Antioxidant capacity of spray-dried plant extracts: Experiments and simulations

Probing Differences in Mass-Transfer Coefficients in Beaker and Stirrer Digestion Systems and the USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 Using Benzoic Acid Tablets

Measurements of external mass-transfer coefficients for dissolution have been made with benzoic acid tablets with a diameter of 13 mm and approximately 3 mm thick, using two different dissolution systems. One system has been a beaker with a platform for the tablet and either 80 mL or 120 mL of water, with three different types of stirrers, and the other has been a USP dissolution apparatus 2 (paddle) with either 200 mL or 900 mL water. Various stirring speeds have also been used in the different pieces of equipment. The same mass-transfer coefficient may potentially be obtained from the same tablet by adjusting the operating conditions in the two different devices. The ranges of the external mass-transfer coefficients measured in both devices overlapped significantly, with the range being 0.193–4.48 × 10−5 m s−1 in the beaker and stirrer system and 0.222–3.45 × 10−5 m s−1 in the USP dissolution apparatus 2. Dimensional analysis of the results, using Sherwood and Reynolds numbers, shows that the Ranz–Marshall correlation provides a lower bound for estimates of the Sherwood numbers measured experimentally. Calculations of time constants for mass transfer suggest that mass transfer may be a rate-limiting step for dissolution and food digestion under some circumstances. The range of mass-transfer coefficients measured here is representative of other measurements from the literature, and the use of the Ranz–Marshall correlation supports the suggestion that this range of values should be generally expected in most situations.

Microencapsulation of bioactives for food applications

The potential of microencapsulation to protect bioactive compounds ensuring bioavailability maintenance is proved but requires further studies on its applicability and incentives by regulatory agencies.