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Alam M, Lou G, Abbas W, Osti R, Ahmad A, Bista S, Ahiakpa JK, He Y. Improving Rice Grain Quality Through Ecotype Breeding for Enhancing Food and Nutritional Security in Asia-Pacific Region. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:47. [PMID: 39102064 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Rice grain is widely consumed as a staple food, providing essential nutrition for households, particularly marginalized families. It plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, promoting human nutrition, supporting good health, and contributing to global food and nutritional security. Addressing the diverse quality demands of emerging diverse and climate-risked population dietary needs requires the development of a single variety of rice grain that can meet the various dietary and nutritional requirements. However, there is a lack of concrete definition for rice grain quality, making it challenging to cater to the different demands. The lack of sufficient genetic study and development in improving rice grain quality has resulted in widespread malnutrition, hidden hunger, and micronutrient deficiencies affecting a significant portion of the global population. Therefore, it is crucial to identify genetically evolved varieties with marked qualities that can help address these issues. Various factors account for the declining quality of rice grain and requires further study to improve their quality for healthier diets. We characterized rice grain quality using Lancastrians descriptor and a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic quality traits. Next, we examined various components of rice grain quality favored in the Asia-Pacific region. This includes preferences by different communities, rice industry stakeholders, and value chain actors. We also explored the biological aspects of rice grain quality in the region, as well as specific genetic improvements that have been made in these traits. Additionally, we evaluated the factors that can influence rice grain quality and discussed the future directions for ensuring food and nutritional security and meeting consumer demands for grain quality. We explored the diverse consumer bases and their varied preferences in Asian-Pacific countries including India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Korea, Myanmar and Japan. The quality preferences encompassed a range of factors, including rice head recovery, grain shape, uniform size before cooking, gelatinization, chalkiness, texture, amylose content, aroma, red-coloration of grain, soft and shine when cooked, unbroken when cooked, gelatinization, less water required for cooking, gelatinization temperature (less cooking time), aged rice, firm and dry when cooked (gel consistency), extreme white, soft when chewed, easy-to-cook rice (parboiled rice), vitamins, and minerals. These preferences were evaluated across high, low, and medium categories. A comprehensive analysis is provided on the enhancement of grain quality traits, including brown rice recovery, recovery rate of milled rice, head rice recovery, as well as morphological traits such as grain length, grain width, grain length-width ratio, and grain chalkiness. We also explored the characteristics of amylose, gel consistency, gelatinization temperature, viscosity, as well as the nutritional qualities of rice grains such as starch, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and bio-fortification potential. The various factors that impact the quality of rice grains, including pre-harvest, post-harvest, and genotype considerations were explored. Additionally, we discussed the future direction and genetic strategies to effectively tackle these challenges. These qualitative characteristics represent the fundamental focus of regional and national breeding strategies employed by different countries to meet consumer preference. Given the significance of rice as a staple food in Asia-Pacific countries, it is primarily consumed domestically, with only a small portion being exported internationally. All the important attributes must be clearly defined within specific parameters. It is crucial for geneticists and breeders to develop a rice variety that can meet the diverse demands of consumers worldwide by incorporating multiple desirable traits. Thus, the goal of addressing global food and nutritional security, and human healthy can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufid Alam
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Guangming Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Rajani Osti
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Aqeel Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Sunita Bista
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - John K Ahiakpa
- National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuqing He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Liu X, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Pei H, Yang H. Characteristics of Damage to Brown Rice Kernels under Single and Continuous Mechanical Compression Conditions. Foods 2024; 13:1069. [PMID: 38611373 PMCID: PMC11011294 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
