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Imberti C, Lok J, Coverdale JPC, Carter OWL, Fry ME, Postings ML, Kim J, Firth G, Blower PJ, Sadler PJ. Radiometal-Labeled Photoactivatable Pt(IV) Anticancer Complex for Theranostic Phototherapy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20745-20753. [PMID: 37643591 PMCID: PMC10731635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel photoactivatable Pt(IV) diazido anticancer agent, Pt-succ-DFO, bearing a pendant deferoxamine (DFO) siderophore for radiometal chelation, has been synthesized for the study of its in vivo behavior with radionuclide imaging. Pt-succ-DFO complexation of Fe(III) and Ga(III) ions yielded new heterobimetallic complexes that maintain the photoactivation properties and photocytotoxicity of the parent Pt complex in human cancer cell lines. Radiolabeled Pt-succ-DFO-68Ga (t1/2 = 68 min, positron emitter) was readily prepared under mild conditions and was stable in the dark upon incubation with human serum. PET imaging of Pt-succ-DFO-68Ga in healthy mice revealed a promising biodistribution profile with rapid renal excretion and limited organ accumulation, implying that little off-target uptake is expected for this class of agents. Overall, this research provides the first in vivo imaging study of the whole-body distribution of a photoactivatable Pt(IV) azido anticancer complex and illustrates the potential of radionuclide imaging as a tool for the preclinical development of novel light-activated agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Jamie Lok
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - James P. C. Coverdale
- School
of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | | | - Millie E. Fry
- School
of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Miles L. Postings
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Jana Kim
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - George Firth
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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2
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Ma M, Wang R, Xu M. Thorium(IV) triggers ferroptosis through disrupting iron homeostasis and heme metabolism in the liver following oral ingestion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131217. [PMID: 36940529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Thorium is a byproduct of the rare earth mining industry and can be utilized as fuel for the next-generation nuclear power facilities, which may pose health risks to the population. Although published literature has shown that the toxicity of thorium possibly originates from its interactions with iron/heme-containing proteins, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unclear. Since the liver plays an irreplaceable role in iron and heme metabolism in the body, it is essential to investigate how thorium affects iron and heme homeostasis in hepatocytes. In this study, we first assessed the liver injury in mice exposed to tetravalent thorium (Th(IV)) in the form of thorium nitrite via the oral route. After a two-week oral exposure, thorium accumulation and iron overload were observed in the liver, which are both closely associated with lipid peroxidation and cell death. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that ferroptosis, which has not previously been documented in cells for actinides, is the main mechanism of programmed cell death induced by Th(IV). Further mechanistic studies suggested that Th(IV) could activate the ferroptotic pathway through disrupting iron homeostasis and generating lipid peroxides. More significantly, the disorder of heme metabolism, which is crucial for maintaining intracellular iron and redox homeostasis, was found to contribute to ferroptosis in hepatocytes exposed to Th(IV). Our findings may shed light on a key mechanism of hepatoxicity in response to Th(IV) stress and provide in-depth understanding of the health risk of thorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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3
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Modern Developments in Bifunctional Chelator Design for Gallium Radiopharmaceuticals. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010203. [PMID: 36615397 PMCID: PMC9822085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The positron-emitting radionuclide gallium-68 has become increasingly utilised in both preclinical and clinical settings with positron emission tomography (PET). The synthesis of radiochemically pure gallium-68 radiopharmaceuticals relies on careful consideration of the coordination chemistry. The short half-life of 68 min necessitates rapid quantitative radiolabelling (≤10 min). Desirable radiolabelling conditions include near-neutral pH, ambient temperatures, and low chelator concentrations to achieve the desired apparent molar activity. This review presents a broad overview of the requirements of an efficient bifunctional chelator in relation to the aqueous coordination chemistry of gallium. Developments in bifunctional chelator design and application are then presented and grouped according to eight categories of bifunctional chelator: the macrocyclic chelators DOTA and TACN; the acyclic HBED, pyridinecarboxylates, siderophores, tris(hydroxypyridinones), and DTPA; and the mesocyclic diazepines.
