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Hu J, Liu C, Zeng X, Tang T, Zeng Z, Wu J, Tan X, Dai Q, Jin C. Prochloraz induced alterations in the expression of mRNA in the reproductive system of male offspring mice. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17917. [PMID: 39210919 PMCID: PMC11361262 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Prochloraz is a widely used fungicide worldwide. It is classified as an endocrine disrupting pesticide that affects the reproductive system. This study aimed to examine the impact of exposure to prochloraz of male mice on the reproductive system of their offspring male mice. Male father mice were intragastrically administered different dosages of prochloraz (group MA: 0 mg/kg/day; MB: 53.33 mg/kg/day; MD:160 mg/kg/day). Then, the testicular average weight of male offspring in the dose groups was found to be significantly lower than those in the control group (MB:0.312g, MD:0.294g, and MA:0.355 g; P < 0.05). Additionally, the testicular coefficient index in the MB and MD groups was also lower than that of the control group. Secondly,we observed that there were significantly different expressed genes clustered in groups B and D, in contrast to the control. Finally, the findings demonstrated a significant alteration in the response of male mice reproductive relative genes to prochloraz invasion. Two genes (Mt-nd6 and Slc12a4) were found to be involved in the regulation of sperm mitochondria function and six genes (Greb1, Esrrb, Catsperb, Mospd2, Sohlh1 and Specc1) were closely linked to sperm functions and estrogen response. The study revealed a significant impact of prochloraz on the reproductive system of male mice, thereby supporting further investigation into the reproductive toxicological effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xianghui Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiansheng Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qingxiang Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chenzhong Jin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan Province, China
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Ly TK, De Oliveira J, Chadili E, Le Menach K, Budzinski H, James A, Hinfray N, Beaudouin R. Imazalil and prochloraz toxicokinetics in fish probed by a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:52758-52773. [PMID: 39158658 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Azole fungicides are highly suspected endocrine disruptors (EDs) and are frequently detected in surface water. Among them, there are prochloraz (PCZ), a commonly used molecule for ED studies, and imazalil (IMZ), a highly suspected ED. Little is known about their toxicokinetic (TK) behavior in fish. Hence, research suggested that an improved risk assessment could be achieved by gaining insight into their TK behavior. The aim of this study is to understand and model the TK of both substances in different fish species, irrespective of the scheme of exposure. TK data from the literature were retrieved including different modes of exposure (per os and waterborne). In addition, two experiments on zebrafish exposed to either IMZ or PCZ were performed to address the lack of in vivo TK data. A physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model applied to IMZ and PCZ was developed, capable of modeling different exposure scenarios. The parameters of the PBK model were simultaneously calibrated on datasets reporting internal concentration in several organs in three fish species (original and literature datasets) by Bayesian methods (Monte Carlo Markov Chain). Model predictions were then compared to other experimental data (i.e., excluded from the calibration step) to assess the predictive performance of the model. The results strongly suggest that PCZ and IMZ are actively transported across the gills, resulting in a small fraction being effectively absorbed by the fish. The model's results also confirm that both molecules are extensively metabolized by the liver into mainly glucuronate conjugates. Overall, the model performances were satisfying, predicting internal concentrations in several key organs. On average, 90% of experimental data were predicted within a two-fold range. The PBK model allows the understanding of IMZ and PCZ kinetics profiles by accurately predicting internal concentrations in three different fish species regardless of the exposure scenario. This enables a proper understanding of the mechanism of action of EDs at the molecular initiating event (MIE) by predicting bioaccumulation in target organs, thus linking this MIE to a possible adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Ky Ly
- Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Ecotoxicology of Substances and Environments Unit, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- UMR-I 02 Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), INERIS-URCA-ULHN, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Julie De Oliveira
- Ecotoxicology of Substances and Environments Unit, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Ecomundo, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Edith Chadili
- Ecotoxicology of Substances and Environments Unit, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Alice James
- Toxicology and Ecotoxicology of Chemical Substances Expertise Unit, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Nathalie Hinfray
- Ecotoxicology of Substances and Environments Unit, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
- UMR-I 02 Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), INERIS-URCA-ULHN, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Pamanji R, Ragothaman P, Koigoora S, Sivan G, Selvin J. Network analysis of toxic endpoints of fungicides in zebrafish. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae087. [PMID: 38845614 PMCID: PMC11150978 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish being the best animal model to study, every attempt has been made to decipher the toxic mechanism of every fungicide of usage and interest. It is important to understand the multiple targets of a toxicant to estimate the toxic potential in its totality. A total of 22 fungicides of different classes like amisulbrom, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, carboxin, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole, etridiazole, flusilazole, fluxapyroxad, hexaconazole, kresoxim methyl, mancozeb, myclobutanil, prochloraz, propiconazole, propineb, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin and ziram were reviewed and analyzed for their multiple explored targets in zebrafish. Toxic end points in zebrafish are highly informative when it comes to network analysis. They provide a window into the molecular and cellular pathways that are affected by a certain toxin. This can then be used to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and to draw conclusions on the potential of a particular compound to induce toxicity. This knowledge can then be used to inform decisions about drug development, environmental regulation, and other areas of research. In addition, the use of zebrafish toxic end points can also be used to better understand the effects of environmental pollutants on ecosystems. By understanding the pathways affected by a given toxin, researchers can determine how pollutants may interact with the environment and how this could lead to health or environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Pamanji