During the rice milling process, single and continuous compression occurs between brown rice and the processing parts. When the external load exceeds the yield limit of brown rice, brown rice kernels are damaged; with an increase in compression deformation or the extent of compression, the amount of damage to the kernels expands and accumulates, ultimately leading to the fracture and breakage of kernels. In order to investigate the mechanical compression damage characteristics of brown rice kernels under real-world working conditions, this study constructs an elastic-plastic compression model and a continuous damage model of brown rice kernels based on Hertz theory and continuous damage theory; the accuracy of this model is verified through experiments, and the relevant processing critical parameters are calculated. In this study, three varieties of brown rice kernels are taken as the research object, and mechanical compression tests are carried out using a texture apparatus; finally, the test data are analysed and calculated by combining them with the theoretical model to obtain the relevant critical parameters of damage. The results of the single compression crushing test of brown rice kernels showed that the maximum destructive forces Fc in the single compression of Hunan Early indica 45, Hunan Glutinous 28, and Southern Japonica 518 kernels were 134.77 ± 11.20 N, 115.64 ± 4.35 N, and 115.84 ± 5.89 N, respectively; the maximum crushing deformations αc in the single compression crushing test were 0.51 ± 0.04 mm, 0.43 ± 0.01 mm, and 0.48 ± 0.17 mm, respectively; and the critical average deformations αs of elasticity-plasticity deformation were 0.224 mm, 0.267 mm, and 0.280 mm, respectively. The results of the continuous compression crushing test of brown rice kernels showed that the critical deformations αd of successive compression damage formation were 0.224 mm, 0.267 mm, and 0.280 mm, and the deformation ratios δ of compression damage were 12.24%, 14.35%, and 12.84%. From the test results, it can be seen that the continuous application of compression load does not result in the crushing of kernels if the compression deformation is less than αd during mechanical compression. The continuous application of compressive loads can lead to fragmentation of the kernels if the compressive deformation exceeds αd; the larger the compression variant, the less compression is required for crushing. If the compression deformation exceeds αc, then a single compressive load can directly fragment the kernels. Therefore, the load employed during rice milling should be based on the variety of brown rice used in order to prevent brown rice deformation, which should be less than αd, and the maximum load should not exceed Fc. The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the structure and parameter optimisation of a rice milling machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (H.P.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ziang Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (H.P.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yonglin Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (H.P.); (H.Y.)
- Hubei Cereals and Oils Machinery Engineering Center, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (H.P.); (H.Y.)
- Hubei Cereals and Oils Machinery Engineering Center, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Houchang Pei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (H.P.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hongjun Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (H.P.); (H.Y.)
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Wang X, Wu W, Jia H. Calibration of discrete element parameters for simulating wheat crushing. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7751-7764. [PMID: 38107127 PMCID: PMC10724585 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of wheat grains were measured and analyzed using discrete element software, which provided crucial data for their processing in a mill. The foundational Hertz-Mindlin model was used as a theoretical framework to evaluate the accumulation angle of wheat grains. The Plackett-Burman, steepest ascent, and Box-Behnken methods were utilized in a series of experiments, with the accumulation angle serving as the dependent variable. Targeting the actual angle of repose in the response surface, the optimal parameters were derived using the regression equations. These included a static-friction coefficient of 0.3 between individual wheat grains, rolling-friction coefficient of 0.04 for wheat-wheat interactions, static-friction coefficient of 0.554 for wheat-tooth roller interactions, collision recovery coefficient of 0.5 for wheat-wheat collisions, collision recovery coefficient of 0.45 for wheat-tooth roller collisions, and rolling-friction coefficient of 0.05 for wheat-roller interactions. Relying on the bonding contact model of Hertz-Mindlin, virtual uniaxial compression tests were conducted to calibrate the wheat grain bonding parameters. A regression equation for the critical load was subsequently generated using the critical load of the wheat grain bonding model as the response variable. The optimal parameters were calculated and incorporated into the EDEM model for computation, which resulted in a relative error of 1.6% between the calculated and observed values, confirming the accuracy and feasibility of the calibration method, suggesting that the calibrated parameters were accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyZhengzhouChina
- School of Mechanical EngineeringZhengzhou University of Science and TechnologyZhengzhouChina
| | - Wenbin Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyZhengzhouChina
| | - Huapo Jia
- School of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyZhengzhouChina
- School of Mechanical EngineeringZhengzhou University of Science and TechnologyZhengzhouChina
