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Pourshabanian M, Nasseri S, Nodehi RN, Hosseini SS, Mahvi AH. Radon measurement and age-independent effective dose attributed to ingestion of bottled water in Iran: sensitivity analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12717. [PMID: 37543701 PMCID: PMC10404218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study was made to measure the radon concentration in bottled water available in Iran market. The 222Rn concentration in 70 bottled water samples were measured by the sniffing mode technique and RTM 1688-2 (SARAD, Germany) in immediate sampling time and 3 months later for determination of radon decay. The measured radon concentration ranged from 0.003 to 0.618 Bq L-1 in bottled water samples, which were much lower than the recommended value for radon in drinking water by WHO (100 Bq L-1) and United states environmental protection agency (USEPA) (11.1 Bq L-1). The annual effective dose of 222Rn due to ingestion bottled water was also evaluated in this research. The mean annual effective dose due to ingestion of radon in bottled water for adults, children, and infants were estimated to vary from 5.30 × 10-4 mSv-1, 4.90 × 10-4 mSv-1, and 2.15 × 10-4 mSv-1, respectively. Overall, this study indicated that the Iranian people receive no significant radiological risk due to exposure to radon concentration in bottled water brands common consumed in Iranian market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Pourshabanian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Khutia S, Dawn A, Seal K, Chaudhuri H, Maji C, Mukherjee S. Age-dependent potential health risk assessment due to radioactive radon-222 in the environs of highly populated Durgapur industrial zone and nearby Bakreswar hot spring, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5727-5759. [PMID: 36646974 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that exposure to a high concentration of radon-222 causes severe health effects, including cancer. The present article includes a survey on radon-222 in the water bodies of the city Durgapur [non-geothermal area] and nearby Bakreswar hot spring [geothermal province], India. The possible sources of radon from natural radionuclides and industries have been discussed in the article. Durgapur is a densely populated [~ 3680 persons/km2] industrial city with a population of 0.57 million. On the other hand, many tourists and pilgrims usually visit Bakreswar throughout the year. Age-dependent potential health risk assessments of the dwellers at Durgapur and Bakreswar due to radon exposure were performed for the first time. The present work is the first attempt to estimate the mean ingestion /and inhalation dose per annum, total effective dose [TED] per annum and the health risk assessment for cancer in adults, children and infants due to radon exposure at Durgapur and Bakreswar. In some cases, the values of TED exceed the permissible limit of 100 micro Sievert per year [µSv/y] as recommended by EUC and WHO. The radiation profile maps relating to radon concentration and associated contour maps of health risk factors [HRF] for the adults, children and infants were also prepared for the first time. Some areas were identified as high-risk zones, and the dwellers are prone to a high risk of cancer. The article also proposed several techniques to reduce radon in water and buildings. The authors also recommended banning some water sources to protect people from radon risk. This study will help scientists, policymakers, industrialists, farmers, government agencies and public health departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Khutia
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India
| | - Ankita Dawn
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India
- Department of Physics, Durgapur Women's College, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India
| | - Kankana Seal
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India
| | - Hirok Chaudhuri
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India.
- Center for Research on Environment and Water (CREW), National Institute of Technology Durgapur, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India.
| | - Chiranjit Maji
- Department of Science (Physics), Quantum School of Graduate Studies, Quantum University, Roorkee, India
| | - Suvashree Mukherjee
- Center for Research on Environment and Water (CREW), National Institute of Technology Durgapur, MG Avenue, Durgapur, India
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Alam MS, Siraz MMM, A M J, Das SC, Bradley DA, Khandaker MU, Tokonami S, Shelley A, Yeasmin S. A study on measuring the 222Rn in the Buriganga River and tap water of the megacity Dhaka. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286267. [PMID: 37220107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Radon (222Rn), an inert gas, is considered a silent killer due to its carcinogenic characteristics. Dhaka city is situated on the banks of the Buriganga River, which is regarded as the lifeline of Dhaka city because it serves as a significant source of the city's water supply for domestic and industrial purposes. Thirty water samples (10 tap water from Dhaka city and 20 surface samples from the Buriganga River) were collected and analyzed using a RAD H2O accessory for 222Rn concentration. The average 222Rn concentration in tap and river water was 1.54 ± 0.38 Bq/L and 0.68 ± 0.29 Bq/L, respectively. All the values were found below the maximum contamination limit (MCL) of 11.1 Bq/L set by the USEPA, the WHO-recommended safe limit of 100 Bq/L, and the UNSCEAR suggested range of 4-40 Bq/L. The mean values of the total annual effective doses due to inhalation and ingestion were calculated to be 9.77 μSv/y and 4.29 μSv/y for tap water and river water, respectively. Although all these values were well below the permissible limit of 100 μSv/y proposed by WHO, they cannot be neglected because of the hazardous nature of 222Rn, especially considering their entry to the human body via inhalation and ingestion pathways. The obtained data may serve as a reference for future 222Rn-related works.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Alam
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M M Mahfuz Siraz
- Health Physics Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jubair A M
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S C Das
- Institute of Nuclear Minerals, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shinji Tokonami
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Afroza Shelley
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Selina Yeasmin
