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Lam SE, Bradley DA, Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Abdul Sani SF. Carbon rich media for luminescence-based surface dosimetry and study of associated surface defects. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110920. [PMID: 37419002 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study continues research into the utilisation of carbonaceous media for medical radiation dosimetry, focusing on the effects of surface area-to-volume ratio and carbon content on structural interaction alterations and dosimetric properties in sheet- and bead-type graphitic materials (with the respective carbon content of ∼98 wt% and ∼90 wt%). Using 60Co gamma-rays and doses from 0.5 Gy to 20 Gy, the study has been made of the response of commercially available graphite in the form of 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm thick sheets, also of activated carbon beads. Confocal Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy have been employed, examining radiation-induced structural interaction alterations. Dose-dependent variation in the Raman intensity ratio ID/IG relates to the varying dominance of defect generation and dose-driven defect annealing. Of the various thickness graphite sheets, the 0.1 mm thick medium possesses the greatest surface area-to-volume ratio. Perhaps unsurprisingly, it also exhibits the greatest thermoluminescence (TL) yield compared to that of the other carbonaceous sheet foils used herein. Moreover, the second greatest mass-normalised TL yield has been observed to be that of the porous beads, reflected in the greater defect density (ID/IG > 2) when compared to the other media, due in part to their inherent feature of large internal surface area. Considering the challenge posed in matching skin thickness with skin dose, the near tissue equivalent graphite sheets show particular promise as a skin dosimeter, sensitive as a function of depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lam
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - D A Bradley
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S N Mat Nawi
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M U Khandaker
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Khandaker MU, Nawi SNM, Lam SE, Sani SFA, Islam MA, Islam MA, Naseer KA, Osman H, Bradley DA. Thermoluminescent characterization and defect studies of graphite-rich media under high dose neutron exposure. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 196:110771. [PMID: 36933313 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) materials have a broad variety of uses in various fields, such as clinical research, individual dosimetry, and environmental dosimetry, amongst others. However, the use of individual neutron dosimetry has been developing more aggressively lately. In this regard, present study establishes a relationship between the neutron dosage and the optical property changes of graphite-rich materials caused by high doses of neutron radiation. This has been done with the intention of developing a novel, graphite-based radiation dosimeter. Herein, the TL yield of commercially graphite-rich materials (i.e. graphite sheet, 2B and HB grade pencils) irradiated by neutron radiation with doses ranging from 250 Gy to 1500 Gy has been investigated. The samples were bombarded with thermal neutrons as well as a negligible amount of gamma rays, from the nuclear reactor TRIGA-II installed at the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission. The shape of the glow curves was observed to be independent of the given dosage, with the predominant TL dosimetric peak maintained within the region of 163 °C-168 °C for each sample. By studying the glow curves of the irradiated samples, some of the most well theoretical models and techniques were used to compute the kinetic parameters such as the order of kinetics (b), activation energy (E) or trap depth, frequency factor (s) or escape probability, and trap lifetime (τ). All of the samples were found to have a good linear response over the whole dosage range, with 2B grade of polymer pencil lead graphite (PPLGs) demonstrating a higher level of sensitivity than both HB grade and graphite sheet (GS) samples. Additionally, the level of sensitivity shown by each of them is highest at the lowest dosage that was given, and it decreases as the dose increases. Importantly, the phenomenon of dose-dependent structural modifications and internal annealing of defects has been observed by assessing the area of deconvoluted micro-Raman spectra of graphite-rich materials in high-frequency areas. This trend is consistent with the cyclical pattern reported in the intensity ratio of defect and graphite modes in previously investigated carbon-rich media. Such recurrent occurrences suggest the idea of employing Raman microspectroscopy as a radiation damage study tool for carbonaceous materials. The excellent responses of the key TL properties of the 2B grade pencil demonstrate its usefulness as a passive radiation dosimeter. As a consequence, the findings suggest that graphite-rich materials have the potential to be useful as a low-cost passive radiation dosimeter, with applications in radiotherapy and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIURd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh; MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Airport Rd., 11831, Amman, Jordan.
