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Paloma V, Benítez I, Agüero-Collins A, López-Núñez C, Saavedra-Macías FJ. Perceived Detention Environment and Mental Health of Detainees in Immigration Detention Centers in Spain. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-01977-3. [PMID: 38519826 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-01977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The increase in migratory flows worldwide has led to the creation of detention centers as a form of control of irregular migration. Recipient countries are responsible for protecting detainees' right to mental health, but the literature suggests that immigration detention centers are environments associated with complex mental health needs among the detainees. This study aims to approach the mental health of people detained in the immigration detention centers in Spain, a southern border of Europe. Eighty-seven migrants coming from different Latin American and African countries were interviewed using an adaptation of the Measure of Quality of Life in Detention (MQLD; Bosworth & Gerlach, 2020) to measure the perceived detention environment and The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25; Derogatis et al., 1974) to assess mental health. The results show a high prevalence of detainees with significant levels of anxiety and depression (69%) and attempts at self-harm within the detention centers (19.5%). A more positive perception of the detention environment-especially concerning institutional decency and the relationship with officers-is related to a lower degree of negative mental health symptoms. Finally, people detained for more than 2 weeks assess the detention environment more negatively than those detained for less time. Scientific contributions and social implications to ensure the mental health of detainees from a human rights-based approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Paloma
- Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Isabel Benítez
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Universidad de Granada, Spain & Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carla López-Núñez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Rodríguez-Barragán M, Fernández-San-Martín MI, Clavería A, Le Reste JY, Nabbe P, Motrico E, Gómez-Gómez I, Peguero-Rodríguez E. Measuring depression in Primary Health Care in Spain: Psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of HSCL-5 and HSCL-10. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1014340. [PMID: 36698836 PMCID: PMC9869680 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1014340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression has a high prevalence among European countries. Several instruments have been designed to assess its symptoms in different populations. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 (HSCL-25) scale has been identified as valid, reproducible, effective, and easy to use. There are short versions of this scale that could be useful in Primary Care (PC) settings, but their psychometric properties are unknown. Aim To assess in PC patients the psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of the Spanish version of the HSCL-10 and the HSCL-5 consisting of 10 and 5 items, respectively. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional study was carried out at six PC centers in Spain. The HSCL-25 was administered to outpatients aged 45-75 who also participated in the structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). HSCL-10 and HSCL-5 were assessed and compared to HSCL-25 regarding total score correlation, internal consistency, and criterion validity against the gold-standard CIDI. This is a methodological study from a secondary data analysis and the primary data has been previously published. Results Out of 790 patients, 767 completed the HSCL-25 and 736 the CIDI interview (96.0%). Cronbach's Alpha was 0.84 for HSCL-10 and 0.77 for HSCL-5. The known-group method and confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable for the establishment of construct validity. Sensitivity was 79.7% (CI95%, 67.7-88.0%) for HSCL-10, and 78.0% (CI95%, 65.9-86.6%) for HSCL-5, whereas specificity was 83% (CI95%, 80.0-85.7%) for HSCL-10, and 72.8% (CI95%, 69.3-76.0%) for HSCL-5. Area under the curve against CIDI was 0.88 (CI95%, 0.84-0.92%) for HSCL-10, and 0.85 (CI95%, 0.81-0.89%) for HSCL-5. Optimum cutoff point calculated with Youden Index was 1.90 for the HSCL-10 and 1.80 for the HSCL-5. Conclusion HSCL-10 and HSCL-5 are reliable and valid tools to detect depression symptoms and can be used in PC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Barragán
- Primary Health Centre La Mina, Gerència Territorial d’Atenció Primària de Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Isabel Fernández-San-Martín
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain,Gerència Territorial d’Atenció Primària de Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Clavería
- I-Saúde Group, South Galicia Health Research Institute [IISGS-Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS)], Vigo, Spain,Vigo Health Area, Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Vigo, Spain,Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Vigo, Spain,*Correspondence: Ana Clavería,
| | - Jean Yves Le Reste
- Department of General Practice, ER 7479 SPURBO Soins Primaires, Santé Publique, Registre des Cancers de Bretagne Occidentale, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Patrice Nabbe
- Department of General Practice, ER 7479 SPURBO Soins Primaires, Santé Publique, Registre des Cancers de Bretagne Occidentale, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Emma Motrico
- Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Vigo, Spain,Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Irene Gómez-Gómez
- Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Vigo, Spain,Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Eva Peguero-Rodríguez
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain,Primary Health Centre El Castell, Gerència Territorial d’Atenció Primària Metropolitana Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain,Departamento de Ciencias Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rodríguez-Barragán M, Fernández-San-Martín MI, Clavería-Fontán A, Aldecoa-Landesa S, Casajuana-Closas M, Llobera J, Oliván-Blázquez B, Peguero-Rodríguez E. Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 Scale for Depression Detection in Primary Care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157843. [PMID: 34360136 PMCID: PMC8345472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression constitutes a major public health problem due to its high prevalence and difficulty in diagnosis. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) scale has been identified as valid, reproducible, effective, and easy to use in primary care (PC). The purpose of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the HSCL-25 and validate its Spanish version. A multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out at six PC centers in Spain. Validity and reliability were assessed against the structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Out of the 790 patients, 769 completed the HSCL-25; 738 answered all the items. Global Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92 (0.88 as calculated for the depression dimension and 0.83 for the anxiety one). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed one global factor and two correlated factors with a correlation of 0.84. Area under the curve (AUC) was 0.89 (CI 95%, 0.86–0.93%). For a 1.75 cutoff point, sensibility was 88.1% (CI 95%, 77.1–95.1%) and specificity was 76.7% (CI 95%, 73.3–79.8%). The Spanish version of the HSCL-25 has a high response percentage, validity, and reliability and is well-accepted by PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Barragán
- Primary Health Centre La Mina, Gerència Territorial de Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.I.F.-S.-M.); (E.P.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-933-811-593
| | - María Isabel Fernández-San-Martín
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.I.F.-S.-M.); (E.P.-R.)
- Gerència Territorial de Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Clavería-Fontán
- I-Saúde Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute SERGAS-UVIGO, Servicio Galego de Saúde, 36201 Galicia, Spain; (A.C.-F.); (S.A.-L.)
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network RedIAPP, 28001 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.); (B.O.-B.)
| | - Susana Aldecoa-Landesa
- I-Saúde Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute SERGAS-UVIGO, Servicio Galego de Saúde, 36201 Galicia, Spain; (A.C.-F.); (S.A.-L.)
- Primary Health Centre Beiramar, Área de Xestión Integrada de Vigo, SERGAS, 36201 Vigo, Spain
| | - Marc Casajuana-Closas
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.I.F.-S.-M.); (E.P.-R.)
| | - Joan Llobera
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network RedIAPP, 28001 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.); (B.O.-B.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca, Balearic Islands Health Service, 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Bárbara Oliván-Blázquez
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network RedIAPP, 28001 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.); (B.O.-B.)
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Peguero-Rodríguez
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.I.F.-S.-M.); (E.P.-R.)
- Primary Health Centre El Castell, Institut Català de la Salut, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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