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Lee JY, Choi PS, Yang SD, Park JH. TiO 2 Decorated Low-Molecular Chitosan a Microsized Adsorbent for a 68Ge/ 68Ga Generator System. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113185. [PMID: 34073450 PMCID: PMC8198501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report column material for a 68Ge/68Ga generator with acid resistance and excellent adsorption and desorption capacity of 68Ge and 68Ga, respectively. Despite being a core element of the 68Ge/68Ga generator system, research on this has been insufficient. Therefore, we synthesized a low molecular chitosan-based TiO2 (LC-TiO2) adsorbent via a physical trapping method as a durable 68Ge/68Ga generator column material. The adsorption/desorption studies exhibited a higher separation factor of 68Ge/68Ga in the concentration range of HCl examined (0.01 M to 1.0 M). The prepared LC-TiO2 adsorbent showed acid resistance capabilities with >93% of 68Ga elution yield and 1.6 × 10-4% of 68Ge breakthrough. In particular, the labeling efficiency of DOTA and NOTA, by using the generator eluted 68Ga, was quite encouraging and confirmed to be 99.65 and 99.69%, respectively. Accordingly, the resulting behavior of LC-TiO2 towards 68Ge/68Ga adsorption/desorption capacity and stability with aqueous HCl exhibited a high potential for ion-exchange solid-phase extraction for the 68Ge/68Ga generator column material.
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Vyas CK, Lee JY, Hur MG, Yang SD, Kong YB, Lee EJ, Park JH. Chitosan-TiO 2 composite: A potential 68Ge/ 68Ga generator column material. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 149:206-213. [PMID: 31078965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A durable and ready to use 68Ge-68Ga generator column material is required for its routine use in radiopharmaceutical procedures. The present work comprises preliminary studies for development and evaluation of chitosan-TiO2 based microsphere (C-TOM) composite towards its competence as a column material. The batch uptake studies showed higher distribution coefficients for 68Ge vis-à-vis 68Ga in the complete concentration range of HCl examined (0.01-1 mol.L-1). Furthermore, C-TOM showed enduring physical and chemical stability in 0.01 mol.L-1 HCl with persistent 68Ga elution profiles (>95%) and negligible 68Ge breakthrough (2 × 10-4%) for the preliminary evaluation period of ∼2 months. Overall, the studies indicated that, 68Ga with high radionuclidic purity (≥99.99%) can be eluted routinely in a small volume (∼1.5 mL) of 0.01 mol.L-1 HCl proving its potentials as a novel solid phase extractant for 68Ge/68Ge generator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag K Vyas
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do - 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do - 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Hur
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do - 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Dae Yang
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do - 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Kong
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do - 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Je Lee
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do - 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Park
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup Si, Jeollabuk Do - 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Amor-Coarasa A, Gruca M, Hurez S, Gulec SA, McGoron A, Babich JW. Impact of elution impurities on DOTA and NOTA labeling with two commercial 68Ge/68Ga generators. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Development of an externally controllable sealed isotope generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 133:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Amor-Coarasa A, Kelly JM, Gruca M, Nikolopoulou A, Vallabhajosula S, Babich JW. Continuation of comprehensive quality control of the itG 68 Ge/ 68 Ga generator and production of 68 Ga-DOTATOC and 68 Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC for clinical research studies. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 53:37-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Radhakrishnan ER, Kamaleshwaran K, Shinto A, Dash A. Clinical 68Ga-PET: Is radiosynthesis module an absolute necessity? Nucl Med Biol 2017; 46:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Acid resistant zirconium phosphate for the long term application of 68Ge/68Ga generator system. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 118:343-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bandara N, Zheleznyak A, Cherukuri K, Griffith DA, Limberakis C, Tess DA, Jianqing C, Waterhouse R, Lapi SE. Evaluation of Cu-64 and Ga-68 Radiolabeled Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists as PET Tracers for Pancreatic β cell Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:90-8. [PMID: 25987465 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Copper-64 (Cu-64) and Galium-68 (Ga-68) radiolabeled DO3A and NODA conjugates of exendin-4 were used for preclinical imaging of pancreatic β cells via targeting of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). PROCEDURES DO3A-VS- and NODA-VS-tagged Cys(40)exendin-4 (DO3A-VS-Cys(40)-exendin-4 and NODA-VS-Cys(40)-exendin-4, respectively) were labeled with Cu-64 and Ga-68 using standard techniques. Biodistribution and dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) were carried out in normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Ex vivo