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Marguí E, Queralt I, Andrey D, Perring L. Analytical potential of total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) instrumentation for simple determination of major and trace elements in milk powder samples. Food Chem 2022; 383:132590. [PMID: 35255365 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, the analytical potential of total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) instrumentation has been evaluated for the determination of major and trace elements in milk powder. TXRF allows the possibility of direct analysis of solid suspensions without the need for a digestion process and therefore it can be a potential analytical candidate for simple and cost-effective analysis. A detailed study to select sample preparation and measurements conditions was carried out. Different quantification approaches (including internal standardization and empirical calibration) were also tested. Finally, the developed TXRF methods (W anode) were validated by a strict comparison with the data from the reference methods on a set of twenty-three samples using robust statistics. Results showed that acceptable results can be obtained for K, Ca, Fe and Zn determination if using adequate calibration approaches. Otherwise, only screening results can be obtained for light elements (P and Cl) in milk powder samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marguí
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - I Queralt
- Insitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Andrey
- Department of Analytical Science-Rapid Methods Group, Nestlé Research, Vers chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - L Perring
- Department of Analytical Science-Rapid Methods Group, Nestlé Research, Vers chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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2
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Schmidt S. Navigating a Two-Way Street: Metal Toxicity and the Human Gut Microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:32001. [PMID: 35302387 PMCID: PMC8932408 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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3
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Xu Q, Xia W, Zhou L, Zou Z, Li Q, Deng L, Wu S, Wang T, Cui J, Liu Z, Sun T, Ye J, Li F. Determination of Hepatic Iron Deposition in Drug-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Confocal Micro-XRF Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3738-3745. [PMID: 35128282 PMCID: PMC8811927 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the intermediate process and inevitable stage of the development of chronic liver disease into cirrhosis. Reducing the degree of liver fibrosis plays an extremely important role in treating chronic liver disease and preventing liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. The formation of liver fibrosis is affected by iron deposition to a certain extent, and excessive iron deposition further induces liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Herein, confocal microbeam X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) was used to determine the intensity and biodistribution of iron deposition at different time points in the process of liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. To our best knowledge, this is the first study using confocal μ-XRF to analyze hepatic iron deposition in hepatic fibrosis. The results showed that there are minor and trace elements such as iron, potassium, and zinc in the liver of rats. Continuous injection of TAA solution resulted in increasing liver iron deposition over time. The intensity of iron deposition in liver tissue was also significantly reduced after bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were injected. These findings indicated that confocal μ-XRF can be used as a nondestructive and quantitative method of evaluating hepatic iron deposition in hepatic fibrosis, and iron deposition may play an important role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis induced by TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering
of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wenjing Xia
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering
of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lazhen Zhou
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering
of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhengwei Zou
- Key
Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering
of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Sub-center
for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First
Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Sha Wu
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jingduo Cui
- College
of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing
Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- College
of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing
Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tianxi Sun
- College
of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing
Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junsong Ye
- Key
Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering
of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Sub-center
for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First
Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangzuo Li
- College
of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering
of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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4