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4
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Keum H, Yoo D, Jon S. Photomedicine based on heme-derived compounds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114134. [PMID: 35122881 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoimaging and phototherapy have become major platforms for the diagnosis and treatment of various health complications. These applications require a photosensitizer (PS) that is capable of absorbing light from a source and converting it into other energy forms for detection and therapy. While synthetic inorganic materials such as quantum dots and gold nanorods have been widely explored for their medical diagnosis and photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapy capabilities, translation of these technologies has lagged, primarily owing to potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity issues. Of the various photoreactive molecules, the naturally occurring endogenous compound heme, a constituent of red blood cells, and its derivatives, porphyrin, biliverdin and bilirubin, have shown immense potential as noteworthy candidates for clinically translatable photoreactive agents, as evidenced by previous reports. While porphyrin-based photomedicines have attracted significant attention and are well documented, research on photomedicines based on two other heme-derived compounds, biliverdin and bilirubin, has been relatively lacking. In this review, we summarize the unique photoproperties of heme-derived compounds and outline recent efforts to use them in biomedical imaging and phototherapy applications.
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Slikboer SR, Pitchumony TS, Banevicius L, Mercanti N, Edem PE, Valliant JF. Imidazole fused phenanthroline (PIP) ligands for the preparation of multimodal Re(I) and 99mTc(I) probes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14826-14836. [PMID: 33034336 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02829k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A small library of [2 + 1] 99mTc(i) complexes based on phenyl-imidazole-fused phenanthroline (PIP) ligands were synthesized and evaluated as multimodal molecular imaging probes. Using either a two-step or a one-pot synthesis method, 99mTc-PIP complexes containing N-methylimidazole as the monodentate ligand were prepared and isolated in good (54 to 89%) radiochemical yield, with the exception of one derivative bearing a strongly electron-withdrawing substituent. The stability of the [2 + 1] complexes was assessed in saline and in cysteine and histidine challenge studies, showing 6 hours stability, making them suitable for in vivo studies. In parallel, the Re(i) analogues were prepared as reference standards to verify the structure of the 99mTc complexes. The optical properties were consistent with other previously reported [2 + 1] type Re(i) complexes that have been used as cellular dyes and sensors. To facilitate the development of targeted derivatives, a tetrazine-PIP ligand was also synthesized. The 99mTc complex of the tetrazine PIP ligand effectively coupled to compounds containing a trans-cyclooctene (TCO) group including a TCO-albumin derivative, which was prepared as a model targeting molecule. An added benefit of the Re-PIP-Tz construct is that the emission from the metal complex was quenched by the presence of the tetrazine. Following the addition of TCO, there was a 70-fold increase in fluorescence emission, which can in future be leveraged during in vitro studies to reduce background signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Slikboer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4 M1, Canada.
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Ozada C, Tekin V, Barlas FB, Timur S, Unak P. Protoporphyrin‐IX and Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Niosomes as Theranostic. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Ozada
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Ege University 35100 Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Volkan Tekin
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Ege University 35100 Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - F. Baris Barlas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Ege University, Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Ege University, Bornova, Izmir Turkey
| | - Perihan Unak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Ege University 35100 Bornova Izmir Turkey
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7
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Suitability of GnRH Receptors for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in Head and Neck Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205027. [PMID: 31614426 PMCID: PMC6829278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have a high mortality rate, although several potential therapeutic targets have already been identified. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) expression is less studied in head and neck cancers, hence, we investigated the therapeutic relevance of GnRH-R targeting in HNSCC patients. Our results indicate that half of the patient-derived samples showed high GnRH-R expression, which was associated with worse prognosis, making this receptor a promising target for GnRH-based drug delivery. Photodynamic therapy is a clinically approved treatment for HNSCC, and the efficacy and selectivity may be enhanced by the covalent conjugation of the photosensitizer to a GnRH-R targeting peptide. Several native ligands, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) isoforms, are known to target GnRH-R effectively. Therefore, different 4Lys(Bu) modified GnRH analogs were designed and conjugated to protoporphyrin IX. The receptor binding potency of the novel conjugates was measured on human pituitary and human prostate cancer cells, indicating only slightly lower GnRH-R affinity than the peptides. The in vitro cell viability inhibition was tested on Detroit-562 human pharyngeal carcinoma cells that express GnRH-R in high levels, and the results showed that all conjugates were more effective than the free protoporphyrin IX.