autoradiography imaging was conducted with freshly frozen pancreatic thin sections. RESULTS DO3A-VS- and NODA-VS-Cys(40)-exendin-4 analogues were labeled with Cu-64 and Ga-68 to a specific activity of 518.7 ± 3.7 Ci/mmol (19.19 ± 0.14 TBq/mmol) and radiochemical yield above 98 %. Biodistribution data demonstrated pancreatic uptake of 0.11 ± 0.02 %ID/g for [(64)Cu]DO3A-VS-, 0.14 ± 0.02 %ID/g for [(64)Cu]NODA-VS-, 0.11 ± 0.03 for [(68)Ga]DO3A-VS-, and 0.26 ± 0.03 for [(68)Ga]NODA-VS-Cys(40)-exendin-4. Excess exendin-4 and exendin-(9-39)-amide displaced all four Cu-64 and Ga-68 labeled exendin-4 derivatives in blocking studies. CONCLUSIONS [(64)Cu]/[(68)Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys(40)- and [(64)Cu]/[(68)Ga]NODA-VS-Cys(40)-exendin-4 can be used as PET imaging agents specific for GLP-1R expressed on β cells. Here, we report the first evidence of pancreatic uptake visualized with exendin-4 derivative in a rat animal model via in vivo dynamic PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilantha Bandara
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alex Zheleznyak
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kaavya Cherukuri
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David A Griffith
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - David A Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chen Jianqing
- Clinical and Translational Imaging, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rikki Waterhouse
- Clinical and Translational Imaging, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Pandey U, Mukherjee A, Jindal A, Gamre N, Korde A, Ram R, Sarma HD, Dash A. Preparation and evaluation of a single vial AMBA kit for 68Ga labeling with potential for imaging of GRP receptor-positive cancers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sudbrock F, Fischer T, Zimmermanns B, Guliyev M, Dietlein M, Drzezga A, Schomäcker K. Characterization of SnO2-based (68)Ge/ (68)Ga generators and (68)Ga-DOTATATE preparations: radionuclide purity, radiochemical yield and long-term constancy. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:36. [PMID: 26055937 PMCID: PMC4884004 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing utilization of 68Ge-68Ga radionuclide generators, 68Ga labelled peptides like DOTATATE are receiving more attention in nuclear medicine. On the one hand, the long half-life of the parent nuclide 68Ge is an enormous advantage for routine applications, but the question of the long-term stability of the 68Ge breakthrough arises, which up to now has scarcely been investigated. Method A sum of 123 eluates from four different 68Ge-68Ga generators (iThemba Labs, Faure, South Africa) and 115 samples of the prepared radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTATATE were measured first with a dose calibrator and again after decay of the eluted 68Ga via gamma-ray spectrometry. A complete decay curve was recorded for one sample eluate. A further three eluates were eluted in ten fractions of 0.5 ml in order to obtain detailed information concerning the distribution of the two nuclides within the eluates. The influences of factors such as the amount of DOTATATE, addition of Fe3+ salts and replacement of HEPES buffer with sodium acetate on the radiochemical synthesis were also tested. Results The content of long-lived 68Ge breakthrough increases over the entire period of use to more than 100 ppm. The labelling process with the chelator DOTA removes 68Ge efficiently. The maximum activity found in the residues of the radiopharmaceuticals investigated in this study was below 10 Bq in nearly all cases. In many cases (12% of the labelled substance), the long-lived parent nuclide could not be identified at all. The labelling process is still viable for reduced amounts of the chelator and with acetate buffer. Conclusion Effective doses received by the patient from 68Ge in the injected radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTATATE are lower than 0.1 μSv and are therefore practically negligible, especially when compared with the contribution of the PET radiopharmaceutical itself. Gamma-ray spectrometry as recommended by the European Pharmacopeia is suitable for quantification of radionuclidic impurities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0036-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Sudbrock
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str 62, Cologne, NRW 50937, Germany,
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Kilian K. 68Ga-DOTA and analogs: Current status and future perspectives. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2014; 19:S13-S21. [PMID: 28443194 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of the 68Ge/68Ga generator has increased application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with this isotope in medicine. 68Ga-PET is widely employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumors but favorable chemistry with tri- and tetraaza-ring molecules has opened wide range of 68Ga application in other fields of PET imaging. This review covers the radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium in molecular imaging and shows perspectives on the use of gallium-68 as a substitute for technetium-99, fluorine-18 and carbon-11 in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 5a, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
