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Lam SE, Bradley DA, Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Abdul Sani SF. Carbon rich media for luminescence-based surface dosimetry and study of associated surface defects. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110920. [PMID: 37419002 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study continues research into the utilisation of carbonaceous media for medical radiation dosimetry, focusing on the effects of surface area-to-volume ratio and carbon content on structural interaction alterations and dosimetric properties in sheet- and bead-type graphitic materials (with the respective carbon content of ∼98 wt% and ∼90 wt%). Using 60Co gamma-rays and doses from 0.5 Gy to 20 Gy, the study has been made of the response of commercially available graphite in the form of 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm thick sheets, also of activated carbon beads. Confocal Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy have been employed, examining radiation-induced structural interaction alterations. Dose-dependent variation in the Raman intensity ratio ID/IG relates to the varying dominance of defect generation and dose-driven defect annealing. Of the various thickness graphite sheets, the 0.1 mm thick medium possesses the greatest surface area-to-volume ratio. Perhaps unsurprisingly, it also exhibits the greatest thermoluminescence (TL) yield compared to that of the other carbonaceous sheet foils used herein. Moreover, the second greatest mass-normalised TL yield has been observed to be that of the porous beads, reflected in the greater defect density (ID/IG > 2) when compared to the other media, due in part to their inherent feature of large internal surface area. Considering the challenge posed in matching skin thickness with skin dose, the near tissue equivalent graphite sheets show particular promise as a skin dosimeter, sensitive as a function of depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lam
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - D A Bradley
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S N Mat Nawi
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M U Khandaker
- Research Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Khandaker MU, Nawi SNM, Lam SE, Sani SFA, Islam MA, Islam MA, Naseer KA, Osman H, Bradley DA. Thermoluminescent characterization and defect studies of graphite-rich media under high dose neutron exposure. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 196:110771. [PMID: 36933313 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) materials have a broad variety of uses in various fields, such as clinical research, individual dosimetry, and environmental dosimetry, amongst others. However, the use of individual neutron dosimetry has been developing more aggressively lately. In this regard, present study establishes a relationship between the neutron dosage and the optical property changes of graphite-rich materials caused by high doses of neutron radiation. This has been done with the intention of developing a novel, graphite-based radiation dosimeter. Herein, the TL yield of commercially graphite-rich materials (i.e. graphite sheet, 2B and HB grade pencils) irradiated by neutron radiation with doses ranging from 250 Gy to 1500 Gy has been investigated. The samples were bombarded with thermal neutrons as well as a negligible amount of gamma rays, from the nuclear reactor TRIGA-II installed at the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission. The shape of the glow curves was observed to be independent of the given dosage, with the predominant TL dosimetric peak maintained within the region of 163 °C-168 °C for each sample. By studying the glow curves of the irradiated samples, some of the most well theoretical models and techniques were used to compute the kinetic parameters such as the order of kinetics (b), activation energy (E) or trap depth, frequency factor (s) or escape probability, and trap lifetime (τ). All of the samples were found to have a good linear response over the whole dosage range, with 2B grade of polymer pencil lead graphite (PPLGs) demonstrating a higher level of sensitivity than both HB grade and graphite sheet (GS) samples. Additionally, the level of sensitivity shown by each of them is highest at the lowest dosage that was given, and it decreases as the dose increases. Importantly, the phenomenon of dose-dependent structural modifications and internal annealing of defects has been observed by assessing the area of deconvoluted micro-Raman spectra of graphite-rich materials in high-frequency areas. This trend is consistent with the cyclical pattern reported in the intensity ratio of defect and graphite modes in previously investigated carbon-rich media. Such recurrent occurrences suggest the idea of employing Raman microspectroscopy as a radiation damage study tool for carbonaceous materials. The excellent responses of the key TL properties of the 2B grade pencil demonstrate its usefulness as a passive radiation dosimeter. As a consequence, the findings suggest that graphite-rich materials have the potential to be useful as a low-cost passive radiation dosimeter, with applications in radiotherapy and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIURd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh; MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Airport Rd., 11831, Amman, Jordan.
| | - S N Mat Nawi
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Science, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S E Lam
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Amirul Islam
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - M A Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K A Naseer
- Department of Physics, Farook College (Autonomous), Kozhikode, 673632, India
| | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 2425, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Khandaker MU, Mat Nawi S, Abdul Sani S, Karim JA, Almugren K, Bradley D. Defects and structural changes of graphite-rich media subjected to low-level neutron doses for radiation dosimetry. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bradley D, Mat Nawi SN, Sani SA, Khandaker MU, Almugren K. Characterisation of graphite-based material for dosimetry in the mammographic energy range. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Sani SFA, Lam SE, Ung NM, Almugren KS, Bradley DA. Low-cost commercial graphite-rich pencils subjected to electron irradiation for passive radiation dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110419. [PMID: 35988526 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Various thicknesses of 2B grade polymer pencil lead graphite (PPLG) were used in the present study, which focussed on the alteration in crystalline lattice and the structural defect caused by the electron irradiation dosage ranging from 0.5 to 20 Gy delivered by an Elekta HD Linac. The fundamental trap parameters i.e. kinetics order (b), activation energy (E), and frequency factor (s) of the PPLG samples have been estimated using the initial rise and peak shape approaches by fitting the thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks of the PPLG samples exposed to 20 Gy. The lifetime of the TL glow peak is also presented, which provides information on the stability of the TL signal at maximum temperatures. Raman, Photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra are being used to observe the structural changes that have occurred as a result of the radiation doses. These spectroscopies offer an understanding of the physical parameters that are related to the defects and taking part in the luminescence process. When all of the data are taken into account, it is anticipated that 0.3 mm PPLG is an effective material for dosimetry. The results of these lines of research are intended to educate the innovation of versatile graphite radiation dosimeters as a low-cost efficient system for radiation detection. The studied PPLG offers tissue equivalence as well as high spatial resolution, both are desirable criteria for a material to be used in the monitoring of ionising radiation or a variety of medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh.
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S E Lam
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N M Ung
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K S Almugren
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Almugren K, Abdul Sani S, Sulong IA, Mat Nawi S, Siti Shafiqah A, Bradley D. Structural and defect changes in black carbon charcoal irradiated with gamma ray. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Khandaker MU, Nawi SM, Lam S, Bradley D, Sani SA, Faruque M, Yasmin S, Idris AM. Studies of defect states and kinetic parameters of car windscreen for thermoluminescence retrospective dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 186:110271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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