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Morales-de-Echegaray AV, Maltais TR, Lin L, Younis W, Kadasala NR, Seleem MN, Wei A. Rapid Uptake and Photodynamic Inactivation of Staphylococci by Ga(III)-Protoporphyrin IX. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1564-1573. [PMID: 30175917 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising method for the topical treatment of drug-resistant staphylococcal infections and can be further improved by identifying mechanisms that increase the specificity of photosensitizer uptake by bacteria. Here we show that Ga(III)-protoporphyrin IX chloride (Ga-PpIX), a fluorescent hemin analog with previously undisclosed photosensitizing properties, can be taken up within seconds by Staphylococcus aureus including multidrug-resistant strains such as MRSA. The uptake of Ga-PpIX by staphylococci is likely diffusion-limited and is attributed to the expression of high-affinity cell-surface hemin receptors (CSHRs), namely iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) proteins. A structure-activity study reveals the ionic character of both the heme center and propionyl groups to be important for uptake specificity. Ga-PpIX was evaluated as a photosensitizer against S. aureus and several clinical isolates of MRSA using a visible light source, with antimicrobial activity at 0.03 μM with 10 s of irradiation by a 405 nm diode array (1.4 J/cm2); antimicrobial activity could also be achieved within minutes using a compact fluorescent lightbulb. GaPpIX was not only many times more potent than PpIX, a standard photosensitizer featured in clinical aPDI, but also demonstrated low cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells and human keratinocytes. Ga-PpIX uptake was screened against a diverse panel of bacterial pathogens using a fluorescence-based imaging assay, which revealed rapid uptake by several Gram-positive species known to express CSHRs, suggesting future candidates for targeted aPDT.
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9
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Yap SY, Price TW, Savoie H, Boyle RW, Stasiuk GJ. Selective radiolabelling with 68Ga under mild conditions: a route towards a porphyrin PET/PDT theranostic agent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7952-7954. [PMID: 29956694 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03897j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A theranostic conjugate for use as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer and as a photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been synthesised. A water-soluble porphyrin was coupled with the bifunctional chelate, H4Dpaa.ga. This conjugate is capable of rapid 68Ga complexation under physiological conditions; with 93% and 80% radiochemical yields achieved, at pH 4.5 and pH 7.4 respectively, in 15 min at 25 °C. Photocytotoxicity was evaluated on HT-29 cells and showed the conjugate was capable of >50% cell death at 50 μM upon irradiation with light, while causing minimal toxicity in the absence of light (>95% cell survival).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Y Yap
- Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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10
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Guleria M, Kumar C, Das T, Amirdhanayagam J, Sharma R, Sarma HD, Dash A. Studies towards elucidating the potential of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis( p-carboxy-methyleneoxyphenyl)porphyrin as a theranostic agent for applications in PET and PDT. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:657-666. [PMID: 30108956 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins, owing to their inherent tendency to accumulate in tumorous lesions, are considered suitable for developing agents for theranostic applications involving tumor diagnosis and targeted tumor therapy. The aim of the present work is to study the potential of a porphyrin derivative namely, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-carboxymethyleneoxyphenyl)porphyrin (SPTA) as a theranostic agent for applications in positron emission tomography (PET) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). SPTA was synthesized in-house following a three-step reaction process and characterized by using spectroscopic techniques, viz. UV-vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, as well as by mass spectrometry. SPTA was labeled with 68Ga, a generator produced PET radioisotope, and the radiolabeled product was characterized by HPLC. The 68Ga-SPTA complex was prepared with a radiochemical purity of >95% under optimized conditions. The diagnostic potential of 68Ga-SPTA was evaluated by cell uptake studies in two different tumor cell lines (HT1080 and A549) which revealed the affinity of 68Ga-SPTA towards the cancer cells. Biodistribution studies carried out in Swiss mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumors exhibited the accumulation of the radiotracer in the tumor. The therapeutic potential of SPTA was evaluated by determining its photo-cytotoxicity employing the MTT assay in HT1080 and A549 cell lines using three different light doses, which indicated the significant cytotoxicity of SPTA in the presence of light. The present study indicates the possible potential of SPTA in radionuclide imaging as well as in photodynamic therapy (PDT) thus confirming the promising theranostic nature of this porphyrin derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Guleria
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai - 400085 , India . ; ; Tel: +91 22 2559 0613
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai - 400085 , India . ; ; Tel: +91 22 2559 0613
| | - Tapas Das
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai - 400085 , India . ; ; Tel: +91 22 2559 0613.,Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , Mumbai - 400094 , India
| | - Jeyachitra Amirdhanayagam
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai - 400085 , India . ; ; Tel: +91 22 2559 0613
