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Blain E, Nishikawa K, Faye SA, Roselan A, Burn AG, Torres MA, Semkow TM. Detection Capability of 89Sr and 90Sr Using Liquid Scintillation Counting. HEALTH PHYSICS 2023; 125:123-136. [PMID: 37384913 PMCID: PMC10361665 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We developed a new method for simultaneous determination of 89Sr and 90Sr with an emphasis on detectability. The samples were digested, and Sr was chemically purified followed by a single count on a liquid scintillation counter in three windows overlapping the 90Sr, 89Sr, and 90Y peaks. Gamma spectrometry was used to measure 85Sr, added for chemical recovery. The method was tested on 18 water samples spiked at levels from 9 to 242 Bq of 89Sr and 90Sr, with either single radionuclides or their mixtures. In addition, eight method blanks were measured. The data were analyzed numerically by solving a system of linear equations for 89Sr and 90Sr activities as analytes and 90Y activity as a participating component. The total uncertainties of the results were calculated numerically using variances and covariances. The average bias from the known activities was -0.3% (range from -3.6 to 3.1%) for 90Sr and - 1.5% (range from -10.1 to 5.1%) for 89Sr. The En-scores were within -1.0 and 1.0 at 95% confidence level. The detection capabilities of this method were determined by means of the decision threshold LC and the limit of detection referred to as the minimum detectable activity. All relevant uncertainties were propagated into the LC and minimum detectable activity. In addition, detection limits were calculated for the purpose of Safe Drinking Water Act monitoring. The detection capabilities were compared with the regulatory requirements in the US and EU for food and water. For samples spiked with either pure 89Sr or 90Sr, false positives were observed for the opposite radionuclide exceeding the above LC values. This was attributed to interference by the spiked activity. A new method was developed to calculate decision and detectability curves in the presence of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Blain
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Kimi Nishikawa
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Sherry A. Faye
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (SUNY), Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Amy Roselan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Adam G. Burn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (SUNY), Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Miguel A. Torres
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Thomas M. Semkow
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (SUNY), Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Wang W, Evans RD, Newman K, Khokhar R. Automated separation, preconcentration and measurement of 90Sr in liquid samples with complex matrices by online ion exchange chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Talanta 2021; 222:121488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sequential injection analysis system with DGA resin for sample pretreatment in ICP-MS determination of 239Pu in nuclear industry samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Swearingen KJ, Wall NA. Fast and accurate simultaneous quantification of strontium-90 and yttrium-90 using liquid scintillation counting in conjunction with the Bateman equation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shao Y, Yang G, Tazoe H, Ma L, Yamada M, Xu D. A review of measurement methodologies and their applications to environmental 90Sr. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:321-333. [PMID: 30029206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The high fission yield product 90Sr has been released into the environment in large amounts due to nuclear weapon tests, nuclear power plant accidents, and nuclear fuel reprocessing industries. It is a long half-life radionuclide (28.9 y), with serious consequences to human health; hence, it is desirable to perform routine monitoring of 90Sr in environmental samples. Many 90Sr radiometric methods have been developed in the past decades, which generally require complicated separation and purification steps with a relatively long analytical time. Moreover, some nominally rapid methods usually have high method detection limits, making them unsuitable for the environmental samples with ultra-low 90Sr levels. In this review, some rapid and practical methods for 90Sr routine monitoring are summarized. Different sample pretreatments and major purification procedures for 90Sr developed in recent years, such as variable digestion methods and extraction chromatography using Sr resin or DGA resin, are especially described. Additionally, four conventional and widely used β spectrometric and mass spectrometric methods are demonstrated. Finally, 90Sr evaluations focusing on contaminated soil and seawater samples collected after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, and 90Sr application as tracers for environmental behavior are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tazoe
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Lingling Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Masatoshi Yamada
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Diandou Xu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Rondahl SH, Ramebäck H. Evaluation of different methods for measuring 89Sr and 90Sr: Measurement uncertainty for the different methods as a function of the activity ratio. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 140:87-95. [PMID: 29966938 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In case of a radiological emergency situation involving e.g. fission of uranium or plutonium, analysis of radioactive strontium will be of importance. The primary radionuclides of interest are 90Sr, its progeny 90Y and 89Sr. A few days following an event, 89Sr will be the predominant radioisotope of strontium. Most methods found in the literature are valid and applicable when measuring 90Sr, but when samples contain both 89Sr/90Sr interference problematics arise. How these interferences are dealt with will have an effect on the uncertainty of the 90Sr determination. This work aims at evaluating three measurement approaches, all mentioned in the literature, with respect to the measurement uncertainty when determining 90Sr in an emergency preparedness situation and to propose a suitable measurement strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Holmgren Rondahl