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Kirilovsky ER, Anguiano OL, Bongiovanni GA, Ferrari A. Effects of acute arsenic exposure in two different populations of Hyalella curvispina amphipods from North Patagonia Argentina. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:71-88. [PMID: 34496719 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1975589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid present in high levels in diverse regions of Argentina. The aim of this study was to determine acute As-mediated toxicity in two different populations of autochthonous Hyalella curvispina amphipods from a reference site (LB) and an agricultural one (FO) within North Patagonia Argentina. Previously, both populations exhibited significant differences in pesticide susceptibility. Lab assays were performed to determine acute lethal concentrations, as well as some biochemical parameters. Lethal concentration (LC50) values obtained after 48 and 96 hr As exposure were not significantly different between these populations, although FO amphipods appeared slightly less susceptible. LC50-48 hr values were 3.33 and 3.92 mg/L As, while LC50-96 hr values were 1.76 and 2.14 mg/L As for LB and FO amphipods. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values were 0.5 mg/L As. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was significantly diminished by As acute exposure (0.5-1.5 mg/L As), indicative of a significant neurotoxic action for this metalloid in both amphipod populations. Activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were differentially altered following As exposure. CAT activity was increased after 96 hr As exposure. GST activity and GSH levels were significantly elevated followed by either a decrease or a return to control values after 96 hr treatment. However, additional studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying the As-mediated oxidative effects in H. curvispina. Our findings suggest that measurement of ChE activity in H. curvispina amphipods might serve as a useful biomarker of As exposure and effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kirilovsky
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Olga L Anguiano
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Guillermina A Bongiovanni
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Ana Ferrari
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Río Negro, Argentina
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Chen F, Luo Y, Li C, Wang J, Chen L, Zhong X, Zhang B, Zhu Q, Zou R, Guo X, Zhou Y, Guo L. Sub-chronic low-dose arsenic in rice exposure induces gut microbiome perturbations in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112934. [PMID: 34755630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term consumption of arsenic-contaminated rice has become a public health issue that urgently needs to be addressed. In this study, mice were exposed to arsenic in rice (low dose, 0.91 mg/kg; medium dose, 9.1 mg/kg) for 30 days and 60 days, respectively, and the effects on pathological structures of spleen and skin, as well as the structure of the fecal microbiome were examined. The findings revealed dose/time cumulative effects on pathological changes, with even a low dose exposure for 30 days causing destruction of splenic follicular structure and thickening of dermal keratinized and epidermal layers. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the community and the positive/negative ratio in network links were higher in arsenic groups, suggesting that arsenic resulted in a less healthy and unstable microbiome for the host. Thus lifetime consumption of arsenic in rice may have potential health effects on humans and must be carefully assessed to safeguard human health. Furthermore, in arsenic groups, arsenic-resistant bacteria or arsenic hazards remediation bacteria changed to be the dominant bacteria and acted as the core bacteria in the network modules. Some microbial arsenic transforming genes (arsC, arsR, arsA, ACR3, and aoxB) differed, indicating that the gut microbiome changed to withstand arsenic stress. Furthermore, Faecalibaculum, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Angelakisella, Ruminiclostridium, and Desulfovibrionaceae are positively associated with arsenic dosage and may be useful in the early detection of arsenicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Yu Luo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Chengji Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Jiating Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China..
| | - Linkang Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Xiaoting Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Qijiong Zhu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Rong Zou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Xuming Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China.
| | - Lianxian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
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6
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Jain RB. Concentrations of selected arsenic species in urine across various stages of renal function including hyperfiltration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8594-8605. [PMID: 33067786 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Data (N = 10,590) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2005-2016 for US adults aged ≥ 20 years were analyzed to study how concentrations of arsenobetaine (UAB), monomethylarsonic acid (UMMA), dimethylarsenic acid (UDMA), and total arsenic (UAS) in urine vary across the stages of renal function (RF). Data were analyzed over RF-1A (eGFR > 110 mL/min/1.73 m2), RF-1B (eGFR between 90 and 110 mL/min/1.73 m2), RF-2 (eGFR between 60 and 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), RF-3A (eGFR between 45 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and RF-3B/4 (eGFR between 15 and 45 mL/min/1.73 m2). Adjusted geometric mean (AGM) concentrations of the total population, males, and females for UAS, UAB, and UDMA were observed to follow inverted U-shaped distributions with points of inflection located at RF-3A. For example, adjusted concentrations for the total population for UAS were 8.8, 8.8, 9.5, 11.7, and 9.6 μg/L for those in RF-1A, RF-1B, RF-2, RF-3A, and RF-3B/4 respectively. While statistically significant differences were only occasionally observed, males, in general, had lower AGMs than females for UAS and UDMA, but females had lower AGMs than males for UAB. Among the various racial/ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites had the lowest adjusted concentrations of all four arsenic variables. Adjusted levels of all four arsenic variables were observed to decrease over survey years of 2005-2006 through 2015-2016. However, statistical significance was not necessarily reached for all RF stages. Smoking was associated with reduced levels of four arsenic variables over RF-1A through RF-2. Diabetes was associated with increased levels of UMMA and UDMA at RF-2.