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai - 400085 , India . ; ; Tel: +91 22 2559 0613
| | - Haladhar D Sarma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai - 400085 , India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai - 400085 , India . ; ; Tel: +91 22 2559 0613.,Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , Mumbai - 400094 , India
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11
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Price TW, Greenman J, Stasiuk GJ. Current advances in ligand design for inorganic positron emission tomography tracers 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:15702-15724. [PMID: 26865360 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key part of the development of metal based Positron Emission Tomography probes is the chelation of the radiometal. In this review the recent developments in the chelation of four positron emitting radiometals, 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc, are explored. The factors that effect the chelation of each radio metal and the ideal ligand system will be discussed with regards to high in vivo stability, complexation conditions, conjugation to targeting motifs and complexation kinetics. A series of cyclic, cross-bridged and acyclic ligands will be discussed, such as CP256 which forms stable complexes with 68Ga under mild conditions and PCB-TE2A which has been shown to form a highly stable complex with 64Cu. 89Zr and 44Sc have seen significant development in recent years with a number of chelates being applied to each metal - eight coordinate di-macrocyclic terephthalamide ligands were found to rapidly produce more stable complexes with 89Zr than the widely used DFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Price
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John Greenman
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Graeme J Stasiuk
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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12
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Yazdani A, Janzen N, Czorny S, Valliant JF. Technetium(I) Complexes of Bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic Acid. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2958-2965. [PMID: 28199089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate (BPS) complexes of technetium(I) of the type [Tc(CO)3(BPS)(L)]n (L = imidazole derivatives) were synthesized and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. [99mTc(CO)3(BPS)(MeIm)]- (MeIm = 1-methyl-1H-imidazole) was prepared in near-quantitative yield using a convenient two-step, one-pot labeling procedure. A targeted analogue capable of binding regions of calcium turnover associated with bone metabolism was also prepared. Here, a bisphosphonate was linked to the metal through an imidazole ligand to give [99mTc(CO)3(BPS)(ImAln)]2- (ImAln = an imidazole-alendronate ligand) in high yield. The technetium(I) complexes were stable in vitro, and in biodistribution studies, [99mTc(CO)3(BPS)(ImAln)]2- exhibited rapid clearance from nontarget tissues and significant accumulation in the shoulder (7.9 ± 0.2% ID/g) and knees (15.1 ± 0.9% ID/g) by 6 h, with the residence time in the skeleton reaching 24 h. A rhenium analogue, which is luminescent and has the same structure, was also prepared and used for fluorescence labeling of cells in vitro. The data reported demonstrate the potential of this class of compounds for use in creating isostructural optical and nuclear probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Yazdani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John F Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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13
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Spang P, Herrmann C, Roesch F. Bifunctional Gallium-68 Chelators: Past, Present, and Future. Semin Nucl Med 2016; 46:373-94. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Maltais TR, Adak AK, Younis W, Seleem MN, Wei A. Label-Free Detection and Discrimination of Bacterial Pathogens Based on Hemin Recognition. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1713-22. [PMID: 27337653 PMCID: PMC5310932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemin linked to hexa(ethylene glycol)bishydrazide was patterned by inkjet printing into periodic microarrays, and evaluated for their ability to capture bacterial pathogens expressing various hemin receptors. Bacterial adhesion was imaged under darkfield conditions with Fourier analysis, supporting a label-free method of pathogen detection. Hemin microarrays were screened against a panel of 16 bacteria and found capable of capturing multiple species, some with limits of detection as low as 10(3) cfu/mL. Several Gram-positive strains including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis also exhibited rapid adhesion, enabling pattern recognition within minutes of exposure. This can be attributed to differences in hemin acquisition systems: aggressively adherent bacteria express cell-surface hemin receptors (CSHRs) that enable direct hemin binding and uptake, whereas other types of bacteria including most Gram-negative strains rely on the secretion and recapture of soluble proteins (hemophores) for hemin acquisition, with consequently longer times for ligand binding and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thora R Maltais
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Comparative Pathology and Biochemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Avijit K Adak
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Comparative Pathology and Biochemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Waleed Younis
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Comparative Pathology and Biochemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Comparative Pathology and Biochemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Wei