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Ramebäck
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Trojanowicz M, Kołacińska K, Grate JW. A review of flow analysis methods for determination of radionuclides in nuclear wastes and nuclear reactor coolants. Talanta 2018; 183:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Inter-laboratory exercise with an aim to compare methods for 90Sr and 239,240Pu determination in environmental soil samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rondahl SH, Tovedal A, Björnham O, Ramebäck H. Time optimization of 90Sr determinations: sequential measurement of multiple samples during decay of 90Y. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017; 311:1143-1148. [PMID: 28250544 PMCID: PMC5306257 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an optimized method for the determination of multiple samples containing 90Sr when its daughter 90Y is measured after chemical separation and in sequence, i.e. during its decay. Consequently the measurement times will increase for each subsequent sample, since there has been a longer time for decay before measurement. Compared to a previously published approach, when 90Y is measured during its ingrowth, the gain in total analysis time (time for ingrowth+ summation of measurement times) is not that large, particularly not for low background instruments. However, results for a large part of the samples can be delivered earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Holmgren Rondahl
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Tovedal
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oscar Björnham
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ramebäck
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
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Kołacińska K, Chajduk E, Dudek J, Samczyński Z, Łokas E, Bojanowska-Czajka A, Trojanowicz M. Automation of sample processing for ICP-MS determination of 90Sr radionuclide at ppq level for nuclear technology and environmental purposes. Talanta 2016; 169:216-226. [PMID: 28411815 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
90Sr is a widely determined radionuclide for environmental purposes, nuclear waste control, and can be also monitored in coolants in nuclear reactor plants. In the developed method, the ICP-MS detection was employed together with sample processing in sequential injection analysis (SIA) setup, equipped with a lab-on-valve with mechanized renewal of sorbent bed for solid-phase extraction. The optimized conditions of determination included preconcentration of 90Sr on cation-exchange column and removal of different type of interferences using extraction Sr-resin. The limit of detection of the developed procedure depends essentially on the configuration of the employed ICP-MS spectrometer and on the available volume of the sample to be analyzed. For 1L initial sample volume, the method detection limit (MDL) value was evaluated as 2.9ppq (14.5BqL-1). The developed method was applied to analyze spiked river water samples, water reference materials, and also simulated and real samples of the nuclear reactor coolant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kołacińska
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Chajduk
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dudek
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Samczyński
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Łokas
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Bojanowska-Czajka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Present status and perspective of radiochemical analysis of radionuclides in Nordic countries. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Holmgren S, Tovedal A, Björnham O, Ramebäck H. Time optimization of (90)Sr measurements: Sequential measurement of multiple samples during ingrowth of (90)Y. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 110:150-154. [PMID: 26774393 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to contribute to a more rapid determination of a series of samples containing (90)Sr by making the Cherenkov measurement of the daughter nuclide (90)Y more time efficient. There are many instances when an optimization of the measurement method might be favorable, such as; situations requiring rapid results in order to make urgent decisions or, on the other hand, to maximize the throughput of samples in a limited available time span. In order to minimize the total analysis time, a mathematical model was developed which calculates the time of ingrowth as well as individual measurement times for n samples in a series. This work is focused on the measurement of (90)Y during ingrowth, after an initial chemical separation of strontium, in which it is assumed that no other radioactive strontium isotopes are present. By using a fixed minimum detectable activity (MDA) and iterating the measurement time for each consecutive sample the total analysis time will be less, compared to using the same measurement time for all samples. It was found that by optimization, the total analysis time for 10 samples can be decreased greatly, from 21h to 6.5h, when assuming a MDA of 1Bq/L and at a background count rate of approximately 0.8cpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Holmgren
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Annika Tovedal
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oscar Björnham
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ramebäck
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvägen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry, Kemivägen 4, 412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
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