HPLC-PDA analysis of ACE-inhibitors, hydrochlorothiazide and indapamide utilizing design of experiments

AQbD TLC-densitometric method approach along with green fingerprint and whiteness assessment for quantifying two combined antihypertensive agents and their impurities

Preserving the environment, reducing the amount of waste resulting from chemical trials, and reducing the amount of energy consumed have currently become a pivotal global trend. An analytical quality by design (AQbD) based eco-friendly TLC-densitometric method was implemented for quantifying two antihypertensive agents, captopril (CPL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ), along with their impurities; captopril disulphide (CDS), chlorothiazide (CTZ) and salamide (SMD). The analytical target profile (ATP) was first identified, followed by selecting the critical analytical attributes (CAAs), such as retardation factors and resolution between the separated peaks. Critical method parameters (CMPs) that may have a crucial influence on CAAs were identified and emanated through the quality risk assessment phase. A literature survey-based preliminary studies were performed, followed by optimization of the selected CMPs through a custom experimental design to attain the highest resolution with optimum retardation factors. Moreover, method robustness was also tested by testing the design space. Complete separation of the drugs and their impurities was achieved using ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (6: 0.6, v/v) as a developing system applied to a 12 cm length TLC plate at room temperature with UV scanning at 215 nm. Calibration graphs were found to be linear in the ranges of (0.70-6.00), (0.10-2.00), (0.20-1.00), (0.07-1.50) and (0.05-1.00) µg/band corresponding to CPL, HCZ, CDS, CTZ, and SMD, respectively. Four different green metric tools were used to evaluate the greenness profile of the proposed method, and results showed that it is greener than the reported HPLC method. Method whiteness assessment was also conducted. Moreover, the method performance was evaluated following the ICH guidelines, and the outcomes fell within the acceptable limits. The developed method could be approved for routine assay of the cited components in their pharmaceutical formulations and bulk powder without interference from the reported impurities. The issue of concern is saving money, especially in developing countries.

Greenness assessment of UPLC/MS/MS method for determination of two antihypertensive agents and their harmful impurities with ADME/TOX profile study

Hypertension is described by the world health organization (WHO) as a serious medical problem that significantly affects the heart, brain and kidneys. It is a major cause of premature death worldwide. The present study aims to quantify the combination of captopril (CPL), hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) and their harmful impurities; captopril disulphide (CDS), chlorothiaizde (CTZ) and salamide (SMD). In-silico study was conducted for estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters (ADMET) as well as toxicity profile of the proposed impurities. The results showed that the three impurities under investigation had poor permeability to CNS and cannot pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reducing the likelihood of causing side effects in the brain. On the other hand, all studied impurities were found to be hepatotoxic. In consequence, a highly sensitive and green ultra-performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for separation of the cited drugs in the presence of their harmful impurities; methanol and 0.1% formic acid (90:10, v/v) mixture was used as a mobile phase, eluted at a constant flow rate of 0.7 mL/min at room temperature. Detection was adopted using a tandem mass spectrometer in a positive mode only for CPL and negative mode for HCZ, CDS, CTZ and SMD. Separation was performed within 1 min. Calibration graphs were found to be linear in the ranges of (50.0-500.0 ng mL-1), (20.0-500.0 ng mL-1), (10.0-250.0 ng mL-1), (5.0-250.0 ng mL-1) and (20.0-400.0 ng mL-1) corresponding to CPL, HCZ, CDS, CTZ and SMD, respectively. Additionally, comparative study of greenness profile was established for the proposed and reported methods using five green metric tools. The proposed method was found to be greener than the reported HPLC method. The developed (UPLC/MS/MS) method was validated according to (ICH) guidelines and it was found to has greater sensitivity, shorter analysis time and lower environmental impact compared to the reported methods.

Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods

The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.

Optimization and evaluation of Lisinopril mucoadhesive sustained release matrix pellets: In-vitro and ex-vivo studies