| | - S N Mat Nawi
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Science, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S E Lam
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Amirul Islam
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - M A Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K A Naseer
- Department of Physics, Farook College (Autonomous), Kozhikode, 673632, India
| | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 2425, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Khandaker MU, Mat Nawi S, Abdul Sani S, Karim JA, Almugren K, Bradley D. Defects and structural changes of graphite-rich media subjected to low-level neutron doses for radiation dosimetry. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bradley D, Mat Nawi SN, Sani SA, Khandaker MU, Almugren K. Characterisation of graphite-based material for dosimetry in the mammographic energy range. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Sani SFA, Lam SE, Ung NM, Almugren KS, Bradley DA. Low-cost commercial graphite-rich pencils subjected to electron irradiation for passive radiation dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110419. [PMID: 35988526 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Various thicknesses of 2B grade polymer pencil lead graphite (PPLG) were used in the present study, which focussed on the alteration in crystalline lattice and the structural defect caused by the electron irradiation dosage ranging from 0.5 to 20 Gy delivered by an Elekta HD Linac. The fundamental trap parameters i.e. kinetics order (b), activation energy (E), and frequency factor (s) of the PPLG samples have been estimated using the initial rise and peak shape approaches by fitting the thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks of the PPLG samples exposed to 20 Gy. The lifetime of the TL glow peak is also presented, which provides information on the stability of the TL signal at maximum temperatures. Raman, Photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra are being used to observe the structural changes that have occurred as a result of the radiation doses. These spectroscopies offer an understanding of the physical parameters that are related to the defects and taking part in the luminescence process. When all of the data are taken into account, it is anticipated that 0.3 mm PPLG is an effective material for dosimetry. The results of these lines of research are intended to educate the innovation of versatile graphite radiation dosimeters as a low-cost efficient system for radiation detection. The studied PPLG offers tissue equivalence as well as high spatial resolution, both are desirable criteria for a material to be used in the monitoring of ionising radiation or a variety of medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh.
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S E Lam
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N M Ung
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K S Almugren
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Almugren K, Abdul Sani S, Sulong IA, Mat Nawi S, Siti Shafiqah A, Bradley D. Structural and defect changes in black carbon charcoal irradiated with gamma ray. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Khandaker MU, Nawi SM, Lam S, Bradley D, Sani SA, Faruque M, Yasmin S, Idris AM. Studies of defect states and kinetic parameters of car windscreen for thermoluminescence retrospective dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 186:110271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yasmin S, Khandaker MU, Nawi SNM, Sani SFA, Bradley DA, Alqahtani A, Faruque MRI. The effectiveness of ornamental building materials (tiles) for retrospective thermoluminescence dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 184:110218. [PMID: 35397277 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Like many other decorative building materials, tiles are one of the most precious ornamental ingredients for making a lucrative building image. It not only offers beauty and luxury but also added value by protecting/monitoring ionizing radiation. In this study, the utmost regular use of seven varieties of tile samples has been considered for retrospective thermoluminescence dosimetry. To observe the potentials of tiles for retrospective dosimetry, the major thermoluminescence properties (such as dose-response, energy dependence, self-sensitivity, relative sensitivity, glow curves, repeatability, fading, and also effective atomic number) has been investigated following the annealing - irradiation - readout cycles. Making an allowance for the various TL parameters, White Horse (Mirror Polish) tiles demonstrate suitability to be used as emergency TL dosimeter in 0.5-100 Gy dose array. Comparing the values of Zeff of these numerous tiles' samples (11.6-12.7) with TLD-200 (Zeff = 16.3), it is to be noted that tiles can be used as a suitable material for environmental radiation dosimetry. The thermoluminescent characteristics of tiles in the dose limit from 0.5 Gy to 100 Gy are reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Physics, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Science, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Amal Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
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Bradley D, Ee LS, Mat Nawi SN, Abdul Sani SF, Khandaker M, Alzimami K, Jambi L, Alqhatani A. Radiation induced defects in graphite. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 182:110141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Sani SA, Ismail S, Al-Mugren K, Islam MA, Naher K, Bradley D. Structural and dosimetric study of sub-kGy neutron-irradiated graphitic media. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Bradley D, Sani SA, Al-mugren K. Characterization of a promising luminescence-based graphite radiation dosimeter. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Begum M, Rahman AKMM, Abdul-Rashid HA, Yusoff Z, Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Bradley DA. Photonic crystal fibre as a potential medium for radiotherapy dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 174:109771. [PMID: 34048992 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Present study concerns the key thermoluminescence (TL) properties of photonic crystal fibres (PCFs), seeking development of alternatively structured TL materials that are able to offer a advantages over existing passive dosimeters. In terms of their internal structure and light guiding properties the PCFs, collapsed and structured, differ significantly from that of conventional optical fibres. To investigate the dosimetric parameters of the PCFs use was made of a linear accelerator producing a 6 MV photon beam, delivering doses ranging from 0.5 Gy to 8 Gy. The parameters studied included TL response, linearity index, glow curves, relative sensitivity and TL signal fading, the results being compared against those obtained using TLD-100 chips. At 4 Gy photon dose the Ge-doped collapsed PCFs were found to provide a response 27 × that of structured PCF, also giving a TL yield similar to that of standard TLD-100 chips. Over post-irradiation periods of 15 and 30 days collapsed PCF TL signal fading were 8% and 17% respectively, with corresponding values of 37% and 64% for the structured PCF. Trapping parameters including the order of kinetics (b), activation energy (E) and frequency factor (s-1) were assessed with Chen's peak shape method. Lifetime of trapping centre was found to be (2.36 E+03) s and (9.03 E +01) s regarding the collapsed and structured PCF respectively with 6 Gy of photon beam. For the Ge-doped collapsed PCF, the high TL yield, sensitivity and low fading provide the basis of a highly promising system of TLD for radiotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuza Begum