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Comparative Pathology and Biochemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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16
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Entract GM, Bryden F, Domarkas J, Savoie H, Allott L, Archibald SJ, Cawthorne C, Boyle RW. Development of PDT/PET Theranostics: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an (18)F-Radiolabeled Water-Soluble Porphyrin. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4414-23. [PMID: 26559906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the first water-soluble porphyrin radiolabeled with fluorine-18 is described: a new molecular theranostic agent which integrates the therapeutic selectivity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the imaging efficacy of positron emission tomography (PET). Generation of the theranostic was carried out through the conjugation of a cationic water-soluble porphyrin bearing an azide functionality to a fluorine-18 radiolabeled prosthetic bearing an alkyne functionality through click conjugation, with excellent yields obtained in both cold and hot synthesis. Biological evaluation of the synthesized structures shows the first example of an (18)F-radiolabeled porphyrin retaining photocytotoxicity following radiolabeling and demonstrable conjugate uptake and potential application as a radiotracer in vivo. The promising results gained from biological evaluation demonstrate the potential of this structure as a clinically relevant theranostic agent, offering exciting possibilities for the simultaneous imaging and photodynamic treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy M Entract
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Francesca Bryden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Juozas Domarkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Huguette Savoie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Louis Allott
- Institute of Cancer Research , 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Chris Cawthorne
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, U.K.,School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Ross W Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K
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Tworowska I, Ranganathan D, Thamake S, Delpassand E, Mojtahedi A, Schultz MK, Zhernosekov K, Marx S. Radiosynthesis of clinical doses of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE (GalioMedix™) and validation of organic-matrix-based ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generators. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 43:19-26. [PMID: 26702783 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 68Ga-DOTATATE is a radiolabeled peptide-based agonist that targets somatostatin receptors overexpressed in neuroendocrine tumors. Here, we present our results on validation of organic matrix 68Ge/68Ga generators (ITG GmbH) applied for radiosynthesis of the clinical doses of 68Ga-DOTATATE (GalioMedixTM). METHODS The clinical grade of DOTATATE (25 μg±5 μg) compounded in 1 M NaOAc at pH=5.5 was labeled manually with 514±218 MBq (13.89±5.9 mCi) of 68Ga eluate in 0.05 N HCl at 95°C for 10 min. The radiochemical purity of the final dose was validated using radio-TLC. The quality control of clinical doses included tests of their osmolarity, endotoxin level, radionuclide identity, filter integrity, pH, sterility and 68Ge breakthrough. RESULTS The final dose of 272±126 MBq (7.35±3.4 mCi) of 68Ga-DOTATATE was produced with a radiochemical yield (RCY) of 99%±1%. The total time required for completion of radiolabeling and quality control averaged approximately 35 min. This resulted in delivery of 50%±7% of 68Ga-DOTATATE at the time of calibration (not decay corrected). CONCLUSIONS 68Ga eluted from the generator was directly applied for labeling of DOTA-peptide with no additional pre-concentration or pre-purification of isotope. The low acidity of 68Ga eluate allows for facile synthesis of clinical doses with radiochemical and radionuclide purity higher than 98% and average activity of 272±126 MBq (7.3±3 mCi). There is no need for post-labeling C18 Sep-Pak purification of final doses of radiotracer. Advances in knowledge and implications for patient care. The clinical interest in validation of 68Galabeled agents has increased in the past years due to availability of generators from different vendors (Eckert-Ziegler, ITG, iThemba), favorable approach of U.S. FDA agency to initiate clinical trials, and collaboration of U.S. centers with leading EU clinical sites. The list of 68Ga-labeled tracers evaluated in clinical studies should growth because of the sensitivity of PET technique, the simplicity of the shakebake approach for the dose preparation and reliability of 68Ge/68Ga generators. Our studies have confirmed the reproducible elution profile, and high reliability of ITG GmbH generators required for routine doses preparation according to FDA recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael K Schultz
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
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Yazdani A, Janzen N, Banevicius L, Czorny S, Valliant JF. Imidazole-Based [2 + 1] Re(I)/99mTc(I) Complexes as Isostructural Nuclear and Optical Probes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1728-36. [PMID: 25634699 DOI: 10.1021/ic502663p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Yazdani
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Laura Banevicius
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Bryden F, Savoie H, Rosca EV, Boyle RW. PET/PDT theranostics: synthesis and biological evaluation of a peptide-targeted gallium porphyrin. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4925-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02949f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of the goal of a molecular theranostic suitable for use as a PET radiotracer and a photosensitiser for PDT, a novel 68Ga radiolabelled peptide–porphyrin conjugate targeting the α6β1-integrin has been developed.