Lisinopril (LIS) is antihypertensive drug, classified as a class III drug with high water solubility and low permeability. To overcome the low permeability, 3² factorial designs aimed to formulate LIS as a sustained-release (LIS-SR) matrix pellet by extrusion/spheronization. Matrix pellets were composed of wet mass containing Avicel® and polymeric matrix polymers (sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS)). Evaluation of the effect of two independent variables, matrix-forming units (SA and CS) on mean line torque, on pellet size, dissolution rate after 6 h, and mucoadhesion strength of the pellets were assessed using Statgraphics software. The tested formulations (F1-F9) showed that mean line torque ranged from 1.583 to 0.461 Nm, with LIS content in the LIS-SR pellets ranged from 87.9 to 103%, sizes varied from 1906 to 1404 µm and high percentages of drug released from pellets formulations (68.48 to 74.18 %), while the mean zeta potential value of mucoadhesive range from -17.5 to -22.9 mV. The selection of optimized formulation must have the following desirability: maximum peak torque, maximum pellets' particle size, and minimum % LIS release after 6hr. LIS optimized sustained release pellet formula composed of 2,159 % SA and 0.357 % CS was chosen as optimized formula. It's showed a 1.055 Nm mean line torque was responsible for the increased pellet size to 1830.8 μm with decreased release rate 56.2 % after 6 hr, and -20.33 mV average mucin zeta potential. Ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies revealed that that the optimize formulation, exhibited excellent mucoadhesive properties, after 1 h, about 73% of the pellets were still attached to the mucus membrane. Additionally, ex-vivo permeation determination of LIS from the optimized LIS-SR formulation was found to be significantly higher (1.7-folds) as compared to free LIS. In conclusion: LIS-SR matrix pellets, prepared with an extrusion/spheronization have desirable excellent characteristics in-vitro and ex-vivo sustained-release pellet formulation of LIS-SR was able to sustain the release of LIS for up to 8 h.

Degradation pathways and impurity profiling of the anticancer drug apalutamide by HPLC and LC-MS/MS and separation of impurities using Design of Experiments

Apalutamide, an androgen receptor inhibitor, is used to treat prostate cancer. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the estimation of assay and organic impurities of apalutamide in drug substance and in tablet dosages using Design of Experiments. The chromatographic separation was achieved within 30 min using Atlantis dC₁₈ , 100 × 4.6 mm, 3.0 μm and the binary gradient program (10 mm KH₂ PO₄ , pH 3.5; acetonitrile). The detection wavelength, flow rate, column temperature and injection volume used were 270 nm, 1.0 ml/min, 45°C and 10 μl, respectively. The interaction of independent variables (pH, column temperature and flow rate) and their influences on HPLC parameters were studied using a central composite design, and then the peak separation and elution behaviors between apalutamide and its seven impurities were determined. The method validation was performed for linearity, detection limit, quantitation limit, accuracy, precision and robustness as per the International Conference on Harmonization. A high-quality recovery with good precision (91.7-106.0%) and correlations (r²  > 0.997) within a linear range of 0.12-2.24 μg/ml (0.05-0.3%, w/w) were achieved consistently for assay and organic impurities of apalutamide. The stability-indicating characteristics of the proposed method were assessed through forced degradation and mass balance studies. An effort was made to figure out the chemical structures of newly formed degradation products (DP1-DP5) using LC-MS/MS.

Simultaneous determination of hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, and telmisartan with spectrophotometric and HPLC green chemistry applications