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Prathiviraj Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Srikanth Koigoora
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur -Tenali Rd, Vadlamudi 522213, AP, India
| | - Gisha Sivan
- Division of Medical Research, SRM SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
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Ma Y, Li Y, Song X, Yang T, Wang H, Liang Y, Huang L, Zeng H. Endocrine Disruption of Propylparaben in the Male Mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis): Tissue Injuries and Abnormal Gene Expressions of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal-Liver Axis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3557. [PMID: 36834249 PMCID: PMC9967665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Propylparaben (PrP) is a widely used preservative that is constantly detected in aquatic environments and poses a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. In the present work, adult male mosquitofish were acutely (4d) and chronically (32d) exposed to environmentally and humanly realistic concentrations of PrP (0, 0.15, 6.00 and 240 μg/L), aimed to investigate the toxic effects, endocrine disruption and possible mechanisms of PrP. Histological analysis showed time- and dose-dependent manners in the morphological injuries of brain, liver and testes. Histopathological alterations in the liver were found in 4d and severe damage was identified in 32d, including hepatic sinus dilatation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytolysis and nuclear aggregation. Tissue impairments in the brain and testes were detected in 32d; cell cavitation, cytomorphosis and blurred cell boundaries appeared in the brain, while the testes lesions contained spermatogenic cell lesion, decreased mature seminal vesicle, sperm cells gathering, seminiferous tubules disorder and dilated intercellular space. Furthermore, delayed spermatogenesis had occurred. The transcriptional changes of 19 genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis were investigated across the three organs. The disrupted expression of genes such as Ers, Ars, Vtgs, cyp19a, star, hsd3b, hsd17b3 and shh indicated the possible abnormal steroidogenesis, estrogenic or antiandrogen effects of PrP. Overall, the present results provided evidences for the toxigenicity and endocrine disruptive effects on the male mosquitofish of chronic PrP exposure, which highlights the need for more investigations of its potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Haiqin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
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Bottalico LN, Weljie AM. Cross-species physiological interactions of endocrine disrupting chemicals with the circadian clock. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113650. [PMID: 33166531 PMCID: PMC7993548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are endocrine-active chemical pollutants that disrupt reproductive, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular and metabolic health across species. The circadian clock is a transcriptional oscillator responsible for entraining 24-hour rhythms of physiology, behavior and metabolism. Extensive bidirectional cross talk exists between circadian and endocrine systems and circadian rhythmicity is present at all levels of endocrine control, from synthesis and release of hormones, to sensitivity of target tissues to hormone action. In mammals, a range of hormones directly alter clock gene expression and circadian physiology via nuclear receptor (NR) binding and subsequent genomic action, modulating physiological processes such as nutrient and energy metabolism, stress response, reproductive physiology and circadian behavioral rhythms. The potential for EDCs to perturb circadian clocks or circadian-driven physiology is not well characterized. For this reason, we explore evidence for parallel endocrine and circadian disruption following EDC exposure across species. In the reviewed studies, EDCs dysregulated core clock and circadian rhythm network gene expression in brain and peripheral organs, and altered circadian reproductive, behavioral and metabolic rhythms. Circadian impacts occurred in parallel to endocrine and metabolic alterations such as impaired fertility and dysregulated metabolic and energetic homeostasis. Further research is warranted to understand the nature of interaction between circadian and endocrine systems in mediating physiological effects of EDC exposure at environmental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Bottalico
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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De Oliveira J, Chadili E, Piccini B, Turies C, Maillot-Maréchal E, Palluel O, Pardon P, Budzinski H, Cousin X, Brion F, Hinfray N. Refinement of an OECD test guideline for evaluating the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on aromatase gene expression and reproduction using novel transgenic cyp19a1a-eGFP zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 220:105403. [PMID: 31927064 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic fish are powerful models that can provide mechanistic information regarding the endocrine activity of test chemicals. In this study, our objective was to use a newly developed transgenic zebrafish line expressing eGFP under the control of the cyp19a1a promoter in the OECD Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay (TG 229) to provide additional mechanistic information on tested substances. For this purpose, we exposed adult transgenic zebrafish to a reference substance of the TG 229, i.e. prochloraz (PCZ; 1.7, 17.2 and 172.6 μg/L). In addition to "classical" endpoints used in the TG 229 (reproductive outputs, vitellogenin), the fluorescence intensity of the ovaries was monitored at 4 different times