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Thakur P, Ward AL, González-Delgado AM. Optimal methods for preparation, separation, and determination of radium isotopes in environmental and biological samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 228:106522. [PMID: 33360557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, radium has attracted considerable attention primarily because of the rapid increase in unconventional (fracking) drilling technology in the United States and around the world. One of the major radionuclides of interest in unconventional drilling wastes is radium isotopes (224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra). To access long-term risks associated with radium isotopes entering into the environment, accurate measurements of radium isotopes in environmental and biological samples are crucial. This article reviews many aspects of radium chemistry, which includes recent developments in radiochemical separations methods, advancements in analytical techniques followed by a more detailed discussion on the recent trends in radium determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Thakur
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA.
| | - Anderson L Ward
- U.S. Department of Energy, Carlsbad Field Office, 4021 National Parks Highway, Carlsbad, NM, 88221, USA
| | - Amir M González-Delgado
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA
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Xia MM, Liang YG, Yu GB, Zhu JP, Cheng SS, Tian C, Xu T, Wu YR. Simultaneous determination of Ra-226 and Ra-228 in water using spectrum stripping method by LSC. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Gao Q, Xu J, Bu XH. Recent advances about metal–organic frameworks in the removal of pollutants from wastewater. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hou X. Liquid scintillation counting for determination of radionuclides in environmental and nuclear application. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fons-Castells J, Vasile M, Loots H, Bruggeman M, Llauradó M, Verrezen F. On the direct measurement of 226Ra and 228Ra using 3M Empore™ RAD disk by liquid scintillation spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Al Abdullah J, Al Masri M, Amin Y. Dissolution of [ 226 Ra]BaSO 4 and partial separation of 226 Ra from radium/barium sulfate: A new treatment method for NORM waste from petroleum industry. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 107:377-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Nelson AW, Eitrheim ES, Knight AW, May D, Mehrhoff MA, Shannon R, Litman R, Burnett WC, Forbes TZ, Schultz MK. Understanding the Radioactive Ingrowth and Decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Environment: An Analysis of Produced Fluids from the Marcellus Shale. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:689-96. [PMID: 25831257 PMCID: PMC4492269 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic value of unconventional natural gas resources has stimulated rapid globalization of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. However, natural radioactivity found in the large volumes of "produced fluids" generated by these technologies is emerging as an international environmental health concern. Current assessments of the radioactivity concentration in liquid wastes focus on a single element-radium. However, the use of radium alone to predict radioactivity concentrations can greatly underestimate total levels. OBJECTIVE We investigated the contribution to radioactivity concentrations from naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), including uranium, thorium, actinium, radium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes, to the total radioactivity of hydraulic fracturing wastes. METHODS For this study we used established methods and developed new methods designed to quantitate NORM of public health concern that may be enriched in complex brines from hydraulic fracturing wastes. Specifically, we examined the use of high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry and isotope dilution alpha spectrometry to quantitate NORM. RESULTS We observed that radium decay products were initially absent from produced fluids due to differences in solubility. However, in systems closed to the release of gaseous radon, our model predicted that decay products will begin to ingrow immediately and (under these closed-system conditions) can contribute to an increase in the total radioactivity for more than 100 years. CONCLUSIONS Accurate predictions of radioactivity concentrations are critical for estimating doses to potentially exposed individuals and the surrounding environment. These predictions must include an understanding of the geochemistry, decay properties, and ingrowth kinetics of radium and its decay product radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Nelson
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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El-Shrakawy A, Ebaid YY, Burnett WC, Aldaihan SK. A rapid and inexpensive method for 226Ra and 228Ra measurements of high TDS groundwaters. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 77:89-93. [PMID: 23542120 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of laboratory-scale studies was conducted by preconcentrating (226)Ra from spiked water test samples using Purolite ion-exchange resin to evaluate the adsorption efficiency of the resin under varying conditions. After removing the resin from the columns, it was sealed in gas-tight containers and measured via gamma spectrometry. The Purolite resin showed high radium uptake and retention from natural waters in the presence of high iron and total dissolved solids (TDS). This procedure allowed us to process a large number of high TDS samples at a typical rate of 15 samples/day using three germanium detectors. Quality assurance and method validation have been achieved by analyzing selected groundwater samples, with different (226)Ra activities and high TDS values, and comparing the results to those using alpha spectrometry with a (133)Ba yield tracer. There was very good agreement between the obtained (226)Ra activities by both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Shrakawy
- National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 7551, Cairo 11762, Egypt.