For the quantifiable amounts of Telmisartan (TLM) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HYD) in the presence of Amlodipine (AML) in a ternary mixture of synthetic laboratory mixture, a novel, sensitive, quick, and practical reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was given. In order to separate, a Waters Spherisorb ODS-2 C18 column was used. For HYD, TLM, and AML, these techniques were viable over linearity ranges of 4-12 μg/mL, 4-25 μg/mL, and 5-40 μg/mL, respectively. The mobile phase system was acetonitrile:methanol: phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 (65:5:30 v/v/v), and the flow rate was 1.5 mL/min. Novel spectrophotometric methods were applied for active substances to determine simultaneously. The first method is absorptivity centering using factorized spectrum, and the second method is dual amplitude difference coupled with absorbance subtraction. These approaches have been effectively applied to bulk, laboratory synthetic mixtures to employ active components quantitatively. Correlation coefficients were found to be higher than 0.99 and the limit of detection values lower than 0.49 μg/mL in both spectrophotometric methods. The methodologies were validated following ICH recommendations. In the developed HPLC method, the limit of detection values was found to be 0.01 μg/mL for HYD and 0.02 μg/mL for AML and TLM. The correlation coefficients for the HPLC method were found to be 0.9971 for HYD, 0.9990 for AML, and 0.9983 for TLM. The suggested HPLC technique is a simple, effective, sensitive, environmentally friendly, and time-saving approach for determining TLM and HYD in the presence of AML.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LISINOPRIL IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Aim. The research aims at developing a fast, simple, reliable spectrophotometric method according to "green" chemistry principles for the determination of lisinopril in pure substance and in drugs presented on the Ukrainian market. Materials and Methods. Chemical reference standard of lisinopril dihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, ³98%, HPLC), methanol R (Honeywell Riedel-de Haen™, 99.9%), tablets of Lisinopril-Astrapharm 10 mg), Lisinopril-KRKA 10 mg (Slovenia) and Lisinopril-Teva 10 mg (Germany) were used in this study. Double-beam scanning spectrophotometer "Shimadzu UV-1800" (Japan) connected with software package UV-Probe 2.62 were used for measurements. Absorbance of the solutions in the UV region were recorded in 1 cm quartz cells vs. methanol R. Laboratory electronic balance RAD WAG AS 200 / C, ultrasonic bath Sonorex Digitec DT100H and measuring glassware of grade A were used. Statistical processing and determination of validation parameters were performed in accordance with the requirements of State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 and ICH Q2. Results and Discussions. The spectrophotometric method for the determination of lisinopril by direct measurement of the absorbance of the tested solutions in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum has been developed (lmax=212 nm). Validation parameters including linearity, range of application, specificity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification, robustness were calculated for the proposed analytical procedure. The correctness of the analytical method was proved by calculating the complete uncertainty of the latter. The calculated uncertainty of sample preparation (DSP) for the determination of lisinopril in tablets was 2.46%. It was established that the maximum contribution to the uncertainty of sample preparation for operations of the quantification of lisinopril in tablets, make the operations of lisinopril CRS sampling and aliquots pipetting. The total uncertainty of the analytical procedure (DAs) in the analysis of the drug was 2.56%. The predicted complete uncertainty of the analysis results did not exceed critical values (DAs=2.56 % £ maxDAs=3.2 %), the method is correct. The specificity is proved by the absence of interfering influence of excipients due to nonoccurence of absorption at the analytical wavelength in the analysis of methanolic extract of placebo-tested tablets, Beers law was obeyed in the ranges of 20-100 mg / ml. The least squares method was used for statistical processing of the results. Regression analysis yielded the following calibration equation: y=26,791x-0,4398. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 2,3 і 6,9 mg/ml. Robustness of the method was estimated by studying of absorbance stability changes of tested solutions over time. Robustness was assessed by studying the absorbance stability of the tested solutions over time. It was found that freshly prepared solutions should be used within 100 min. Developed procedure for lisinopril determination in pure substance and tablet dosage form proved to be an excellent green analysis according to analytical eco-scale. Conclusions. Fast, simple, reliable, cost-effective, in accordance with the principles of "green" chemistry spectrophotometric method for determination of lisinopril in pure substance and tablets has been proposed. Validation of the analytical procedure on the parameters of linearity, application range, specificity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification was carried out. The complete uncertainty of the analytical procedure at the level of 2.56% was obtained, which proves the possibility of obtaining correct analysis results in other laboratories.

Degradation of rifamycin from mycelial dreg by activated persulfate: Degradation efficiency and reaction kinetics

Rifamycin mycelial dreg (RMD) is a biological waste, and its residual rifamycin (RIF) is potentially harmful to both the environment and human health. In this work, thermally activated persulfate (PDS) oxidative degradation of RIF in RMD was developed for the first time. The effects of reaction temperature, initial PDS concentration, and pH on RIF degradation in RMD were investigated, and the treatment conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that 90 °C, 50 mg/g PDS, and pH = 5.3 were the optimal pretreatment conditions, and 100% degradation efficiency of RIF (734 mg/kg) was achieved. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed that the RIF was destroyed and decomposed after the oxidation reaction. The possible degradation pathways of RIF in the thermally activated PDS system were discussed through HPLC/MS and ESR analyses. The intermediate product was identified, and the toxicity of the final product was predicted to be low or nontoxic. In this work, a degradation pathway of RMD was proposed by activating persulfate, which facilitates subsequent resource utilization and provides meaningful guidance for the practical treatment of antibiotic mycelium residue (AMR).

Switch on fluorescence probe for the selective determination of lisinopril in pharmaceutical formulations: application to content uniformity testing

Lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, was selectively determined in pharmaceutical products through switch on the fluorescence of fluorescamine.

Stability-indicating HPLC determination of trandolapril in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms

A rapid, simple, accurate, precise, economical, robust, and stability indicating reverse phase HPLC-PDA procedure has been developed and validated for the determination of trandolapril. The trandolapril was separated isocratically on Hypersil-Gold C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 50% acetonitrile and 50% water (containing 0.025% triethylamine, pH 3.0 ± 0.1), at 25 ± 2°C. Retention time of the drug was ~4.6 min. The eluted compounds were monitored and identified at 210 nm. The linearity of the method was excellent (r (2) > 0.9999) over the concentration range of 1-24 μg/mL; the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.0566 μg/mL and 0.1715 μg/mL, respectively. The overall precision was less than 2%. Mean recovery of trandolapril was more than 99%; no interference was found from the component present in the preparation. Stability studies indicate that the drug was stable to sunlight and UV light. The drug gives 6 different oxidative products on exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Slight degradation was observed in acidic condition. Degradation was higher in the alkaline condition compared to other conditions. The robustness of the method was studied using factorial design experiment.