantly higher number of segments than Scylla olivacea in morphology feature. The antennae surface of Scylla tranquebarica was rougher than that of S. olivacea and S. paramamosain. Antennae of three Scylla species possess non-branched single setae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Achdiat
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Kian Ann Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yushinta Fujaya
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Melissa Beata Martin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- Northland Aquaculture Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ruakaka, New Zealand
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khor Waiho
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
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Zhong S, Ma X, Jiang Y, Qiao Y, Zeng M, Huang L, Huang G, Zhao Y, Chen X. MicroRNA sequencing analysis reveals injury-induced immune responses of Scylla paramamosain against cheliped autotomy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109055. [PMID: 37666314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
During pond culture or intensive culture system of crabs (mainly Eriocheir sinensis, Portunus trituberculatus and Scylla paramamosain), high-density farming has typically contributed to a higher limb autotomy level in juvenile animals, especially in S. paramamosain which has a high level of cannibalism. Due to the high limb autotomy level, the survival and growth rates in S. paramamosain farming are restricted, which limit the growth of the mud crab farming industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate a series of biological processes including innate immune responses by post-transcriptional suppression of their target genes. MiRNAs are believed to be crucial for innate immune process of host wound healing. Many miRNAs have been verified to be required in host immune responses to repair wound and to defense pathogen after tissue damage. However, to our best knowledge, the miRNAs functions of crustacean innate immune reactions against injury induced by limb autotomy have not been studied yet. Here in this study, for the first time, miRNAs involved in the S. paramamosain immune reactions against injury induced by cheliped autotomy were obtained by high-throughput sequencing. A total of 575 miRNAs (518 known miRNAs and 57 novel predicted miRNAs) were obtained, of which 141 differentially expressed microRNAs (93 up-regulated microRNAs and 48 down-regulated microRNAs) were revealed to be modified against cheliped autotomy, and the qPCR results of randomly selected miRNAs confirmed the expression patterns in the miRNAs sequencing data. Numerous immune-related target genes associated with innate immune system were mediated by miRNAs to induce host humoral immune and cellular immune defense to minimize acute physical damage. Furthermore, the genes expression in hemolymph coagulation and melanization pathways, as well as Toll and Imd signaling pathways were mediated by miRNAs to activate host immune responses including melanization and antimicrobial peptides for rapid wound healing and killing invaded pathogens. These results will help to understand injury-induced immune responses in crabs and to develop an effective control strategy of autotomy rate in crabs farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology Co., Ltd., Beihai, 536000, China.
| | - Xiaowan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology Co., Ltd., Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Mengqing Zeng
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology Co., Ltd., Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Lianghua Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530200, China.
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Griffen BD, Bolander M, Blakeslee A, Crane LC, Repetto MF, Tepolt CK, Toscano BJ. Past energy allocation overwhelms current energy stresses in determining energy allocation trade-offs. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10402. [PMID: 37560183 PMCID: PMC10408252 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of lost appendages is a gradual process in many species, spreading energetic costs of regeneration through time. Energy allocated to the regeneration of lost appendages cannot be used for other purposes and, therefore, commonly elicits energetic trade-offs in biological processes. We used limb loss in the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus to compare the strength of energetic trade-offs resulting from historic limb losses that have been partially regenerated versus current injuries that have not yet been repaired. Consistent with previous studies, we show that limb loss and regeneration results in trade-offs that reduce reproduction, energy storage, and growth. As may be expected, we show that trade-offs in these metrics from historic limb losses far outweigh trade-offs from current limb losses, and correlate directly with the degree of historic limb loss that has been regenerated. As regenerating limbs get closer to their normal size, these historical injuries get harder to detect, despite the continued allocation of additional resources to limb development. Our results demonstrate the importance of and a method for identifying historic appendage losses and of quantifying the amount of regeneration that has already occurred, as opposed to assessing only current injury, to accurately assess the strength of energetic trade-offs in animals recovering from nonlethal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - April Blakeslee