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20
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Development of Ga-PpIX peptides as fluorescence/PET imaging probes. Nucl Med Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bimodal imaging probes for combined PET and OI: recent developments and future directions for hybrid agent development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:153741. [PMID: 24822177 PMCID: PMC4009187 DOI: 10.1155/2014/153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging—and especially positron emission tomography (PET)—has gained increasing importance for diagnosis of various diseases and thus experiences an increasing dissemination. Therefore, there is also a growing demand for highly affine PET tracers specifically accumulating and visualizing target structures in the human body. Beyond the development of agents suitable for PET alone, recent tendencies aim at the synthesis of bimodal imaging probes applicable in PET as well as optical imaging (OI), as this combination of modalities can provide clinical advantages. PET, due to the high tissue penetration of the γ-radiation emitted by PET nuclides, allows a quantitative imaging able to identify and visualize tumors and metastases in the whole body. OI on the contrary visualizes photons exhibiting only a limited tissue penetration but enables the identification of tumor margins and infected lymph nodes during surgery without bearing a radiation burden for the surgeon. Thus, there is an emerging interest in bimodal agents for PET and OI in order to exploit the potential of both imaging techniques for the imaging and treatment of tumor diseases. This short review summarizes the available hybrid probes developed for dual PET and OI and discusses future directions for hybrid agent development.
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22
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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Schultz MK, Donahue P, Musgrave NI, Zhernosekov K, Naidoo C, Razbash A, Tworovska I, Dick DW, Watkins GL, Graham MM, Runde W, Clanton JA, Sunderland JJ. An Increasing Role for 68Ga PET Imaging: A Perspective on the Availability of Parent 68Ge Material for Generator Manufacturing in an Expanding Market. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The use of gallium-68 for molecular imaging is gaining momentum world-wide. While our understanding of 68Ga chemistry, generators, and associated synthesis modules appear to have advanced to a clinically-reliable stage, uncertainty in the supply of radiopharmaceutically-suitable parent is of significant concern. In this work, we examine the current supply of 68Ge in an effort to better understand the potential for expansion of manufacturing to meet an increasing demand for 68Ga. Although specific information on sales and demand of 68Ge is highly business sensitive and thus guarded, our examination finds no shortage in the current supply of 68Ge. On the other hand, increases in the use of 68Ge generators for clinical applications in the United States point to the need for continued support for production at DOE laboratories in the United States to ensure a reliable supply and suggests that new commercial facilities may be needed to meet the increasing demand.
How to cite this article
Schultz MK, Donahue P, Musgrave NI, Zhernosekov K, Naidoo C, Razbash A, Tworovska I, Dick DW, Watkins GL, Graham MM, Runde W, Clanton JA, Sunderland JJ. An Increasing Role for 68Ga PET Imaging: A Perspective on the Availability of Parent 68Ge Material for Generator Manufacturing in an Expanding Market. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(1):26-30.
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Maggioni D, Fenili F, D’Alfonso L, Donghi D, Panigati M, Zanoni I, Marzi R, Manfredi A, Ferruti P, D’Alfonso G, Ranucci E. Luminescent Rhenium and Ruthenium Complexes of an Amphoteric Poly(amidoamine) Functionalized with 1,10-Phenanthroline. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12776-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maggioni
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Fenili
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento di
Fisica, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Donghi
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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