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Xiao Y, Jia F, Meng X, Han Y. Breakpoint Planning Method for Rice Multibreak Milling. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091864. [PMID: 37174402 PMCID: PMC10178096 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive milling of rice kernels will result in nutrient loss and grain waste. To avoid grain waste, multibreak milling systems have been widely used in large-scale commercial rice mills. However, there is still no reasonable breakpoint planning method to guide the multibreak milling process. To construct a reasonable multibreak milling system, in this research, taking rice milling, a typical heterogeneous cereal-kernel milling process, as an example, the multivariate analysis method was used to comprehensively analyze the characteristic changes of milled rice during the whole milling process. A breakpoint planning method was established, including planning the number of breakpoints, determining the degree of milling or milling time corresponding to each breakpoint, and estimating the actual breakpoint to which the milled rice belongs. The verification results showed the rationality and high accuracy of the planning method. The presented work will help operators to plan the multibreak milling system of rice efficiently and objectively so as to significantly improve the commercial value of milled rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Fuguo Jia
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiangyi Meng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yanlong Han
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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DAS A, Paul J, Heinrich S, Kumar J. Development and analysis of moments preserving finite volume schemes for multi-variate nonlinear breakage model. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2022.0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Modelling and simulation of collisional particle breakage mechanisms are crucial in several physical phenomena (asteroid belts, molecular clouds, raindrop distribution etc.) and process industries (chemical, pharmaceutical, material etc.). This paper deals with the development and analysis of schemes to numerically solve the multi-dimensional nonlinear collisional fragmentation model. Two numerical techniques are presented based on the finite volume discretization method. It is shown that the proposed schemes are consistent with the hypervolume conservation property. Moreover, the number preservation property law also holds for one of them. Detailed mathematical discussions are presented to establish the convergence analysis and consistency of the multi-dimensional schemes under predefined restrictions on the kernel and initial data. The proposed schemes are shown to be second-order convergent. Finally, several numerical computations (one-, two- and three-dimensional fragmentation) are performed to validate the numerical schemes.
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Yu X, Jiang X, Gu H, Shen F. DEM Study of the Motion Characteristics of Rice Particles in the Indented Cylinder Separator. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:285. [PMID: 36616881 PMCID: PMC9824418 DOI: 10.3390/s23010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The precise separation of rice particles is an important step in rice processing. In this paper, discrete element simulations of the motion of rice particles of different integrity in an indented cylinder separator were carried out using numerical simulation methods. The effects of single factors (cylinder rotation rate, cylinder axial inclination angle, and collection trough inclination angle) on the motion trajectories of particles are investigated and the probability distribution functions of particles are obtained. The statistical method of Kullback-Leibler divergence is used to quantitatively evaluate the differences in the probability distribution functions of the escape angles of particles of different degrees of integrity. The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimum parameters for an indent cylinder separator by understanding the material cylinder separating process from particle scale and to provide a basis for the numerical design of a grain particle cylinder separators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haiyang Gu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fei Shen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
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DEM investigation of particle flow in a vertical rice mill: Influence of particle shape and rotation speed. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.117105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Luo X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Dong H. Study on the characteristics of pellet movement under different roasting temperature in hopper. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Han Y, Zhao D, Jia F, Qiu H, Li A, Bai S. Experimental and numerical investigation on the shape approximation of rice particle by multi-sphere particle models. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liu H, Jia F, Xiao Y, Han Y, Li G, Li A, Bai S. Numerical analysis of the effect of the contraction rate of the curved hopper on flow characteristics of the silo discharge. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Investigation of optimum design for nanoparticle dispersion in centrifugal bead mill using DEM-CFD simulation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Meng X, Jia F, Qiu H, Han Y, Zeng Y, Xiao Y, Chen P. DEM study of white rice separation in an indented cylinder separator. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zeng Y, Jia F, Xiao Y, Han Y, Meng X. Discrete element method modelling of impact breakage of ellipsoidal agglomerate. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Han Y, Jia F, Meng X, Cao B, Zeng Y, Xiao Y. Numerical analysis of similarities of particle flow behavior in stirred chambers. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zeng Y, Jia F, Chen P, Qiu H, Han Y, Meng X, Xiao Y. Effects of convex rib height on spherical particle milling in a lab-scale horizontal rice mill. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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