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Wei X, Lu Y, Zhang X, Chen ML, Wang JH. Recent advances in single-cell ultra-trace analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Environmetallomics: Systematically investigating metals in environmentally relevant media. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Witt B, Schaumlöffel D, Schwerdtle T. Subcellular Localization of Copper-Cellular Bioimaging with Focus on Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072341. [PMID: 32231018 PMCID: PMC7178132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential trace element, copper plays a pivotal role in physiological body functions. In fact, dysregulated copper homeostasis has been clearly linked to neurological disorders including Wilson and Alzheimer’s disease. Such neurodegenerative diseases are associated with progressive loss of neurons and thus impaired brain functions. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Characterization of the element species and their subcellular localization is of great importance to uncover cellular mechanisms. Recent research activities focus on the question of how copper contributes to the pathological findings. Cellular bioimaging of copper is an essential key to accomplish this objective. Besides information on the spatial distribution and chemical properties of copper, other essential trace elements can be localized in parallel. Highly sensitive and high spatial resolution techniques such as LA-ICP-MS, TEM-EDS, S-XRF and NanoSIMS are required for elemental mapping on subcellular level. This review summarizes state-of-the-art techniques in the field of bioimaging. Their strengths and limitations will be discussed with particular focus on potential applications for the elucidation of copper-related diseases. Based on such investigations, further information on cellular processes and mechanisms can be derived under physiological and pathological conditions. Bioimaging studies might enable the clarification of the role of copper in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and provide an important basis to develop therapeutic strategies for reduction or even prevention of copper-related disorders and their pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Witt
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3320-088-5241
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour/E2S UPPA, 64000 Pau, France;
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
- TraceAge—DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
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Sotomayor CG, Groothof D, Vodegel JJ, Gacitúa TA, Gomes-Neto AW, Osté MCJ, Pol RA, Ferreccio C, Berger SP, Chong G, Slart RHJA, Rodrigo R, Navis GJ, Touw DJ, Bakker SJL. Circulating Arsenic is Associated with Long-Term Risk of Graft Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:417. [PMID: 32028652 PMCID: PMC7073559 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is toxic to many organ systems, the kidney being the most sensitive target organ. We aimed to investigate whether, in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), the nephrotoxic exposure to arsenic could represent an overlooked hazard for graft survival. We performed a prospective cohort study of 665 KTRs with a functional graft ≥1 year, recruited in a university setting (2008‒2011), in The Netherlands. Plasma arsenic was measured by ICP-MS, and dietary intake was comprehensively assessed using a validated 177-item food-frequency questionnaire. The endpoint graft failure was defined as restart of dialysis or re-transplantation. Median arsenic concentration was 1.26 (IQR, 1.04‒2.04) µg/L. In backwards linear regression analyses we found that fish consumption (std β = 0.26; p < 0.001) was the major independent determinant of plasma arsenic. During 5 years of follow-up, 72 KTRs developed graft failure. In Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses, we found that arsenic was associated with increased risk of graft failure (HR 1.80; 95% CI 1.28-2.53; p = 0.001). This association remained materially unaltered after adjustment for donor and recipient characteristics, immunosuppressive therapy, eGFR, primary renal disease, and proteinuria. In conclusion, in KTRs, plasma arsenic is independently associated with increased risk of late graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo G. Sotomayor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Dion Groothof
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Joppe J. Vodegel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Tomás A. Gacitúa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - António W. Gomes-Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Maryse C. J. Osté
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Robert A. Pol
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Catterina Ferreccio
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330033 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Stefan P. Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Guillermo Chong
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, 7610658 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Riemer H. J. A. Slart
- Department of Nuclear and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, CP 8380453 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Gerjan J. Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Daan J. Touw
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (J.J.V.); (T.A.G.); (S.P.B.); (G.J.N.); (S.J.L.B.)
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