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Carolyn K. Tepolt
- Department of BiologyWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
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Rozaimi R, Shu-Chien AC, Wang Y, Sutikno S, Ikhwanuddin M, Shi X, Azmie G, Fazhan H, Waiho K. Heterochely and handedness in the orange mud crab Scylla olivacea: implication for future culture practice optimisation. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15143. [PMID: 37033733 PMCID: PMC10078446 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric body traits in bilateral organisms are common and serve a range of different functions. In crustaceans, specifically among brachyuran crabs, heterochely and handedness in some species are known to aid in behavioural responses such as food acquisition, and sexual and territorial displays. However, the heterochely of the intertidal mud crab genus Scylla is still poorly understood. This study investigated the cheliped morphometric characteristics of orange mud crab Scylla olivacea and the relation of heterochely and handedness to sex. Scylla olivacea is heterochelous, with predominant right-handed (70.2%). Three morphometric variables, i.e., propodus length (PL), propodus depth (PD), and propodus width (PW) were significantly larger in the right cheliped and the estimated handedness based on these three variables were consistent with the presence of molariform teeth. The effect of sex had no influence on the occurrence of heterochely or handedness. The frequency of left-handedness increased with size, especially in males. We postulate that handedness reversal, a phenomenon seen in other crab species when the dominant hand is lost, also occurs in S. olivacea, thereby resulting in a change in left-handedness frequency. The use of chelipeds by males in mate and territorial defenses might provide an explanation for the higher risk of losing a dominant cheliped and thus, higher left-handedness frequency compared to females. Future behavioural research could shed light on the selective forces that affect the handedness distribution in mud crabs. Knowledge on heterochely and handedness of mud crabs could be useful for future development of less aggressive crab populations by claw reversal and the optimisation of limb autotomy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusydi Rozaimi
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sutikno Sutikno
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xi Shi
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ghazali Azmie
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Fazhan H, Waiho K, Shu-Chien AC, Wang Y, Ikhwanuddin M, Abualreesh MH, Kasan NA, Wu Q, Muda S, Sor CS, Jalilah M. Fine sand facilitates egg extrusion and improves reproductive output in female mud crab genus Scylla. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13961. [PMID: 36032946 PMCID: PMC9415431 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mud crabs (genus Scylla) are gaining attention as potential aquaculture species due to their lucrative market price and high demand. One of the essential components of mud crab culture is broodstock quality. The optimisation of mud crab broodstock culture currently focused on its nutritional aspects and common rearing parameters, including stocking density and temperature. The use of sandy substrate to induce egg extrusion in female Scylla broodstock is common; however, its optimisation has never been conducted. This study investigated (1) the substrate association of two Scylla species (S. olivacea, S. paramamosain) during broodstock conditioning until egg extrusion when the choices of fine (66.99 ± 14.48 μm) and coarse (656.17 ± 38.13 μm) sands were given; (2) the female reproductive output when S. olivacea females were individually exposed to either fine sand, coarse sand, or no sand treatments. Females, spawners and non-spawners, of S. olivacea and S. paramamosain were associated with fine sand and none was observed to bury in the coarse sand tray. The occurrence of egg extrusion was not significantly different between species but moderately associated with the duration of visits (stayed in sand for 1 d, 2 d, ≥3 d). The final incubation period in the sand tray was more than 2 days in all cases, except for one female S. paramamosain (buried in the sand for 1 day prior to egg extrusion). When no choice was available, the highest percentage (58.3%) of females extruded eggs in fine sand treatment, followed by coarse sand treatment (33.3%), and no sand treatment (8.3%). Sand type influenced the weight of egg clutch, total egg number, fecundity, and clutch size. These results suggest that fine sand (<70 μm) substrate should be incorporated into Scylla broodstock rearing to maximise female reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanafiah Fazhan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China,Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Muyassar H. Abualreesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nor Azman Kasan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China,School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sabri Muda
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chin Siang Sor
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia,Sayap Jaya Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Jalilah
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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