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Maxwell SL, Culligan BK, Utsey RC, McAlister DR, Horwitz EP. Rapid method for determination of 228Ra in water samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Yoon YY, Cho SY, Lee KY, Ko KS, Ha K. Radiochemical determination of uranium and radium isotope in natural water using liquid scintillation counter. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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El-Shahawi MS, Kadi MW, El-Khouly SH, Abd El-Mohty A, Saad SM, Eweda NEA. Separation of Y from Sr by zirconium vanadate gel ion-exchanger sorbent: kinetics and thermodynamic study. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jia G, Jia J. Determination of radium isotopes in environmental samples by gamma spectrometry, liquid scintillation counting and alpha spectrometry: a review of analytical methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2012; 106:98-119. [PMID: 22245211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Radium (Ra) isotopes are important from the viewpoints of radiation protection and environmental protection. Their high toxicity has stimulated the continuing interest in methodology research for determination of Ra isotopes in various media. In this paper, the three most routinely used analytical techniques for Ra isotope determination in biological and environmental samples, i.e. low-background γ-spectrometry, liquid scintillation counting and α-spectrometry, were reviewed, with emphasis on new methodological developments in sample preparation, preconcentration, separation, purification, source preparation and measurement techniques. The accuracy, selectivity, traceability, applicability and minimum detectable activity (MDA) of the three techniques were discussed. It was concluded that the MDA (0.1mBqL(-1)) of the α-spectrometry technique coupled with chemical separation is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of low-background HPGe γ-spectrometry and LSC techniques. Therefore, when maximum sensitivity is required, the α-spectrometry technique remains the first choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Jia
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, PO Box 275-24, Beijing 102413, China.
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Dirican A, Erden PE, Seferinoğlu M, Pommé S. The use of solid angle for alpha detector efficiency in 226Ra analyses of soil samples. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:2260-2. [PMID: 22425421 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.02.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the frame of proficiency tests organized by IAEA and IRMM, the specific activity concentration of radium-226 in soil has been measured. The BaSO(4) co-precipitation technique has been used. Normally, in this method, the detector efficiency of the alpha spectrometer is determined using a (226)Ra source with known activity. As an alternative to using a (226)Ra standard, we calculated the detector efficiency from the relative solid angle subtended by the detector on the soil samples. The accuracy of this method depends on the uncertainty of geometrical properties and the distribution of activity within the source. An uncertainty budget is provided. The method was applied successfully in the intercomparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dirican
- Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Saray Mah., Atom Cad. No. 27, 06983 Kazan, Ankara, Turkey.
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Nour S, LaRosa J, Inn KGW. Emergency radiobioassay preparedness exercises through the NIST radiochemistry intercomparison program. HEALTH PHYSICS 2011; 101:170-175. [PMID: 21709505 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3182149823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present challenge for the international emergency radiobioassay community is to analyze contaminated samples rapidly while maintaining high quality results. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) runs a radiobioassay measurement traceability testing program to evaluate the radioanalytical capabilities of participating laboratories. The NIST Radiochemistry Intercomparison Program (NRIP) started more than 10 years ago, and emergency performance testing was added to the program seven years ago. Radiobioassay turnaround times under the NRIP program for routine production and under emergency response scenarios are 60 d and 8 h, respectively. Because measurement accuracy and sample turnaround time are very critical in a radiological emergency, response laboratories' analytical systems are best evaluated and improved through traceable Performance Testing (PT) programs. The NRIP provides participant laboratories with metrology tools to evaluate their performance and to improve it. The program motivates the laboratories to optimize their methodologies and minimize the turnaround time of their results. Likewise, NIST has to make adjustments and periodical changes in the bioassay test samples in order to challenge the participating laboratories continually. With practice, radioanalytical measurements turnaround time can be reduced to 3-4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Nour
