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Chisholm TS, Hunter CA. A closer look at amyloid ligands, and what they tell us about protein aggregates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1354-1374. [PMID: 38116736 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid fibrils is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Detecting these fibrils with fluorescent or radiolabelled ligands is one strategy for diagnosing and better understanding these diseases. A vast number of amyloid-binding ligands have been reported in the literature as a result. To obtain a better understanding of how amyloid ligands bind, we have compiled a database of 3457 experimental dissociation constants for 2076 unique amyloid-binding ligands. These ligands target Aβ, tau, or αSyn fibrils, as well as relevant biological samples including AD brain homogenates. From this database significant variation in the reported dissociation constants of ligands was found, possibly due to differences in the morphology of the fibrils being studied. Ligands were also found to bind to Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) fibrils with similar affinities, whereas a greater difference was found for binding to Aβ and tau or αSyn fibrils. Next, the binding of ligands to fibrils was shown to be largely limited by the hydrophobic effect. Some Aβ ligands do not fit into this hydrophobicity-limited model, suggesting that polar interactions can play an important role when binding to this target. Finally several binding site models were outlined for amyloid fibrils that describe what ligands target what binding sites. These models provide a foundation for interpreting and designing site-specific binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Chisholm
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
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2
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Importance of Fluorine in Benzazole Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204677. [PMID: 33066333 PMCID: PMC7587361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-containing heterocycles continue to receive considerable attention due to their unique properties. In medicinal chemistry, the incorporation of fluorine in small molecules imparts a significant enhancement their biological activities compared to non-fluorinated molecules. In this short review, we will highlight the importance of incorporating fluorine as a basic appendage in benzothiazole and benzimidazole skeletons. The chemistry and pharmacological activities of heterocycles containing fluorine during the past years are compiled and discussed.
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Wang L, Niu M, He Y, Tian C, Peng Z, Jia J. Synthesis and evaluation of Al18F-NODA complex conjugated 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole as a potential tumor imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bhat M, Belagali SL. Structural Activity Relationship and Importance of Benzothiazole Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: A Comprehensive Review. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190204111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Benzothiazole (1, 3-benzothiazole) is one of the heterocyclic compounds, which is a weak base having varied biological activities. The unique methine center present in the thiazole ring makes benzothiazole as the most important heterocyclic compound. It is a common and integral structure of many natural and synthetic bioactive molecules. Benzothiazole derivatives show a variety of activities, with less toxic effects and their derivatives showed enhanced activities, which has proven Benzothiazole scaffold as one of the important moieties in medicinal chemistry. Benzothiazole ring containing compounds possess various pharmacological activities such as anti-viral, anti-microbial, antiallergic, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anthelmitic and anti-cancer, which makes benzothiazole a rapidly developing and interesting compound in the medicinal chemistry. This review briefly explains the importance, common methods of synthesis of the benzothiazole scaffold and also explains the popular benzothiazole molecules which have applications in various fields of chemistry. A review has been carried out based on various pharmacological activities containing benzothiazole moieties and rationalize the activities based on the structural variations. Literature on benzothiazole derivatives reveals that substitution on the C-2 carbon atom and C-6 are the reasons for a variety of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Bhat
- PG Department of Chemistry, Bangur Nagar Arts, Science and Commerce College, Dandeli - 581325 Karnataka, India
| | - Shiddappa Lagamappa Belagali
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Studies in Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore -570 006, Karnataka, India
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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6
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Yang Y, Cui M. Radiolabeled bioactive benzoheterocycles for imaging β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:703-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Keri RS, Patil MR, Patil SA, Budagumpi S. A comprehensive review in current developments of benzothiazole-based molecules in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:207-51. [PMID: 25462241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BTA) and its derivatives are the most important heterocyclic compounds, which are common and integral feature of a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical agents. BTA shows a variety of pharmacological properties, and its analogs offer a high degree of structural diversity that has proven useful for the search of new therapeutic agents. The broad spectrum of pharmacological activity in individual BTA derivative indicates that, this series of compounds is of an undoubted interest. The related research and developments in BTA-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous BTA-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in practice to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of BTA-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-HIV, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, antihistaminic, antimalarial and other medicinal agents. It is believed that, this review article is helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic BTA-based drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mahadeo R Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
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Gan C, Zhao Z, Nan DD, Yin B, Hu J. Homoisoflavonoids as potential imaging agents for β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:125-31. [PMID: 24583352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of homoisoflavonoids [(E)-3-benzylidenechroman-4-ones, 3a-l] as novel potential diagnostic imaging agents targeting β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) were synthesized and evaluated. In vitro binding studies using Aβ₁₋₄₀ aggregates with [(125)I]IMPY as the reference ligand showed that these compounds demonstrated high to low binding affinities at the K(i) values ranged from 9.10 to 432.03 nM, depending on the substitution of the phenyl ring. Fluorescent staining in vitro indicated that one compound with a N,N-dimethylamino group intensely stained Aβ plaques within brain sections of postmortem AD patients. Biodistribution studies in normal mice after i.v. injection of the radioiodinated homoisoflavonoid displayed good initial brain uptake (2.61% ID/g at 2 min postinjection) and rapid clearance from the brain (0.18% ID/g at 60 min), which is desirable for amyloid imaging agents. The results strongly suggest that these derivatives are worthy of further study and may be useful amyloid imaging agents for early detection of amyloid plaques in the brain of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Gan
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Dou-Dou Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Binbin Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
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Eckroat TJ, Mayhoub AS, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Amyloid-β probes: Review of structure-activity and brain-kinetics relationships. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1012-44. [PMID: 23766818 PMCID: PMC3678428 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years, placing a huge burden on society. Current treatments for AD leave much to be desired, and numerous research efforts around the globe are focused on developing improved therapeutics. In addition, current diagnostic tools for AD rely largely on subjective cognitive assessment rather than on identification of pathophysiological changes associated with disease onset and progression. These facts have led to numerous efforts to develop chemical probes to detect pathophysiological hallmarks of AD, such as amyloid-β plaques, for diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a survey of chemical probes developed to date for AD with emphasis on synthetic methodologies and structure-activity relationships with regards to affinity for target and brain kinetics. Several probes discussed herein show particularly promising results and will be of immense value moving forward in the fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Eckroat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, United States
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, United States
| | - Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, United States
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Noël S, Cadet S, Gras E, Hureau C. The benzazole scaffold: a SWAT to combat Alzheimer's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7747-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60086f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Contino M, Cantore M, Leopoldo M, Colabufo NA. Biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: The challenge of XXI century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2013.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Gan C, Zhou L, Zhao Z, Wang H. Benzothiazole Schiff-bases as potential imaging agents for β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Ribeiro Morais G, Paulo A, Santos I. A Synthetic Overview of Radiolabeled Compounds for β‐Amyloid Targeting. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goreti Ribeiro Morais
- Group of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute Tecnologic and Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686‐953 Sacavém, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Group of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute Tecnologic and Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686‐953 Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santos
- Group of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute Tecnologic and Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686‐953 Sacavém, Portugal
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