- Health Physics Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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4
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Nayak T, Basak S, Deb A, Dhal PK. A systematic review on groundwater radon distribution with human health consequences and probable mitigation strategy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 247:106852. [PMID: 35305305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater radon contamination is a serious global concern for its eco-toxicological effects. The major health hazard occurs due to toxic indoor air inhalation and consumption of contaminated drinking water supplied from different distribution systems, especially groundwater. There are fragmented reports on the measurement of radon contamination and their health consequences with physical radon removal strategies as well as characterization of inhabitant microbial communities. As it concerned with human health, collective information is much essential on their groundwater distribution, their physicochemical properties and possible mitigation strategies, not done so far. In such prospect, this review summarizes the physicochemical properties of radon, their sources, global as well as Indian groundwater radon contamination scenario, health effects and inhabitant microbes along with their survival strategies. It also summarizes the physical radon removal techniques and especially emphasizes the microbes based bioremediation process as well as a combination of both as a future effective radon remediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Nayak
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sohom Basak
- Department of Biotechnology, Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Argha Deb
- School of Studies in Environmental Radiation and Archaeological Sciences & Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Paltu Kumar Dhal
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Rahimi M, Asadi Mohammad Abadi A, Jabbari Koopaei L. Radon concentration in groundwater, its relation with geological structure and some physicochemical parameters of Zarand in Iran. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 185:110223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ajiboye Y, Isinkaye MO, Badmus GO, Faloye OT, Atoiki V. Pilot groundwater radon mapping and the assessment of health risk from heavy metals in drinking water of southwest, Nigeria. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08840. [PMID: 35146162 PMCID: PMC8818932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radon and heavy metals are sources of groundwater pollution and are identified as potential carcinogens. Southwest Nigeria's populace mostly relies on groundwater source for drinking. This study aims to map radon distribution in groundwater of southwest Nigeria and to determine the health risk of radon and heavy metal in drinking water. Radon concentrations of 145 groundwater samples were measured using RAD7 electronic radon detector and heavy metal concentrations of 52 groundwater samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Radon concentration distributions were delineated using geographical information system. Radon concentration of water samples ranges between 1.6 Bq l−1 and 271 Bq l−1 with an average value of 35.9 ± 38.4 Bq l−1. The average groundwater radon concentration is higher than US-EPA recommended level of 11.1 Bq l−1 but lower than the WHO recommended limit of 100 Bq l−1. The estimated average annual effective radiation doses to infants, children, and adults are 29 μSvy−1, 41 μSvy−1 and 92 μSvy−1 respectively. The radon distribution map of the study area reveals regions of high, medium, and low groundwater radon concentrations. The average concentration values of heavy metals in groundwater samples are of the order Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd. 84% of groundwater exhibits good to excellent quality in terms of heavy metal pollution. However, about 16% of the samples which lie in the sedimentary regions of Ogun and Lagos States exhibit poor to very poor quality. Overall, ingestion of groundwater in the study area may not pose a serious health hazards from radon ingestion and heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Ajiboye
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Ganiyu Olabode Badmus
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Oluwaseun Temitope Faloye
- Department of Food and Biosystems Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Atoiki
- Department of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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222Rn measurements in drinking water and annual effective dose for the adult population around a coal-based and atomic power plant in Uttar Pradesh, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Singh P, Nautiyal OP, Joshi M, Kumar A, Ahamad T, Singh K. Assessment of physicochemical and radon-attributable radiological parameters of drinking water samples of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Radiological impact assessment of soil and groundwater of Himalayan regions in Uttarakhand, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Sharma S, Kumar A, Mehra R, Kaur R. INGESTION AND INHALATION DOSES DUE TO INTAKE OF RADON IN DRINKING WATER SAMPLES OF AMRITSAR PROVINCE, PUNJAB, INDIA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 187:230-242. [PMID: 31211396 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the ingestion and inhalation dosage for the particular body organs in light of the intake of radon through ground water utilised by the occupants have been assessed in the different villages of the Upper Bari Doab region of Amritsar province, India using an electrostatic collection type radon monitor (RAD7) analyzer with RAD-H2O accessory. The mean radon activity level in water was seen to be 8.34 ± 2.99 Bql-1. The newborn children have higher radiation dosage than the other age groups because of their high dosage transformation factors. However, the radiation dosage received by all different age groups significantly less than the UNSCEAR and WHO suggested a level of 100 μSv y-1. The annual effective dosage for the diverse body organs because of the intake of radon was moreover ascertained and found the maximum dosage for lungs than other organs. The radiation dosage received by bronchial epithelium by the means of inhalation was likewise high when contrasted with that by stomach walls through ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sharma
- Department of Physics, D.A.V. College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Applied Sciences, Swami Sarvanand Group of Institute, Dinanagar, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Physics, D.A.V. College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Physics, Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Ranbir Kaur