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Lin M, Welch MJ, Lapi SE. Effects of chelator modifications on (68)Ga-labeled [Tyr (3)]octreotide conjugates. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:606-13. [PMID: 23529373 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin receptors (SSTR) have been reported as promising targets for imaging agents for cancer. Recently, (68)Ga-DOTATOC-based PET imaging has been used successfully for diagnosis and management of SSTR-expressing tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of chelator modifications and charge on (68)Ga-labeled peptide conjugates. PROCEDURES We have synthesized a series of [Tyr(3)]octreotide conjugates that consisted of different NOTA-based chelators with two to five carboxylate moieties, and compared our results with (68)Ga-DOTATOC in both in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS With the exception of (68)Ga-1 (three carboxylates), the increased number of carboxylates on the NOTA-based chelators resulted in a reduced binding affinity and internalization. Additionally, the tumor uptake for (68)Ga-2 (four carboxylates) and (68)Ga-3 (five carboxylates) was reduced compared to that of (68)Ga-DOTATOC (three carboxylates) and (68)Ga-NO2ATOC (two carboxylates) and (68)Ga-1 (three carboxylates) at 2 h p.i. suggesting the presence of an optimal charge for this compound. CONCLUSIONS Chelator modifications can lead to the altered pharmacokinetics. These results may impact further design considerations for peptide-based imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Lin
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box.8225, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Development of Single Vial Kits for Preparation of 68Ga-Labelled Peptides for PET Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumours. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:550-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Šimeček J, Zemek O, Hermann P, Notni J, Wester HJ. Tailored Gallium(III) Chelator NOPO: Synthesis, Characterization, Bioconjugation, and Application in Preclinical Ga-68-PET Imaging. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:3893-903. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400642s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Šimeček
- Lehrstuhl
für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Str. 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ondřej Zemek
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Notni
- Lehrstuhl
für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Str. 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Lehrstuhl
für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Str. 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zeng D, Anderson CJ. Production and Purification of Metal Radionuclides for PET Imaging of Disease. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2013.800402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Ram R, Dash A, Pillai MRA. Long-term evaluation of 'BARC 68Ge/68Ga generator' based on the nanoceria-polyacrylonitrile composite sorbent. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:631-7. [PMID: 23745686 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the long-term evaluation of a nanoceria-polyacrylonitrile (CeO2-PAN) composite sorbent-based (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator reported. This generator used the new CeO2-PAN composite sorbent for preparation of the (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator. Since this sorbent has not been previously evaluated, a thorough long-term evaluation of the performance of the generator is necessary to ensure its applicability for clinical practice. The performance of the generator was evaluated in terms of (68)Ga yield, (68)Ge breakthrough, radioactive concentration of the (68)Ga solution, and suitability of the (68)Ga for the preparation of (68)Ga-labeled tracers. The (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator was able to provide a (68)Ga activity with consistent yields (>70%) and having acceptable radionuclidic (<10(-4)% of (68)Ge breakthrough), radiochemical, and chemical purities for an extended period of time. The eluted (68)GaCl3 is useful for the majority of the (68)Ga complexation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai, India
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Das SS, Chattopadhyay S, Alam MN, Madhusmita, Barua L, Das MK. Preparation and evaluation of SnO2-based 68Ge/68Ga generator made from 68Ge produced through (nat)Zn(α,xn) reaction. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 79:42-7. [PMID: 23722074 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
(68)Ge was produced by (nat)Zn(α,xn)(68)Ge reaction and its production yield was 31.82 kBq/μAh (0.86 μCi/μAh) at the end of irradiation (EOI). A simple chromatographic method using a SnO2 column was employed to separate (68)Ge from the target material and the co-produced non-isotopic radioisotope impurities. (68)Ge retained in the column served as the (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator. Elution efficiency of the column was about 60%. First 2 ml of the eluate contained more than 95% of the elutable activity. Post-elution purification cum concentration was done with a small cation exchange resin column. The presence of the inactive tin ions in the (68)Ga eluate was determined by the ICP-OES technique and was found to be about 0.03 ppm. Radiochemical purity of the final (68)Ga preparation was more than 99.99% and it was found to be suitable for making complex with ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Saha Das
- Radiopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT), Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata 700064, India
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