of exposure using in vivo imaging. Our data revealed that 172.6 μg/L PCZ significantly decreased the number of eggs laid per female per day and the concentrations of vitellogenin in females, reflecting the decreasing E2 synthesis due to the inhibition of the ovarian aromatase activities. At 7 and 14 days, GFP intensities in ovaries were similar over the treatment groups but significantly increased after 21 days at 17.2 and 172.6 μg/L. A similar profile was observed for the endogenous cyp19a1a expression measured by qPCR thereby confirming the reliability of the GFP measurement for assessing aromatase gene expression. The overexpression of the cyp19a1a gene likely reflects a compensatory response to the inhibitory action of PCZ on aromatase enzymatic activities. Overall, this study illustrates the feasibility of using the cyp19a1a-eGFP transgenic line for assessing the effect of PCZ in an OECD test guideline while providing complementary information on the time- and concentration-dependent effects of the compound, without disturbing reproduction of fish. The acquisition of this additional mechanistic information on a key target gene through in vivo fluorescence imaging of the ovaries was realized without increasing the number of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Oliveira
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Edith Chadili
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Benjamin Piccini
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Cyril Turies
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Olivier Palluel
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patrick Pardon
- University of Bordeaux, LPTC, UMR EPOC, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Xavier Cousin
- IFREMER, L3AS, UMR MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France; INRA, UMR GABI, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Brion
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Nathalie Hinfray
- INERIS, Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR I-02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Zheng P, Li J, Kros JM. Breakthroughs in modern cancer therapy and elusive cardiotoxicity: Critical research-practice gaps, challenges, and insights. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:325-376. [PMID: 28862319 PMCID: PMC5763363 DOI: 10.1002/med.21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, five cancer treatment modalities have been defined. The three traditional modalities of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy, and the two modern modalities include molecularly targeted therapy (the fourth modality) and immunotherapy (the fifth modality). The cardiotoxicity associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known. Similar adverse cardiac events are resurging with the fourth modality. Aside from the conventional and newer targeted agents, even the most newly developed, immune-based therapeutic modalities of anticancer treatment (the fifth modality), e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, have unfortunately led to potentially lethal cardiotoxicity in patients. Cardiac complications represent unresolved and potentially life-threatening conditions in cancer survivors, while effective clinical management remains quite challenging. As a consequence, morbidity and mortality related to cardiac complications now threaten to offset some favorable benefits of modern cancer treatments in cancer-related survival, regardless of the oncologic prognosis. This review focuses on identifying critical research-practice gaps, addressing real-world challenges and pinpointing real-time insights in general terms under the context of clinical cardiotoxicity induced by the fourth and fifth modalities of cancer treatment. The information ranges from basic science to clinical management in the field of cardio-oncology and crosses the interface between oncology and onco-pharmacology. The complexity of the ongoing clinical problem is addressed at different levels. A better understanding of these research-practice gaps may advance research initiatives on the development of mechanism-based diagnoses and treatments for the effective clinical management of cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping‐Pin Zheng
- Cardio‐Oncology Research GroupErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jin Li
- Department of OncologyShanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
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Zheng JL, Yuan SS, Wu CW, Lv ZM, Zhu AY. Circadian time-dependent antioxidant and inflammatory responses to acute cadmium exposure in the brain of zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 182:113-119. [PMID: 27888766 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Up to date, little information is available on effects of circadian rhythm on metal-induced toxicity in fish. In this study, zebrafish were acutely exposed to 0.97mgL-1 cadmium for 12h either at ZT0 (the light intensity began to reached maximum) or at ZT12 (light intensity began to reached minimum) to evaluate the temporal sensitivity of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the brain of zebrafish. Profiles of responses of some genes at mRNA, protein and activity levels were different between ZT0 and ZT12 in the normal water. Exposure to Cd induced contrary antioxidant responses and similar inflammatory responses between ZT0 and ZT12. However, the number of inflammatory genes which were up-regulated was significantly greater at ZT12 than at ZT0. And, the up-regulated inflammatory genes were more responsive at ZT12 than at ZT0. At ZT12, antioxidant genes were down-regulated at mRNA, protein and activity levels. Contrarily, antioxidant genes were not affected at mRNA levels but activated at the protein and/or activity levels at ZT0. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) sharply increased and remained relatively stable when fish were exposed to Cd at ZT12 and ZT0, respectively. Positive correlations between ROS levels and mRNA levels of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) and between mRNA levels of NF-κB and its target genes were observed, suggesting that ROS may play an essential role in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory responses. Taken together, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in the brain were more serious when fish were exposed to Cd in the evening than in the morning, highlighting the importance of circadian rhythm in Cd-induced neurotoxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Ai-Yi Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
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