- Department of Physics, D.A.V. College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Malyan SK, Singh R, Rawat M, Kumar M, Pugazhendhi A, Kumar A, Kumar V, Kumar SS. An overview of carcinogenic pollutants in groundwater of India. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Elzain AEA, Idriss H, Mohammed YS, Mohamed KS, Mohamed Ali MAE, Elkhalig MMSH, Salih I, Khatir Sam A, Eisa MH, Mahmoud SS, Massoud MK, Os OAA, Rabih MNA. Assessment of radioactivity from selected soil samples from Halfa Aljadida area, Sudan. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019; 107:489-502. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, the results of radon concentration, surface and mass exhalation rates, radium concentration, effective dose rate and the alpha index have been investigated in a number of 198 soil samples that have been collected from various residential locations of Halfa Aljadida area, Sudan. The can technique, containing CR-39 have been used. From our results, the average value of soil gas radon concentration was found to be 1.96±0.22 kBq·m−3. The average values of surface and mass exhalation rates were 1.73±0.19 Bq·m−2·h−1 and 34.79±3.87 mBq·kg−1·h−1, respectively. The radium concentration average value was 8.06±0.90 Bq·kg−1. While the average value of the effective dose rate was recorded to be 54.69±6.11 mSv·y−1. The average value of alpha index of studied samples was (4.03±0.45)×10−2. From the study, a good positive and linear correlation between radium concentration, surface and mass exhalation rates of soil samples were present. In addition to that, a positive and linear correlation between radium and radon concentrations was found. Finally, a comparison between the results and other findings was conducted and the results imply the fact that the area under consideration is safe as if the health hazard are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd-Elmoniem A. Elzain
- Department of Physics , University of Kassala , P.O. Box: 266 , Kassala , Sudan
- Department of Physics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajo Idriss
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission , Khartoum , Sudan
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Physics Department , College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University , Riyadh 11642 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Sh. Mohammed
- Department of Physics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics , College of Education, Dalanj University , Dalanj , Sudan
| | - Khidir Shaib Mohamed
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science, Dalanj University , Dalanj , Sudan
- Department of Mathematics , School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P.R. China
| | | | | | - Isam Salih
- Department of Physics , Taibah University , Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Sudan Academy of Sciences , Khartoum , Sudan
| | - Adam Khatir Sam
- Radiation Safety Institute, Sudan Atomic Energy Commission , Khartoum , Sudan
- Radiometrics Section, International Atomic Energy Agency Environment Laboratories , 4, Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 , Monaco , Monaco
| | - Mohammed H. Eisa
- Physics Department , College of Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology , Khartoum , Sudan
- Physics Department , College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumai S. Mahmoud
- Department of Physics , University of Kassala , P.O. Box: 266 , Kassala , Sudan
- Department of Physics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
| | - Makin K. Massoud
- Department of Physics , University of Kassala , P.O. Box: 266 , Kassala , Sudan
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman Abdallah A. Os
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science, University of Bakht Er-ruda , Eddwaim , Sudan
| | - Mohammed Nour A. Rabih
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science and Art, Qassim University , P.O. Box: 111 , Oklat Al-Skoor , Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics , College of Science, University of Bakht Er-ruda , Eddwaim , Sudan
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Radiological assessment of wastewater treatment processes based on the use of coal ashes as a filters. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Use of the Sorben-Tec system for rapid dosimetric evaluation of 222Rn level in drinking water. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Asare-Donkor NK, Poku PA, Addison ECDK, Wemengah DD, Adimado AA. Measurement of radon concentration in groundwater in the Ashanti region of Ghana. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Examination of fault zones and uranium concentration effects on the in-soil radon levels at Central Jordan Area. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Al-Khatib IA, Al Zabadi H, Saffarini G. Radon in harvested rainwater at the household level, Palestine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 169-170:192-196. [PMID: 28135649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess Radon concentration in the harvested rainwater (HRW) at the household level in Yatta area, Palestine. HRW is mainly used for drinking as it is the major source of water for domestic uses due to water scarcity. Ninety HRW samples from the household cisterns were collected from six localities (a town and five villages) and Radon concentrations were measured. The samples were randomly collected from different households to represent the Yatta area. Fifteen samples were collected from each locality at the same day. RAD7 device was used for analysis and each sample was measured in duplicate. Radon concentrations ranged from 0.037 to 0.26 Bq/L with a mean ± standard deviation of 0.14 ± 0.06 Bq/L. The estimated annual effective radiation doses for babies, children and adults were all far below the maximum limit of 5 mSvy-1 set by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam A Al-Khatib
- Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Birzeit, West Bank, Palestine.
| | - Hamzeh Al Zabadi
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ghassan Saffarini
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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18
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Hydrochemistry and 222Rn Concentrations in Spring Waters in the Arid Zone El Granero, Chihuahua, Mexico. GEOSCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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