Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of β-acetamido ketones

One-pot Synthesis of β-acetamido-β-(phenyl) Propiophenone using ZnO/Carbon Nanocomposites

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The focus of the present work is to synthesize ZnO/C composite using dextrose as carbon source by combustion method and study the comparative evaluation on one-pot synthesis of β-acetamido- β-(phenyl) propiophenone over ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO/C composite catalyst.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ZnO nanoparticles has been synthesized by sol-gel method using zinc nitrate and NaOH and ZnO/Carbon composites by combustion method using zinc nitrate and dextrose as carbon source. The resulting gel was placed in a preheated muffle furnace at 400oC. The solution boils and ignites with a flame. On cooling highly amorphous powder of ZnO/Carbon composite is obtained.

RESULTS

The XRD patterns reveal the hexagonal phase with Wurtzite structure and the nanocrystalline nature of the catalysts. The SEM image of ZnO/C composite showed that it contains spherical particles with an average size of 41 nm. The average particle size of the composite was around 60nm by DLS method. The catalytic activity of the ZnO/Carbon composites has been analyzed by one-pot four-component condensation of benzaldehyde, acetophenone, acetyl chloride and acetonitrile. The feed molar ratio of 1:1 (Bz:AP) and catalyst loading of 30 mol% is found to be the optimal condition for β-acetamido ketone conversion over ZnO/carbon composite.

CONCLUSION

The substantial catalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO/C composite materials was tested by one-pot four-component condensation of benzaldehyde (Bz), acetophenone (AP), acetyl chloride (AC) and acetonitrile (AN) which showed a high β-acetamido ketone conversion under the optimized reaction conditions. It has also been found that the catalyst is very stable and reusable.

Synthesis and Investigation on the Antidiabetic Effect of 3-aryl-1-(5-methylisoxazol-3-ylamino)-1-(4-nitrophenyl) Propan-1-one

Background:

Diabetes mellitus is the third-largest non-communicable chronic disease worldwide. There are many effective drugs, but the long-term use of these clinical drugs may cause various side effects. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new antidiabetic molecules with higher efficacy and lower toxicity.

Methods:

Fifteen new 3-aryl-1-(5-methylisoxazol-3-ylamino)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-1-one were synthesized directly through the Mannich reaction of 4-nitroacetophenone, 3-amino-5- methylisoxazole and aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by concentrated hydrochloric acid. The molecular structures of the products were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI MS and HRMS. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) response element and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. Molecular docking, molecular physical parameters calculation, and molecular toxicity prediction were performed to analyze the structure- activity relationship and evaluate the druggability of these compounds theoretically.

Results:

All compounds exhibited weak antidiabetic activities, but compound 15 showed promising as a high performance, dual-target antidiabetic lead compound with peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor (PPAR) response element relative agonist activity of 99.55% at 27.2 nmol·mL−1 and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 35.21% at 13.6 nmol·mL−1. All compounds obtained may have no cardiotoxicity, no acute toxicity, no carcinogenic, and within safe range of mutagenic risk.

Conclusion:

This study identified a potential PPAR lead molecule and presented an unusual strategy for antidiabetic drug development.

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Spiro Cyclohexane-1,2- Quinazoline Derivatives as Potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE

Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) is currently one of the most valuable and potential chemotherapeutic regimes for the medication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

METHOD

Based on linagliptin, this study discusses the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of spiro cyclohexane-1,2'-quinazoline scaffold hybridized with various heterocyclic ring systems through different atomic spacers as a highly potent DPP-4 inhibitors. DPP-4 enzyme assay represented that most of the target compounds are 102-103 folds more active than the reference drug linagliptin (IC50: 0.0005-0.0089 nM vs 0.77 nM; respectively). Moreover, in vivo oral hypoglycemic activity assay revealed that most of the tested candidates were more potent than the reference drug, sitagliptin, producing rapid onset with long duration of activity that extends to 24 h. Interestingly, the derivatives 11, 16, 18a and 23 showed evidence of mild cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition (IC50; > 210 µM) and their acute toxicity (LD50) was more than 1.9 gm/kg. Molecular simulation study of the new quinazoline derivatives explained the obtained biological results.

CONCLUSION

Finally, we conclude that our target compounds could be highly beneficial for diabetic patients in the clinic.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel l-phenylglycine derivatives as potential PPARγ lead compounds

In accordance with the structural characteristics of thiazolidinedione drugs and highly bioactive tyrosine derivatives, we tentatively designed the l-phenylglycine derivatives TM1 and TM2 based on basic principles of drug design and then synthesized them. The in vitro screening of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activated activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitory activities showed that the novel molecule M5 had efficient PPAR response element (PPRE) activated activity (PPRE relative activity 105.04% at 10 μg·mL^-1 compared with the positive control pioglitazone, with 100% activity). Therefore, M5 was selected as the hit compound from which the TM3 and TM4 series of compounds were further designed and synthesized. Based on the PPRE relative activities of TM3 and TM4, we discovered another new molecule, TM4h, which had the strongest PPRE relative activity (120.42% at 10 μg·mL^-1). In addition, the concentration-dependent activity of the highly active compounds was determined by assaying their half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) values. The molecular physical parameter calculation and the molecular toxicity prediction were used to theoretically evaluate the lead-likeness and safety of the active compounds. In conclusion, we identified a potential PPARγ lead molecule and developed a tangible strategy for antidiabetic drug development.

CeO2 nanoparticles: A robust and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the diastereoselective synthesis of β-acetamido esters

The preparation of seven β-acetamido esters, two of which are novel, has been achieved by a one-pot condensation reaction of an araldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and acetyl chloride in the presence of CeO2 nanoparticles under reflux conditions in acetonitrile. This method provides several advantages including easy workup, excellent yields, short reaction times, diastereoselective synthesis, reusability of the catalyst and low catalyst loading.

One-pot four component domino strategy for the synthesis of novel spirooxindole pyrrolizine linked 1,2,3-triazoles via stereo- and regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction in acidic medium

An efficient, one-pot four component condensation has been reported for the synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizine linked 1,2,3-triazolesvia[3 + 2] cycloaddition. The structures were confirmed by¹H NMR,¹³C NMR, mass spectra and X-ray.

Synergic effect of nano-catalyst and continuous flow system: Dakin–West reaction catalyzed by Nafion-H@SPIONs in a microreactor

The expansion of practical processes for superferromagnetic nanocatalysts is a very attractive subject.