- Health Physics & Radioactive Waste Management Unit, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - A K M Mizanur Rahman
- Health Physics Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, 4 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - H A Abdul-Rashid
- Fiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Z Yusoff
- Fiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Khandaker MU, Mat Nawi SN, Bradley DA, Lam SE, Abdul Sani SF, Sulieman A. Studies of thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of polymer pencil lead graphite under photon exposures. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 174:109757. [PMID: 33990033 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study analysed thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves of the polymer pencil lead graphite (PPLG) due to its potential applications in radiation dosimetry. The TL glow curves provide information on the physical parameters of the defects participating in luminescence process. The glow curves for different diameters PPLG samples were obtained with varying temperature from 50 to 300 °C, at a fixed heating rate of 10 °Cs-1. A number of methods (initial rise, peak shape and curve fitting) were used to fit the TL glow peaks of the PPLG samples obtained under photon dose of 200 Gy. From the fitted TL signals, the trap parameters such as the order of kinetics, the activation energy, the frequency factor, etc. for the individual peaks were numerically determined. The lifetimes of TL process were calculated assuming the first-order kinetics. The results are compared among the different methods adopted in this study. Implications about the possible results in glow curve deconvolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - David Andrew Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Siok Ee Lam
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 422, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Lam SE, Mat Nawi SN, Abdul Sani SF, Khandaker MU, Bradley DA. Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy analysis of gamma irradiated human hair. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7939. [PMID: 33846448 PMCID: PMC8041883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary study has been made of black human hair, carbon concentration of some 53%, a model in examining the potential of hair of the human head in retrospective and emergency biodosimetry applications, also offering effective atomic number near to that of water. The hair samples were exposed to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{60}$$\end{document}60Co gamma rays, delivering doses from 0 to 200 Gy. Structural alterations were observed, use being made of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Most prominent among the features observed in the first-order Raman spectra are the D and G peaks, appearing at 1370 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\pm }} 18\,{\hbox {cm}}^{-1}$$\end{document}±18cm-1 and 1589 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\pm }} 11\,{\hbox {cm}}^{-1}$$\end{document}±11cm-1 respectively, the intensity ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{{I}}}_{{{D}}}{{/}}{{{I}}}_{{{G}}}$$\end{document}ID/IG indicating dose-dependent defects generation and annealing of structural alterations. The wavelengths of the PL absorption and emission peaks are found to be centred at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$592.3 \pm 12.5$$\end{document}592.3±12.5 nm and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$1077.4 \pm 7.3$$\end{document}1077.4±7.3 nm, respectively. The hair samples mean band gap energy (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{{E}}}_{{{g}}}$$\end{document}Eg) post-irradiation was found to be \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$2.10 \pm 0.04$$\end{document}2.10±0.04 eV, of the order of a semiconductor and approximately two times the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{{E}}}_{{{g}}}$$\end{document}Eg of other carbon-rich materials reported via the same methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok Ee Lam
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - David Andrew Bradley
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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The Potential Use of Car Windscreens for Post-Accident Dose Reconstruction in the Periphery of Nuclear Installations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cars of a variety of brands are usually parked at a fixed but increasing distance in the periphery of nuclear installations. Herein we focus on the potential use of car windscreens for post-accident dose reconstruction from unplanned nuclear events and natural disasters, also in regard to unexpected events arising during large-scale use of radioactive and nuclear materials. The situation requires identification of analytical techniques that could both readily and reliably be used to assess absorbed dose, sufficient to prompt remedial action where necessary. Samples from three widely used car brands—Honda, Toyota and Proton—are studied in respect of their thermoluminescence (TL) yield. Key TL dosimetric features in the gamma-ray dose range of 1–100 Gy are examined. An ERESCO model 200 MF4-RW X-ray machine has also been used for energy response studies; a Harshaw 3500 TLD reader equipped with WinREMS software was used for the luminescence measurements. All brands exhibit linearity of TL yield versus dose, the samples from Honda showing the greatest response followed by that of the Toyota and Proton brands. The marked energy dependence reflects the effect of the strongly Z-dependent photoelectric effect. Signal fading was investigated over a period of 28 days, the Toyota and Proton brand windshield glass showing a relatively low loss at 52.1% and 52.6% respectively compared to a 56.7% loss for that of the Honda samples. This work forms the first such demonstration of the potential of car windshield glass as a retrospective accident dosimeter.
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