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Rutledge RD, Warner CL, Pittman JW, Addleman RS, Engelhard M, Chouyyok W, Warner MG. Thiol-ene induced diphosphonic acid functionalization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12285-12292. [PMID: 20550201 DOI: 10.1021/la101362y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional organic molecules represent an interesting challenge for nanoparticle functionalization due to the potential for undesirable interactions between the substrate material and the variable functionalities, making it difficult to control the final orientation of the ligand. In the present study, UV-induced thiol-ene click chemistry has been utilized as a means of directed functionalization of bifunctional ligands on an iron oxide nanoparticle surface. Allyl diphosphonic acid ligand was covalently deposited on the surface of thiol-presenting iron oxide nanoparticles via the formation of a UV-induced thioether. This method of thiol-ene click chemistry offers a set of reaction conditions capable of controlling the ligand deposition and circumventing the natural affinity exhibited by the phosphonic acid moiety for the iron oxide surface. These claims are supported via a multimodal characterization platform which includes thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and metal contact analysis and are consistent with a properly oriented, highly active ligand on the nanoparticle surface. These experiments suggest thiol-ene click chemistry as both a practical and generally applicable strategy for the directed deposition of multifunctional ligands on metal oxide nanoparticle surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Rutledge
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Wätjen U, Benedik L, Spasova Y, Vasile M, Altzitzoglou T, Beyermann M. EC comparison on the determination of 226Ra, 228Ra, 234U and 238U in water among European monitoring laboratories. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:1200-5; discussion 1205-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vasile M, Benedik L, Altzitzoglou T, Spasova Y, Wätjen U, González de Orduña R, Hult M, Beyermann M, Mihalcea I. 226Ra and 228Ra determination in mineral waters—Comparison of methods. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:1236-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kandlbinder R, Schupfner R, Wolfbeis OS. Determination of 228Ra in human bone ash containing significant quantities of 40K and Ca2+. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Separation of the 90Sr–90Y pair with cerium(IV) iodotungstate cation exchanger. Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 67:530-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aleissa KA, Almasoud FI, Islam MS, L’Annunziata MF. Radium-228 analysis of natural waters by Cherenkov counting of Actinium-228. Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 66:1954-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hou X, Roos P. Critical comparison of radiometric and mass spectrometric methods for the determination of radionuclides in environmental, biological and nuclear waste samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 608:105-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Varga Z. Preparation and characterization of manganese dioxide impregnated resin for radionuclide pre-concentration. Appl Radiat Isot 2007; 65:1095-100. [PMID: 17590345 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An easy and reproducible preparation of manganese dioxide impregnated resin of homogeneous particles has been described. The characteristics of radium, thorium, uranium and plutonium uptake (pH dependency, kinetic studies and matrix dependency) have been determined in batch mode. The resin due to its high efficiency for radium, uranium and thorium at neutral pH values can be an effective tool for radionuclide pre-concentration from liquid samples even with high dissolved solid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Varga
- Radiation Safety Department, Institute of Isotopes, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege utca 29-33, H-1121, Budapest, Hungary.
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A new method for simultaneous determination of 226Ra and uranium in aqueous samples by liquid scintillation using chemometrics. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-7041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dimova N, Burnett WC, Horwitz EP, Lane-Smith D. Automated measurement of 224Ra and 226Ra in water. Appl Radiat Isot 2007; 65:428-34. [PMID: 17126023 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a new simple approach for automated, non-destructive measurement of the alpha-emitting radium isotopes ((223)Ra, (224)Ra, and (226)Ra) in water based on the emanation of their respective radon daughters ((219)Rn, (220)Rn, and (222)Rn). The method combines the high adsorption uptake of MnO(2) Resin for radium (K(d)=2.4 x 10(4)ml/g) over a wide pH range with the simplicity of the activity registration using a commercial radon-in-air analyzer (RAD7, DURRIDGE Company, Inc). Radium is first adsorbed onto the MnO(2) Resin by passing a water sample through the resin packed in a gas-tight glass cartridge. The same cartridge is then connected to the radon analyzer via a simple tubing system to circulate air through the resin and a drying system. The efficiency of the proposed system is determined by running standards prepared in the same manner. Our results indicate that the efficiency for (226)Ra is >22% if both (218)Po and (214)Po counts are collected. This is comparable with typical efficiencies for alpha spectrometry but with much less sample preparation. We estimate that an MDA of 0.8 pCi/L for (226)Ra may be obtained with this new approach using a 1L water sample and less than 4h of counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dimova
- Department of Oceanography, Environmental Radioactivity Measurement Facility, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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